The effect of ammonium chloride usage on the recycling of fiberboards in the hydrothermal hydrolysis method
Abstract
Fiberboards, when disposed of at the end of their service life, cause some significant environmental issues such as air pollution. The recycling of fiberboards is the most effective solution to these problems; however, it has not yet found a widespread application. In the literature, there are various recycling methods for wood-based panels, but one of the most researched is the hydrothermal hydrolysis method. In this study, the effect of ammonium chloride solutions with different concentrations (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) on the fibers obtained through the recycling process using the hydrothermal hydrolysis method was investigated. Elemental analysis (C%, H%, N%), FT-IR analysis, SEM (scanning electron microscope) and SEM EDS (energy dispersive spectrometry) analyses were conducted to determine the properties of the recovered fibers. According to the obtained results, it has been observed that the increase in the amount of ammonium chloride significantly reduces the total nitrogen (N) content in the structure of the fiber board from 4.198% to 0.268%. Nevertheless, it has been observed that there are distortions in the morphologies of the fibers obtained with the increase in the amount of ammonium chloride. In the SEM EDS analysis results, it was found that there was no nitrogen element on the surface of the fibers recovered by treatment with ammonium chloride solution at concentrations of 20% and 25%, and when all results were evaluated, these two solutions were determined to be the optimum processing concentrations.
References
- Antov, P., Savov, V., 2019. Possibilities for manufacturing eco-friendly medium density fibreboards from recycled fibres – a review. 30th International Conference on Wood Science and Technology - ICWST 2019, 12-13 December, Zagreb, Croatia, pp 18-24.
- Barnartt, S., 1986. Technical Note:High-temperature pH of dilute ammonia and ammonium chloride solutions and mixtures with strong alkali. Corrosion, 42(9),:549–554. doi:10.5006/1.3583067
- Besserer, A., Troilo, S., Girods, P., Rogaume, Y., Brosse, N., 2021. Cascading recycling of wood waste: A review. Polymers, 13(11): 1752.
- Bütün Buschalsky, F.Y., Mai, C., 2021. Repeated thermo-hydrolytic disintegration of medium density fibreboards (MDF) for the production of new MDF. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 79 (6): 1451-1459.
- Çiçekler, M., Özdemir, A., Tutuş, A., 2022. Characterization of pulp and paper properties produced from okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) stalks. Drvna industrija, 73(4): 423-430.
- Demirkır, C., Çolak, S., 2006. Odun kökenli atıkların levha endüstrisinde yeniden kullanım imkanları. Artvin Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1): 41-50.
- FAOSTAT (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation), 2023. Forestry production and trade statistics. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FO, Erişim: 11.11.2024.
- Fu, Q., Wang, X., Cloutier, A., Roussière, F., 2020. Chemical characteristics of thermo-hydrolytically recycled particles. BioResources, 15(2): 3774.
- Gürsoy, S., Ayrilmis, N., 2023. Effect of lignin modification of recycled and fresh wood fibers on physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of fiberboard. Forests, 14(10): 2007.
- Hagel, S., Joy, J., Cicala, G., Saake, B., 2021. Recycling of waste MDF by steam refining: evaluation of fiber and paper strength properties. Waste Biomass Valorization, 12: 5701–5713. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-021-01391-4
- Lubis, M.A.R., Hong, M.K., Park, B.D., Lee, S.M., 2018a. Effects of recycled fiber content on the properties of medium density fiberboard. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 76: 1515–1526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-018-1326-8
- Lubis, M.A.R., Hong, M.K., Park, B.D., 2018b. Hydrolytic removal of cured urea–formaldehyde resins in medium-density fiberboard for recycling. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, 38 (1): 1–14.
- Lubis, M.A.R., Park, B.D., 2018. Analysis of the hydrolysates from cured and uncured urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins with two F/U mole ratios. Holzforschung, 72(9): 759-768.
- Lubis, M.A.R., Hidayat, W., Zaini, L.H., Park, B.D., 2020a. Effects of hydrolysis on the removal of cured urea-formaldehyde adhesive in waste medium-density fiberboard. Jurnal Sylva Lestari, 8(1): 1-9.
- Lubis, M.A.R., Park, B., Hong, M., 2020b. Tuning of adhesion and disintegration of oxidized starch adhesives for the recycling of medium density fiberboard. Bioresources, 15(3): 5156-5178. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.3.5156-5178
- Moezzipour, B., Ahmadi, M., Abdolkhani, A., Doost-hoseini, K., 2017. Chemical changes of wood fibers after hydrothermal recycling of MDF wastes. Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Science 14: 133–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13196-017-0198-6
- Moezzipour, B., Abdolkhani, A., Doost-hoseini, K., Ahmed-Ramazani, S.A., Tarmian, A., 2018. Practical properties and formaldehyde emission of medium density fiberboards (MDFs) recycled by electrical method. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 76 (4): 1287–1294. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00107-018-1291-2 Olgun, Ç., Ateş, S., Uzer, E., 2023. Effects of medium density fiberboards (MDF) recycling methods on fiber dimensions and some reconstructed board properties. Drvna industrija, 74(1): 61-69. https://doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2023.0037
- Sala, C., Robles, E., Kowaluk, G., 2020. Influence of adding offcuts and trims with a recycling approach on the properties of high-density fibrous composites. Polymers, 12(6): 1327. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12061327
- Savov, V., Antov, P., Panchev, C., Lubis, M.A.R., Lee, S.H., Taghiyari, H.R., Todorova, M., Petrin, S., 2023a. Effect of hydrolysis regime on the properties of fibers obtained from recycling medium-density fiberboards. Fibers, 11(7): 64.
- Savov, V., Antov, P., Panchev, C., Lubis, M.A.R., Taghiyari, H.R., Lee, S.H., Kristak, L., Todorova, M., 2023b. The impact of hydrolysis regime on the physical and mechanical characteristics of medium-density fiberboards manufactured from recycled wood fibers. Fibers, 11(12): 103.
- Troilo, S., Besserer, A., Rose, C., Saker, S., Soufflet, L., Brosse, N., 2023. Urea-formaldehyde resin removal in medium-density fiberboards by steam explosion: developing nondestructive analytical tools. Acs Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 11(9): 3603-3610. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c05686
- Zeng, Q., Lu, Q., Zhou, Y., Chen, N., Rao, J., Fan, M., 2018. Circular development of recycled natural fibers from medium density fiberboard wastes. Journal of Cleaner Production, 202: 456-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.166
Abstract
Lif levhalar, kullanım ömürlerinin sonunda bertaraf edilmelerinde hava kirliliği gibi bazı önemli çevresel sorunlara neden olmaktadır. Bu sorunların çözümünde lif levhaların geri dönüşümü en etkili yöntem olmakla beraber, henüz kendine yaygın bir uygulama alanı bulamamıştır. Literatürde odun esaslı levhalar için çeşitli geri dönüşüm metotları bulunmakla olup, bunlar arasında en çok araştırılanlardan biri de hidrotermal hidroliz yöntemidir. Bu çalışmada, hidrotermal hidroliz yöntemi ile geri dönüştürme işleminde farklı (%0, %2,5, %5, %7,5, %10, %15, %20 ve %25) konsantrasyonlara sahip amonyum klorür çözeltilerinin kullanımının elde edilen lifler üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Geri kazanılan liflerin özelliklerinin tespiti amacıyla elementel analiz (%C, %H, %N), FT-IR analizi, SEM (taramalı elektron mikroskobu) ve SEM EDS (enerji dağılım spektrometresi) analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, amonyum klorür miktarındaki artış lif levhanın yapısında bulunan toplam azot (N) oranını %4,198’den %0,268’e kadar azalttığı gözlemlenmiştir. Buna rağmen, amonyum klorür miktarındaki atış ile elde edilen liflerin morfolojilerinde bozulmalar olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. SEM EDS analizi sonuçlarında %20 ve %25 konsantrasyonda amonyum klorür çözeltisi ile muamele edilerek geri kazanılan liflerin yüzeyinde azot elementinin olmadığı ve tüm sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde, bu iki çözelti optimum işlem konsantrasyonu olarak tespit edilmiştir.
References
- Antov, P., Savov, V., 2019. Possibilities for manufacturing eco-friendly medium density fibreboards from recycled fibres – a review. 30th International Conference on Wood Science and Technology - ICWST 2019, 12-13 December, Zagreb, Croatia, pp 18-24.
- Barnartt, S., 1986. Technical Note:High-temperature pH of dilute ammonia and ammonium chloride solutions and mixtures with strong alkali. Corrosion, 42(9),:549–554. doi:10.5006/1.3583067
- Besserer, A., Troilo, S., Girods, P., Rogaume, Y., Brosse, N., 2021. Cascading recycling of wood waste: A review. Polymers, 13(11): 1752.
- Bütün Buschalsky, F.Y., Mai, C., 2021. Repeated thermo-hydrolytic disintegration of medium density fibreboards (MDF) for the production of new MDF. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 79 (6): 1451-1459.
- Çiçekler, M., Özdemir, A., Tutuş, A., 2022. Characterization of pulp and paper properties produced from okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) stalks. Drvna industrija, 73(4): 423-430.
- Demirkır, C., Çolak, S., 2006. Odun kökenli atıkların levha endüstrisinde yeniden kullanım imkanları. Artvin Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1): 41-50.
- FAOSTAT (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation), 2023. Forestry production and trade statistics. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FO, Erişim: 11.11.2024.
- Fu, Q., Wang, X., Cloutier, A., Roussière, F., 2020. Chemical characteristics of thermo-hydrolytically recycled particles. BioResources, 15(2): 3774.
- Gürsoy, S., Ayrilmis, N., 2023. Effect of lignin modification of recycled and fresh wood fibers on physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of fiberboard. Forests, 14(10): 2007.
- Hagel, S., Joy, J., Cicala, G., Saake, B., 2021. Recycling of waste MDF by steam refining: evaluation of fiber and paper strength properties. Waste Biomass Valorization, 12: 5701–5713. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-021-01391-4
- Lubis, M.A.R., Hong, M.K., Park, B.D., Lee, S.M., 2018a. Effects of recycled fiber content on the properties of medium density fiberboard. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 76: 1515–1526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-018-1326-8
- Lubis, M.A.R., Hong, M.K., Park, B.D., 2018b. Hydrolytic removal of cured urea–formaldehyde resins in medium-density fiberboard for recycling. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, 38 (1): 1–14.
- Lubis, M.A.R., Park, B.D., 2018. Analysis of the hydrolysates from cured and uncured urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins with two F/U mole ratios. Holzforschung, 72(9): 759-768.
- Lubis, M.A.R., Hidayat, W., Zaini, L.H., Park, B.D., 2020a. Effects of hydrolysis on the removal of cured urea-formaldehyde adhesive in waste medium-density fiberboard. Jurnal Sylva Lestari, 8(1): 1-9.
- Lubis, M.A.R., Park, B., Hong, M., 2020b. Tuning of adhesion and disintegration of oxidized starch adhesives for the recycling of medium density fiberboard. Bioresources, 15(3): 5156-5178. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.3.5156-5178
- Moezzipour, B., Ahmadi, M., Abdolkhani, A., Doost-hoseini, K., 2017. Chemical changes of wood fibers after hydrothermal recycling of MDF wastes. Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Science 14: 133–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13196-017-0198-6
- Moezzipour, B., Abdolkhani, A., Doost-hoseini, K., Ahmed-Ramazani, S.A., Tarmian, A., 2018. Practical properties and formaldehyde emission of medium density fiberboards (MDFs) recycled by electrical method. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 76 (4): 1287–1294. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00107-018-1291-2 Olgun, Ç., Ateş, S., Uzer, E., 2023. Effects of medium density fiberboards (MDF) recycling methods on fiber dimensions and some reconstructed board properties. Drvna industrija, 74(1): 61-69. https://doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2023.0037
- Sala, C., Robles, E., Kowaluk, G., 2020. Influence of adding offcuts and trims with a recycling approach on the properties of high-density fibrous composites. Polymers, 12(6): 1327. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12061327
- Savov, V., Antov, P., Panchev, C., Lubis, M.A.R., Lee, S.H., Taghiyari, H.R., Todorova, M., Petrin, S., 2023a. Effect of hydrolysis regime on the properties of fibers obtained from recycling medium-density fiberboards. Fibers, 11(7): 64.
- Savov, V., Antov, P., Panchev, C., Lubis, M.A.R., Taghiyari, H.R., Lee, S.H., Kristak, L., Todorova, M., 2023b. The impact of hydrolysis regime on the physical and mechanical characteristics of medium-density fiberboards manufactured from recycled wood fibers. Fibers, 11(12): 103.
- Troilo, S., Besserer, A., Rose, C., Saker, S., Soufflet, L., Brosse, N., 2023. Urea-formaldehyde resin removal in medium-density fiberboards by steam explosion: developing nondestructive analytical tools. Acs Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 11(9): 3603-3610. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c05686
- Zeng, Q., Lu, Q., Zhou, Y., Chen, N., Rao, J., Fan, M., 2018. Circular development of recycled natural fibers from medium density fiberboard wastes. Journal of Cleaner Production, 202: 456-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.166
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Forestry Sciences (Other) |
| Journal Section | Orijinal Araştırma Makalesi |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 30, 2025 |
| Submission Date | November 13, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | March 13, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 26 Issue: 2 |
