Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

What do forest firefighters think about organization and infrastructure problems in combating large forest fires?

Year 2025, Volume: 26 Issue: 2, 148 - 156, 30.06.2025

İsmail Şafak , Devrim Karademir

https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.1662491

Abstract

The occurrence of large forest fires (LFFs) arises from the interaction of various factors, notably including climate change, meteorological conditions, fuel accumulation, and deficiencies in organization and infrastructure. In Türkiye, many LFFs occurred in Antalya and Muğla Regional Directorates of Forestry in 2021. This study aims to evaluate whether problems arising from organization and infrastructure had an impact on the growth of LFFs. A total of 621 forest fire workers, drivers, and operators (FWDs), actively involved in combating the LFFs, responded to survey questions using a nine-point Likert-type scale. Statistical differences in responses were analysed using the Mann-Whitney U test. The study's results indicate that problems stemming from personnel employment, the amount of construction equipment, the quantity of aircraft, fire suppression infrastructure, communication and coordination, and occupational health and safety have a moderate impact on the growth of forest fires. Since long-term and uninterrupted work causes inefficiency in LFFs, 52% of FWDs consider a working duration of 1-3 days adequate for LFFs. A statistical difference between the evaluations of two groups for 13 different factors presented in the study was found only in terms of the lack of personnel in the fire trucks and ground teams. In the fight against forest fires, the strength of land crews and the infrastructure support—such as water resources and forest roads—are just as important and effective as the use of technological tools like aircraft, fire trucks, and construction machinery.

Keywords

Climate change Fire suppression Forest fire organization Megafire Perception

References

  • Adams, M.A., 2013. Mega-fires, tipping points and ecosystem services: Managing forests and woodlands in an uncertain future. Forest Ecology and Management, 294: 250–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.11.039.
  • AFC, 2019. Innovative Approaches in Combating Forest Fires Working Group Document, III. Agriculture and Forestry Council (AFC), Ankara.
  • Attiwill, P., Binkley, D., 2013. Exploring the mega-fire reality: A Forest Ecology and Management conference. Forest Ecology and Management, 294:1–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.12.025.
  • Avcı, M., Korkmaz, M., 2021. Fire problems in Türkiye: Evaluations of some current issues. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 22(3): 229-240. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.942706.
  • Balch, J.K., Bradley, B.A., Abatzoglou, J.T., Nagy, R.C., Fusco, E. J., Mahood, A. L., 2017. Human-started wildfires expand the fire niche across the United States. Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences, 114(11): 2946–2951. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1617394114.
  • Bassi, S., Kettunen, M., 2008. Forest Fires: causes and contributing factors in Europe. European Parliament Policy Department Economic and Scientific Policy, IP/A/ENVI/ST/2007-15, London.
  • Bilgili, E., 2003. Stand development and fire behavior. Forest Ecology and Management, 179(1): 333-339.
  • Bilgili, E., Baysal, İ., Dinç Durmaz, B., Sağlam, B., Küçük, Ö., 2010. Evaluating big forest fire break out in Türkiye in 2008. Third National Black Sea Forestry Congress, 20-22 May 2008, Artvin, pp. 1270-1279.
  • Buckland, M. K., 2016. What is a mega fire? Defining the social and physical dimensions of extreme U.S. wildfires (1988-2014). Master thesis, University of Colorado, Master of Arts Department of Geography, USA.
  • Budiningsih, K., Nurfatriani, F., Salminah, M., Ulya, N. A., Nurlia, A., Setiabudi, I. M., Mendham, D. S., 2022. Forest management units’ performance in forest fire management implementation in Central Kalimantan and South Sumatra. Forests, 13(6): 894. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13060894.
  • Coşgun, U., 2022. Forest fires within the scope of occupational health and safety. In: Protect Your Future, It's Not Just Trees That Burn (Ed. Kavgacı, A.). The Foresters’ Association of Türkiye (TOD), Ankara, pp. 74-91.
  • Daşdemir, İ., 2021. Scientific Research Methods (3rd ed.), Nobel Academic Publishing, Ankara.
  • Dimitrakopoulos, A., Gogi, C., Stamatelos, G., Mitsopoulos, J., 2011. Statistical analysis of the fire environment of large forest fires (>1000 Ha) in Greece. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 20(2): 327–332.
  • FAO, 2007. Fire management–global assessment 2006. FAO Forestry Paper 151, Rome, http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/ a0969e/a0969e00.htm, Accessed: 21.11.2022.
  • FAO, 2022. FAO Strategy on Forest Fire Management, Rome, https://www.fao.org/forestry/49772-0e64392e1b16124967bab33b6cbd84417.pdf, Accessed:21.11.2022.
  • Fernandes, P. M., Barros, A. M. G., Pinto, A., Santos, J. A., 2016a. Characteristics and controls of extremely large wildfires in the western Mediterranean Basin. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 121(8): 2141–2157. https://doi.org/10.1002/ 2016JG003389.
  • Fernandes, P. M., Pacheco, A. P., Almeida, R., Claro, J., 2016b. The role of fire suppression force in limiting the spread of extremely large forest fires in Portugal. European Journal of Forest Research, 135: 253–262, DOI:10.1007/s10342-015-0933-8.
  • Ganteaume, A., Camia, A., Jappiot, M., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., Long-Fournel, M., Lampin, C., 2013. A review of the main driving factors of forest fire ignition over Europe. Environmental Management, 51: 651-662, DOI:10.1007/s00267-012-9961-z
  • GDF, 2018. Strategic Plan (2019-2023). General Directorate of Forestry, Ankara.
  • GDF, 2021. Forest Fire Fighting Evaluation Report. General Directorate of Forestry, Ankara.
  • GDF, 2022. Forest Fire Fighting Action Plan. General Directorate of Forestry, Ankara.
  • GDF, 2024. Forestry Statistics, General Directorate of Forestry, Ankara, https://www.ogm.gov.tr/tr/e-kutuphane/resmi-istatistikler,. Accessed:16.02.2025.
  • Gill, A. M., Allan, G., 2008. Large fires, fire effects and the fire-regime concept. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 17: 688–695. DOI:10.1071/WF07145.
  • Grünig, M., Seidl, R., Senf, C., 2022. Increasing aridity causes larger and more severe forest fires across Europe. Global Change Biology, 29(6):1648-1659, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16547.
  • Güney, Ç. O., Özkan, K., Şentürk, Ö., 2016. Modelling of spatial prediction of fire ignition risk in the Antalya-Manavgat district. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University, 66(2): 459470. DOI: 10.17099/jffiu.42696
  • Hauke, A., Georgiadou, P., Pinotsi, D., Kallio, H., Lusa, S., Malmelin, J., Punakallio, A., Pääkkönen, R., de Meyer, S., Nicolescu, G.I., 2011. Emergency Services: A Literature Review on Occupational Safety and Health Risks, EU-OSHA, Belgium, DOI 10.2802/54768.
  • Iliadis, L. S., Papastavrou, A.K., Lefakis, P. D., 2002. A computer-system that classifies the prefectures of Greece in forest fire risk zones using fuzzy sets. Forest Policy and Economics, 4:43–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1389-9341(01)00079-X.
  • Juang, C. S., Williams, A. P., Abatzoglou, J. T., Balch, J. K., Hurteau, M. D., Moritz, M. A., 2022. Rapid growth of large forest fires drives the exponential response of annual Forest-fire area to aridity in the Western United States. Geophysical Research Letters, 49(5): e2021GL097131. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary. wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2021GL097131.
  • Kalabokidis, K.D., Gatzojannis, S., Galatsidas, S., 2002. Introducing wildfire into forest management planning: towards a conceptual approach. Forest Ecology and Management, 158(1-3):41–50, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00715-5.
  • Kalaycı, Ş. (Ed.), 2016. SPSS Applied Multivariate Statistical Techniques, Asil Publication Distribution, Ankara.
  • Kasap, C. Y., Akay, A. E., Arıcak, B., Bilici, E., et al., 2024. Expanding the Accessible Forest Areas by Improving Forest Road Standards and Utilizing Mobile Fire-fighting Teams. European Journal of Forest Engineering, 10(2):133-141, https://doi.org/10.33904/ejfe.1502061
  • Kavgacı, A., Başaran, M.A. (Eds.) 2023. Forest Fires. The Forester’s Association of Türkiye Publish, Ankara.
  • Küçükosmanoğlu, A., 1986. Classification of the forest fires and the causes of occurance and spread of big forest fires in Türkiye. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University, A36(1):131-154.
  • Lecina-Diaz, J., Martínez-Vilalta, J., Alvarez, A., Vayreda, J., Retana, J., 2021. Assessing the risk of losing forest ecosystem services due to wildfires. Ecosystems, 24(7):1687–1701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-021-00611-1.
  • Lein, J. K., Stump, N. I., 2009. Assessing wildfire potential within the wildland–urban interface: A southeastern Ohio example. Applied Geography, 29:21–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.apgeog.2008.06.002.
  • Leone, V., Elia, M., Lovreglio, R., Correia, F., Tedim, F., 2023. The 2017 extreme wildfires events in Portugal through the perceptions of volunteer and professional firefighters. Fire, 6(4): 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6040133.
  • Liu, Z., Yang, J., He, H. S., 2013. Identifying the threshold of dominant controls on fire spread in a boreal forest landscape of northeast China. PLoS One, 8(1): e55618, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055618.
  • McCaffrey, S., Toman, E., Stidham, M., Shindler, B., 2013. Social science research related to wildfire management: an overview of recent findings and future research needs. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 22(1): 15-24. DOI:10.1071/wf11115.
  • Mouillot, F., Rambal, S., Joffre, R., 2002. Simulating climate change impacts on fire frequency and vegetation dynamics in a Mediterranean-type ecosystem. Global Change Biology, 8(5): 423–437. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00494.x.
  • NWCG, 2022. A Preparedness Guide for Wildland Firefighters and Their Families. The National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG), USA.
  • Oncel Cekim, H, Güney, C. O., Şentürk, Ö., Özel, G., Özkan, K., 2021. A novel approach for predicting burned forest area. Natural Hazards, 105: 2187–2201. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11069-020-04395-w
  • Özer, M., 2022. The Effects of Wrong Forestry Policies on Forest Fires. In: Protect Your Future, It's Not Just Trees That Burn (Ed. Kavgacı, A.). The Foresters’ Association of Türkiye (TOD), Ankara, pp:18-33.
  • Parks, S.A., Abatzoglou, J.T., 2020. Warmer and drier fire seasons contribute to increases in area burned at high severity in western US forests from 1985 to 2017. Geophysical Research Letters, 47(22): e2020GL089858. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ 2020GL089858
  • Pausas, J. G., Llovet, J., Rodrigo, A., Vallejo, R., 2008. Are wildfires a disaster in the Mediterranean basin? -A review. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 17: 713–723. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1071/WF07151.
  • Purnomo, E. P., Ramdani, R., Nurmandi, A., Trisnawati, D. W., Fathani, A. T., 2021. Bureaucratic inertia in dealing with annual forest fires in Indonesia. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 30(10): 733-744. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF20168.
  • Pyne, S. J., 2007. Megaburning: The Meaning of Megafires and the Means of the Management. Proceeding of Wildfire, 4th International Wildland Fire Conference, 13-17 May 2007, Seville, Spain, pp. 1-7.
  • San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., Moreno, J. M., Camia, A., 2013. Analysis of large fires in European Mediterranean landscapes: Lessons learned and perspectives. Forest Ecology and Management, 294: 11–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.10.050.
  • Şafak, İ., Okan, T., Karademir, D., 2023. Perceptions of Turkish forest firefighters on in-service trainings. Fire, 6(2):38. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6020038.
  • Sayın, S., Güney, C. O., Sarı, A., 2014. Occupational health and safety in forest fires. Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Forestry Journal, 15(2): 168-175. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.28370.
  • Stavros, E. N., Abatzoglou, J., Larkin, N. K., McKenzie, D., Steel, E. A., 2014. Climate and very large wildland fires in the contiguous western USA. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 23: 899–914. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF13169.
  • Tadesse, E., Seboko, B., 2013. Training manual on: forest/wildland fire prevention and control for sustainable forest management. Hawassa University, Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Wondo Genet, Ethiopia.
  • Taylor, S. W., Woolford, D. G., Dean, C. B., Martell, D. L., 2013. Wildfire prediction to inform fire management: statistical science challenges. Statistical Science, 28(4): 586–615. DOI: 10.1214/13-STS451. Tedim, F., Leone, V., Amraoui, M., Bouillon, C., Coughlan, M. R., Delogu, G. M., Fernandes, P. M., Ferreira, C., McCaffrey, S., McGee, T. K., Parente, J., Paton, D., Pereira, M. G., Ribeiro, L. M., Viegas, D. X., Xanthopoulos, G., 2018. Defining extreme wildfire events: Difficulties, challenges, and impacts. Fire, 1(1):9. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire1010009.
  • Tedim, F., McCaffrey, S., Leone, V., Delogu, G. M., Castelnou, M., McGee, T. K., Aranha, J., 2020. What can we do differently about the extreme wildfire problem: An overview. In: Extreme Wildfire Events and Disasters: Root Causes and New Management Strategies (Eds: Tedim F., Leone V. and McGee TK.) Elsevier, pp. 233-263, https://doi.org/10.1016/C2017-0-03309-8.
  • Tsakalidis, S. G., Gitas, I. Z., 2007. Use of Remote Sensing and GIS in forest fire suppression planning. Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop of The EARSeL Special Interest Group on Forest Fires-Advances in Remote Sensing and GIS Applications in Forest Fire Management: Towards an Operational Use of Remote Sensing in Forest Fire Management, OPOCE; 2007, Luxembourg, pp. 91-96.
  • TSMS, 2025. 1930-2024 General Meteorological Statistical Data of Provinces. Turkish State Meteorological Service (TSMS), https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx, Accessed:16.02.2025.
  • Urbieta, I. R., Franquesa, M., Viedma, O., Moreno, J. M., 2019. Fire activity and burned forest lands decreased during the last three decades in Spain. Annals of Forest Science, 76(3): 90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-019-0874-3.
  • Vakalis, D., Sarimveis, H., Kiranoudis, C. T., Alexandridis, A., Bafas, G., 2004. A GIS based operational system for wildland fire crisis management II. System architecture and case studies. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 28(4):411–425.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2003.10.006.
  • Varela, E., Jacobsen, J. B., Soliño, M., 2014. Understanding the heterogeneity of social preferences for fire prevention management. Ecological Economics, 106:91-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.07.014.
  • Withen, P., 2007. Analysis of the risk management decisionmaking processes and the decision support systems in the wildland fire agencies. The fire environment—innovations, management, and policy; conference proceedings. 26-30 March 2007, Destin, Florida, USA, pp. 633-642.

Orman yangın işçileri, büyük orman yangınlarıyla mücadelede örgütlenme ve altyapı sorunları hakkında ne düşünüyor?

Year 2025, Volume: 26 Issue: 2, 148 - 156, 30.06.2025

İsmail Şafak , Devrim Karademir

https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.1662491

Abstract

İklim değişikliği, meteorolojik koşullar, yakıt birikimi, organizasyon ve altyapı eksiklikleri gibi faktörler, büyük orman yangınlarının oluşumunu etkilemektedir. Türkiye'de 2021 yılında Antalya ve Muğla Orman Bölge Müdürlüklerinde çok sayıda büyük orman yangınlarını meydana gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada, büyük orman yangınlarının büyümesinde organizasyon ve altyapıdan kaynaklanan sorunların etkili olup olmadığını değerlendirmek amaçlanmıştır. Büyük orman yangınlarıyla mücadelede aktif olarak görev almış toplam 621 orman yangını işçisi, şoförü ve operatörü, dokuz noktalı Likert tipi bir cevaplama ölçeği kullanılarak anket sorularını yanıtlamıştır. Orman yangın işçileri ile şoför ve operatörlerin yanıtları arasındaki istatistiksel farklılıklar, Mann-Whitney U testi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçları, personel istihdamı, iş makinası sayısı, hava araçlarının sayısı, yangın söndürme altyapısı, iletişim ve koordinasyon ile iş sağlığı ve güvenliğinden kaynaklanan sorunların büyük orman yangınları üzerinde orta düzeyde bir etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Uzun süreli ve kesintisiz çalışma, verimsizliğe neden olduğundan, işçi, şoför ve operatörlerin %52'si 1-3 günlük çalışma süresinin büyük orman yangınlarında yeterli olduğunu düşünmektedir. Çalışmada sunulan 13 farklı faktör için iki grubun değerlendirmeleri arasında sadece arazöz ve yer ekiplerindeki personel eksikliği açısından istatistiksel fark bulunmuştur. Orman yangınlarıyla mücadelede, hava araçları, arazöz, iş makinesi gibi teknolojik araçların kullanımı kadar yer ekiplerinin gücü ve altyapı olanakları (su kaynakları, orman yolları vb.) da önemli ve etkilidir.

Keywords

İklim değişikliği Yangın söndürme Orman yangını organizasyonu Mega yangın Algı

Ethical Statement

Yazarlar çalışmanın tüm süreçlerinin araştırma ve yayın etiğine uygun olduğunu, etik kurallara ve bilimsel atıf gösterme ilkelerine uyulduğunu beyan etmektedir.

References

  • Adams, M.A., 2013. Mega-fires, tipping points and ecosystem services: Managing forests and woodlands in an uncertain future. Forest Ecology and Management, 294: 250–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.11.039.
  • AFC, 2019. Innovative Approaches in Combating Forest Fires Working Group Document, III. Agriculture and Forestry Council (AFC), Ankara.
  • Attiwill, P., Binkley, D., 2013. Exploring the mega-fire reality: A Forest Ecology and Management conference. Forest Ecology and Management, 294:1–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.12.025.
  • Avcı, M., Korkmaz, M., 2021. Fire problems in Türkiye: Evaluations of some current issues. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 22(3): 229-240. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.942706.
  • Balch, J.K., Bradley, B.A., Abatzoglou, J.T., Nagy, R.C., Fusco, E. J., Mahood, A. L., 2017. Human-started wildfires expand the fire niche across the United States. Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences, 114(11): 2946–2951. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1617394114.
  • Bassi, S., Kettunen, M., 2008. Forest Fires: causes and contributing factors in Europe. European Parliament Policy Department Economic and Scientific Policy, IP/A/ENVI/ST/2007-15, London.
  • Bilgili, E., 2003. Stand development and fire behavior. Forest Ecology and Management, 179(1): 333-339.
  • Bilgili, E., Baysal, İ., Dinç Durmaz, B., Sağlam, B., Küçük, Ö., 2010. Evaluating big forest fire break out in Türkiye in 2008. Third National Black Sea Forestry Congress, 20-22 May 2008, Artvin, pp. 1270-1279.
  • Buckland, M. K., 2016. What is a mega fire? Defining the social and physical dimensions of extreme U.S. wildfires (1988-2014). Master thesis, University of Colorado, Master of Arts Department of Geography, USA.
  • Budiningsih, K., Nurfatriani, F., Salminah, M., Ulya, N. A., Nurlia, A., Setiabudi, I. M., Mendham, D. S., 2022. Forest management units’ performance in forest fire management implementation in Central Kalimantan and South Sumatra. Forests, 13(6): 894. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13060894.
  • Coşgun, U., 2022. Forest fires within the scope of occupational health and safety. In: Protect Your Future, It's Not Just Trees That Burn (Ed. Kavgacı, A.). The Foresters’ Association of Türkiye (TOD), Ankara, pp. 74-91.
  • Daşdemir, İ., 2021. Scientific Research Methods (3rd ed.), Nobel Academic Publishing, Ankara.
  • Dimitrakopoulos, A., Gogi, C., Stamatelos, G., Mitsopoulos, J., 2011. Statistical analysis of the fire environment of large forest fires (>1000 Ha) in Greece. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 20(2): 327–332.
  • FAO, 2007. Fire management–global assessment 2006. FAO Forestry Paper 151, Rome, http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/ a0969e/a0969e00.htm, Accessed: 21.11.2022.
  • FAO, 2022. FAO Strategy on Forest Fire Management, Rome, https://www.fao.org/forestry/49772-0e64392e1b16124967bab33b6cbd84417.pdf, Accessed:21.11.2022.
  • Fernandes, P. M., Barros, A. M. G., Pinto, A., Santos, J. A., 2016a. Characteristics and controls of extremely large wildfires in the western Mediterranean Basin. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 121(8): 2141–2157. https://doi.org/10.1002/ 2016JG003389.
  • Fernandes, P. M., Pacheco, A. P., Almeida, R., Claro, J., 2016b. The role of fire suppression force in limiting the spread of extremely large forest fires in Portugal. European Journal of Forest Research, 135: 253–262, DOI:10.1007/s10342-015-0933-8.
  • Ganteaume, A., Camia, A., Jappiot, M., San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., Long-Fournel, M., Lampin, C., 2013. A review of the main driving factors of forest fire ignition over Europe. Environmental Management, 51: 651-662, DOI:10.1007/s00267-012-9961-z
  • GDF, 2018. Strategic Plan (2019-2023). General Directorate of Forestry, Ankara.
  • GDF, 2021. Forest Fire Fighting Evaluation Report. General Directorate of Forestry, Ankara.
  • GDF, 2022. Forest Fire Fighting Action Plan. General Directorate of Forestry, Ankara.
  • GDF, 2024. Forestry Statistics, General Directorate of Forestry, Ankara, https://www.ogm.gov.tr/tr/e-kutuphane/resmi-istatistikler,. Accessed:16.02.2025.
  • Gill, A. M., Allan, G., 2008. Large fires, fire effects and the fire-regime concept. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 17: 688–695. DOI:10.1071/WF07145.
  • Grünig, M., Seidl, R., Senf, C., 2022. Increasing aridity causes larger and more severe forest fires across Europe. Global Change Biology, 29(6):1648-1659, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16547.
  • Güney, Ç. O., Özkan, K., Şentürk, Ö., 2016. Modelling of spatial prediction of fire ignition risk in the Antalya-Manavgat district. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University, 66(2): 459470. DOI: 10.17099/jffiu.42696
  • Hauke, A., Georgiadou, P., Pinotsi, D., Kallio, H., Lusa, S., Malmelin, J., Punakallio, A., Pääkkönen, R., de Meyer, S., Nicolescu, G.I., 2011. Emergency Services: A Literature Review on Occupational Safety and Health Risks, EU-OSHA, Belgium, DOI 10.2802/54768.
  • Iliadis, L. S., Papastavrou, A.K., Lefakis, P. D., 2002. A computer-system that classifies the prefectures of Greece in forest fire risk zones using fuzzy sets. Forest Policy and Economics, 4:43–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1389-9341(01)00079-X.
  • Juang, C. S., Williams, A. P., Abatzoglou, J. T., Balch, J. K., Hurteau, M. D., Moritz, M. A., 2022. Rapid growth of large forest fires drives the exponential response of annual Forest-fire area to aridity in the Western United States. Geophysical Research Letters, 49(5): e2021GL097131. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary. wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2021GL097131.
  • Kalabokidis, K.D., Gatzojannis, S., Galatsidas, S., 2002. Introducing wildfire into forest management planning: towards a conceptual approach. Forest Ecology and Management, 158(1-3):41–50, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00715-5.
  • Kalaycı, Ş. (Ed.), 2016. SPSS Applied Multivariate Statistical Techniques, Asil Publication Distribution, Ankara.
  • Kasap, C. Y., Akay, A. E., Arıcak, B., Bilici, E., et al., 2024. Expanding the Accessible Forest Areas by Improving Forest Road Standards and Utilizing Mobile Fire-fighting Teams. European Journal of Forest Engineering, 10(2):133-141, https://doi.org/10.33904/ejfe.1502061
  • Kavgacı, A., Başaran, M.A. (Eds.) 2023. Forest Fires. The Forester’s Association of Türkiye Publish, Ankara.
  • Küçükosmanoğlu, A., 1986. Classification of the forest fires and the causes of occurance and spread of big forest fires in Türkiye. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University, A36(1):131-154.
  • Lecina-Diaz, J., Martínez-Vilalta, J., Alvarez, A., Vayreda, J., Retana, J., 2021. Assessing the risk of losing forest ecosystem services due to wildfires. Ecosystems, 24(7):1687–1701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-021-00611-1.
  • Lein, J. K., Stump, N. I., 2009. Assessing wildfire potential within the wildland–urban interface: A southeastern Ohio example. Applied Geography, 29:21–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.apgeog.2008.06.002.
  • Leone, V., Elia, M., Lovreglio, R., Correia, F., Tedim, F., 2023. The 2017 extreme wildfires events in Portugal through the perceptions of volunteer and professional firefighters. Fire, 6(4): 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6040133.
  • Liu, Z., Yang, J., He, H. S., 2013. Identifying the threshold of dominant controls on fire spread in a boreal forest landscape of northeast China. PLoS One, 8(1): e55618, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055618.
  • McCaffrey, S., Toman, E., Stidham, M., Shindler, B., 2013. Social science research related to wildfire management: an overview of recent findings and future research needs. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 22(1): 15-24. DOI:10.1071/wf11115.
  • Mouillot, F., Rambal, S., Joffre, R., 2002. Simulating climate change impacts on fire frequency and vegetation dynamics in a Mediterranean-type ecosystem. Global Change Biology, 8(5): 423–437. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00494.x.
  • NWCG, 2022. A Preparedness Guide for Wildland Firefighters and Their Families. The National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG), USA.
  • Oncel Cekim, H, Güney, C. O., Şentürk, Ö., Özel, G., Özkan, K., 2021. A novel approach for predicting burned forest area. Natural Hazards, 105: 2187–2201. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11069-020-04395-w
  • Özer, M., 2022. The Effects of Wrong Forestry Policies on Forest Fires. In: Protect Your Future, It's Not Just Trees That Burn (Ed. Kavgacı, A.). The Foresters’ Association of Türkiye (TOD), Ankara, pp:18-33.
  • Parks, S.A., Abatzoglou, J.T., 2020. Warmer and drier fire seasons contribute to increases in area burned at high severity in western US forests from 1985 to 2017. Geophysical Research Letters, 47(22): e2020GL089858. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ 2020GL089858
  • Pausas, J. G., Llovet, J., Rodrigo, A., Vallejo, R., 2008. Are wildfires a disaster in the Mediterranean basin? -A review. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 17: 713–723. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1071/WF07151.
  • Purnomo, E. P., Ramdani, R., Nurmandi, A., Trisnawati, D. W., Fathani, A. T., 2021. Bureaucratic inertia in dealing with annual forest fires in Indonesia. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 30(10): 733-744. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF20168.
  • Pyne, S. J., 2007. Megaburning: The Meaning of Megafires and the Means of the Management. Proceeding of Wildfire, 4th International Wildland Fire Conference, 13-17 May 2007, Seville, Spain, pp. 1-7.
  • San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., Moreno, J. M., Camia, A., 2013. Analysis of large fires in European Mediterranean landscapes: Lessons learned and perspectives. Forest Ecology and Management, 294: 11–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.10.050.
  • Şafak, İ., Okan, T., Karademir, D., 2023. Perceptions of Turkish forest firefighters on in-service trainings. Fire, 6(2):38. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6020038.
  • Sayın, S., Güney, C. O., Sarı, A., 2014. Occupational health and safety in forest fires. Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Forestry Journal, 15(2): 168-175. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.28370.
  • Stavros, E. N., Abatzoglou, J., Larkin, N. K., McKenzie, D., Steel, E. A., 2014. Climate and very large wildland fires in the contiguous western USA. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 23: 899–914. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF13169.
  • Tadesse, E., Seboko, B., 2013. Training manual on: forest/wildland fire prevention and control for sustainable forest management. Hawassa University, Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Wondo Genet, Ethiopia.
  • Taylor, S. W., Woolford, D. G., Dean, C. B., Martell, D. L., 2013. Wildfire prediction to inform fire management: statistical science challenges. Statistical Science, 28(4): 586–615. DOI: 10.1214/13-STS451. Tedim, F., Leone, V., Amraoui, M., Bouillon, C., Coughlan, M. R., Delogu, G. M., Fernandes, P. M., Ferreira, C., McCaffrey, S., McGee, T. K., Parente, J., Paton, D., Pereira, M. G., Ribeiro, L. M., Viegas, D. X., Xanthopoulos, G., 2018. Defining extreme wildfire events: Difficulties, challenges, and impacts. Fire, 1(1):9. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire1010009.
  • Tedim, F., McCaffrey, S., Leone, V., Delogu, G. M., Castelnou, M., McGee, T. K., Aranha, J., 2020. What can we do differently about the extreme wildfire problem: An overview. In: Extreme Wildfire Events and Disasters: Root Causes and New Management Strategies (Eds: Tedim F., Leone V. and McGee TK.) Elsevier, pp. 233-263, https://doi.org/10.1016/C2017-0-03309-8.
  • Tsakalidis, S. G., Gitas, I. Z., 2007. Use of Remote Sensing and GIS in forest fire suppression planning. Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop of The EARSeL Special Interest Group on Forest Fires-Advances in Remote Sensing and GIS Applications in Forest Fire Management: Towards an Operational Use of Remote Sensing in Forest Fire Management, OPOCE; 2007, Luxembourg, pp. 91-96.
  • TSMS, 2025. 1930-2024 General Meteorological Statistical Data of Provinces. Turkish State Meteorological Service (TSMS), https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx, Accessed:16.02.2025.
  • Urbieta, I. R., Franquesa, M., Viedma, O., Moreno, J. M., 2019. Fire activity and burned forest lands decreased during the last three decades in Spain. Annals of Forest Science, 76(3): 90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-019-0874-3.
  • Vakalis, D., Sarimveis, H., Kiranoudis, C. T., Alexandridis, A., Bafas, G., 2004. A GIS based operational system for wildland fire crisis management II. System architecture and case studies. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 28(4):411–425.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2003.10.006.
  • Varela, E., Jacobsen, J. B., Soliño, M., 2014. Understanding the heterogeneity of social preferences for fire prevention management. Ecological Economics, 106:91-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.07.014.
  • Withen, P., 2007. Analysis of the risk management decisionmaking processes and the decision support systems in the wildland fire agencies. The fire environment—innovations, management, and policy; conference proceedings. 26-30 March 2007, Destin, Florida, USA, pp. 633-642.
There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Forestry Fire Management
Journal Section Orijinal Araştırma Makalesi
Authors

