Unraveling the Role of Physical Activity on Cardiovascular Health

Palak Gupta; Kamaljot Kaur Ahuja; Biswajyoti Das; Parth Munjal; Tanveer Shaik; Rohit Jain

doi:10.46310/tjim.1592426

Systematic Reviews and Meta Analysis

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 52 - 61, 29.04.2025

Palak Gupta Kamaljot Kaur Ahuja , Biswajyoti Das Parth Munjal Tanveer Shaik Rohit Jain

https://doi.org/10.46310/tjim.1592426

Abstract

References

Tsao CW, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, Allen NB, Armstrong PW, Bittencourt MS, Bozkurt B, Burch AE, Das SR, Deen JF, Elkind MSV, Evenson KR, Eze-Nliam CM, Ferguson JF, Generoso G, Ho JE, Kalani R, Khan SS, Kissela BM, Knutson KL, Levine DA, Lewis TT, Liu J, Loop MS, Ma J, Mussolino ME, Navaneethan SD, Perak AM, Poudel R, Rezk-Hanna M, Roth GA, Schroeder EB, Shah NS, Thacker EL, VanWagner LB, Virani SS, Voecks JH, Wang NY, Wong ND, Yancy CW, Martin SS. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023 Apr 18;147(8). doi: 10.1161/cir.0000000000001123.
Mokdad AH. Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000. JAMA. 2004 Mar 10;291(10):1238. doi: 10.1001/jama.291.10.1238.
Mury P, Faes C, Millon A, Mura M, Renoux C, Skinner S, Nicaise V, Joly P, Della Schiava N, Lermusiaux P, Connes P, Pialoux V. Higher Daily Physical Activity Level Is Associated with Lower RBC Aggregation in Carotid Artery Disease Patients at High Risk of Stroke. Front Physiol. 2017 Dec 12;8:1043. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01043.
Stensvold D, Viken H, Steinshamn SL, Dalen H, Støylen A, Loennechen JP, Reitlo LS, Zisko N, Salvesen Ø, Ingul CB, Slørdahl SA, Wisloff U. Higher Daily Physical Activity Level Is Associated with Lower RBC Aggregation in Carotid Artery Disease Patients at High Risk of Stroke. Front Physiol. 2017 Aug 21;8:1043. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01043.
World Health Organization: WHO. Physical activity. Published May 17, 2019. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/physical-activity#tab=tab_1.
Miko HC, Zillmann N, Ring-Dimitriou S, Dorner TE, Titze S, Bauer R. [Effects of Physical Activity on Health]. Gesundheitswesen. 2020;82(S 03):S184-S195. doi: 10.1055/a-1217-0549.
Mayo Clinic. Exercise intensity: How to measure it. Mayo Clinic. Published June 17, 2021. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/in-depth/exercise-intensity/art-20046887.
Schwendinger. Intensity or volume: the role of physical activity in longevity. Eur J Prev Cardiol. Published online 2024. doi: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwae295.
Shelley J, Boddy LM, Knowles ZR, Stewart CE, Dawson EA. Physical activity and associations with clinical outcome measures in adults with cystic fibrosis; a systematic review. J Cyst Fibros. 2019 Sep;18(5):590-601. doi: 10.1016/j.jcf.2019.03.003.
Mendes MA, da Silva I, Ramires V, Reichert FF, Martins RC, Ferreira RW, Tomasi E, Hallal PC. Metabolic equivalent of task (METs) thresholds as an indicator of physical activity intensity. PLoS One. 2018 Jul 19;13(7):e0200701. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200701.
Guo Z, Li M, Cai J, Gong W, Liu Y, Liu Z. