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Geology and Structural Evolution of the Region between the Upper Kelkit Basin and Munzur Mountains

Year 2025, Volume: 68 Issue: 2, 177 - 204, 30.04.2025

Ali Yılmaz , Hüseyin Yılmaz , Aral Okay , Tayfun Bilgiç

https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.1652510

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to analyse the structural evolution of the region where the Eastern Pontides and the Eastern Taurides are closest to each other. The main tectonic units in the area, from north to south, are the Kelkit Paraautochthonous Unit, Çimendağ Nappe, Erzincan Nappe and Munzurdağ Limestone Unit.

The pre-Jurassic basement of the tectonic units consists of heterogeneous rock units in different areas. Since the relationships between these units cannot be established in the study area, it is not possible to create a model for the pre-Jurassic period with the evidence from this locality. Therefore, the tectonics, tectono-stratigraphic and structural evolution of the study region were evaluated only for the Jurassic-Quaternary interval.

The Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Kelkit Paraautochthonous Unit and Çimendağ Nappe represent the genesis of rifting and then deposition of platform-type carbonates in the Eastern Pontides. The Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Munzurdağ Limestone Unit represents the northernmost part of the Eastern Taurides and also has features of platform-type carbonates. During this period, a mid-oceanic ridge and ensimatic arc were active together along the North Anatolian Ophiolitic Belt. Therefore, it is possible to suggest a model representing passive continental margins to the north and south, with the mid-oceanic ridge in the north and the ensimatic arc in the south along the intervening oceanic environment in the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous periods.

In the Late Cretaceous-Palaeocene, all evidence shows that the extensional regime completely converted to a compressional regime. In this time interval, an ensialic arc-forearc occurred along the Eastern Pontides and an ensimatic arc with subduction complex occurred along the North Anatolian Ophiolitic Belt. In the south, pelagic carbonates were deposited along the Munzur Mountains. It seems inevitable that the existence of two different north-dipping subduction zones should be accepted in this time interval.

The Eocene and Oligo-Miocene units overlie older structural units with a polygenic conglomerate and angular unconformity. These units underwent intense deformation and the entire study area first became a shallow marine and then a terrestrial environment. Eocene volcanism indicates a post-collisional phase in the Eastern Pontides.
The Pliocene-Quaternary rocks, reflecting continental deposits, unconformably overlie the older units, with an approximately horizontal layered structure. Considering this unconformity and the intense deformation before the Pliocene, it is possible that the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) developed during the Pliocene and had dextral movement with at least 25 km offset. In this context, the annual slip value for the fault may be 4.7 cm/year.

Keywords

Offset of the NAF Neotethys Pontides Taurides Structural Evolution

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Yukarı Kelkit Havzası ve Munzur Dağları Arasının Jeolojisi ve Yapısal Evrimi / Geology and Structural Evolution of the Region between the Upper Kelkit Basin and Munzur Mountains

Year 2025, Volume: 68 Issue: 2, 177 - 204, 30.04.2025

Ali Yılmaz , Hüseyin Yılmaz , Aral Okay , Tayfun Bilgiç

https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.1652510

Abstract

Sunulan bu çalışmanın amacı, Doğu Pontidler ile Doğu Toroslar’ın birbirine en yakınlaştığı bir alanda, bölgenin yapısal evrimini çözümlemektir. Bölgenin başlıca tektonik birlikleri, kuzeyden güneye doğru sıra ile Kelkit Paraotoktonu, Çimendağı Napı, Erzincan Napı ve Munzurdağı Kireçtaşı Birliği'dir.

Tektonik birliklerin Jura öncesi temeli, farklı alanlarda heterojen kaya birimlerinden oluşmaktadır. Bölgedeki verilerle, bu birimler arasındaki ilişkiler inceleme alanında kurulamadığından Jura öncesi döneme dair bir model oluşturmak mümkün değildir. Dolayısıyla, inceleme alanı gözetilerek, bölgenin sadece Jura-Kuvaterner aralığındaki tektonik, tektono-stratigrafik ve yapısal evrimi değerlendirilmiştir.

Kelkit Göreli Otoktonu ve Çimendağı Napı’nın Jura-erken Kretase sırasında oluşan düzeyleri, Doğu Pontidler’in önce riftleşmesine daha sonra platform türü karbonatların oluşumuna işaret etmektedir. Aynı dönemde Doğu Toroslar’da Munzurdağı Kireçtaşı Birliği de Doğu Toroslar’ın en kuzeyindeki bölümünün pasif kıta kenarının özelliklerini taşımaktadır. Bu dönemde, Kuzey Anadolu Ofiyolit Kuşağı boyunca ise okyanus ortası sırt ve ensimatik yay birlikte aktifti. Dolayısıyla bu dönem; kuzeyde ve güneyde pasif kıta kenarları, arada yer alan okyanusal ortamda ise kuzeyde okyanus ortası sırtı, güneyde ise ensimatik yay ile temsil edilen bir modelle açıklanabilir.

Geç Kretase-Paleosen’de tüm veriler gerilme rejiminin tümüyle sıkışma rejimine dönüştüğünü göstermektedir. Bu zaman aralığında, kuzeyde Doğu Pontidler’de ensialik yay-yayönü, Kuzey Anadolu Ofiyolit Kuşağı boyunca ensimatik yayla birlikte yitim karmaşığı oluşmuştur. Güneyde, Doğu Toroslar’da ise giderek derinleşen bir ortamın ürünü olan pelajik karbonatlar çökelmiştir. Bu dönemde kuzeye dalımlı iki farklı yitim zonunun varlığını benimsemek kaçınılmaz görülmektedir.

Eosen ve Oligo-Miyosen yaşta olan birimler ise polijenik bir çakıltaşı ile tüm yapısal birimlerin üzerinde açılı uyumsuzlukla yer almaktadır. Bu birimler yoğun bir deformasyonla inceleme alanını tümüyle önce sığ denizel, daha sonra karasal bir ortama dönüştürmüştür. Doğu Pontidlerde Eosen yaşta olan volkanizma da çarpışma sonrası bir evreye işaret etmektedir.

Pliyosen-Kuvaterner sırasında akarsu ve gölsel ortamı yansıtan kayalar, daha eski tüm birimlerin üzerinde uyumsuzlukla yer almakta ve yataya yakın katmanlı bir yapı sunmaktadır. Bu uymsuzluk ve Pliyosen öncesi yoğun deformasyon ilişkileri gözetildiğinde, Kuzey Anadolu Fayı’nın (KAF) Pliyosen’den itibaren oluşmaya başladığı, sağ yönlü ve en azından 25 km’lik bir atıma sahip olduğu kabul edilebilir. Buna göre, yıllık atım değeri ise 4,7cm/yıl olabilir.

Keywords

KAF’ın atımı Neotetis Pontidler Toridler yapısal evrim

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There are 63 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects General Geology
Journal Section Makaleler - Articles
Authors

Ali Yılmaz 0000-0002-7349-4684

Hüseyin Yılmaz 0000-0002-3113-6360

Aral Okay 0000-0003-2398-5386

Tayfun Bilgiç 0009-0000-4563-8049

Early Pub Date April 18, 2025
Publication Date April 30, 2025
Submission Date March 6, 2025
Acceptance Date March 19, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 68 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Yılmaz, A., Yılmaz, H., Okay, A., Bilgiç, T. (2025). Geology and Structural Evolution of the Region between the Upper Kelkit Basin and Munzur Mountains. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 68(2), 177-204. https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.1652510
AMA Yılmaz A, Yılmaz H, Okay A, Bilgiç T. Geology and Structural Evolution of the Region between the Upper Kelkit Basin and Munzur Mountains. Geol. Bull. Turkey. April 2025;68(2):177-204. doi:10.25288/tjb.1652510
Chicago Yılmaz, Ali, Hüseyin Yılmaz, Aral Okay, and Tayfun Bilgiç. “Geology and Structural Evolution of the Region Between the Upper Kelkit Basin and Munzur Mountains”. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 68, no. 2 (April 2025): 177-204. https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.1652510.
EndNote Yılmaz A, Yılmaz H, Okay A, Bilgiç T (April 1, 2025) Geology and Structural Evolution of the Region between the Upper Kelkit Basin and Munzur Mountains. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 68 2 177–204.
IEEE A. Yılmaz, H. Yılmaz, A. Okay, and T. Bilgiç, “Geology and Structural Evolution of the Region between the Upper Kelkit Basin and Munzur Mountains”, Geol. Bull. Turkey, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 177–204, 2025, doi: 10.25288/tjb.1652510.
ISNAD Yılmaz, Ali et al. “Geology and Structural Evolution of the Region Between the Upper Kelkit Basin and Munzur Mountains”. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 68/2 (April 2025), 177-204. https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.1652510.
JAMA Yılmaz A, Yılmaz H, Okay A, Bilgiç T. Geology and Structural Evolution of the Region between the Upper Kelkit Basin and Munzur Mountains. Geol. Bull. Turkey. 2025;68:177–204.
MLA Yılmaz, Ali et al. “Geology and Structural Evolution of the Region Between the Upper Kelkit Basin and Munzur Mountains”. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, vol. 68, no. 2, 2025, pp. 177-04, doi:10.25288/tjb.1652510.
Vancouver Yılmaz A, Yılmaz H, Okay A, Bilgiç T. Geology and Structural Evolution of the Region between the Upper Kelkit Basin and Munzur Mountains. Geol. Bull. Turkey. 2025;68(2):177-204.
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