İsmail Şafak 0000-0003-3840-0790

Devrim Karademir 0000-0003-1291-7257

Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date March 21, 2025
Acceptance Date June 5, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 26 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Şafak, İ., & Karademir, D. (2025). What do forest firefighters think about organization and infrastructure problems in combating large forest fires?. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 26(2), 148-156. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.1662491
AMA Şafak İ, Karademir D. What do forest firefighters think about organization and infrastructure problems in combating large forest fires?. Turkish Journal of Forestry. June 2025;26(2):148-156. doi:10.18182/tjf.1662491
Chicago Şafak, İsmail, and Devrim Karademir. “What Do Forest Firefighters Think about Organization and Infrastructure Problems in Combating Large Forest Fires?”. Turkish Journal of Forestry 26, no. 2 (June 2025): 148-56. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.1662491.
EndNote Şafak İ, Karademir D (June 1, 2025) What do forest firefighters think about organization and infrastructure problems in combating large forest fires?. Turkish Journal of Forestry 26 2 148–156.
IEEE İ. Şafak and D. Karademir, “What do forest firefighters think about organization and infrastructure problems in combating large forest fires?”, Turkish Journal of Forestry, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 148–156, 2025, doi: 10.18182/tjf.1662491.
ISNAD Şafak, İsmail - Karademir, Devrim. “What Do Forest Firefighters Think about Organization and Infrastructure Problems in Combating Large Forest Fires?”. Turkish Journal of Forestry 26/2 (June 2025), 148-156. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.1662491.
JAMA Şafak İ, Karademir D. What do forest firefighters think about organization and infrastructure problems in combating large forest fires?. Turkish Journal of Forestry. 2025;26:148–156.
MLA Şafak, İsmail and Devrim Karademir. “What Do Forest Firefighters Think about Organization and Infrastructure Problems in Combating Large Forest Fires?”. Turkish Journal of Forestry, vol. 26, no. 2, 2025, pp. 148-56, doi:10.18182/tjf.1662491.
Vancouver Şafak İ, Karademir D. What do forest firefighters think about organization and infrastructure problems in combating large forest fires?. Turkish Journal of Forestry. 2025;26(2):148-56.
 Download Cover Image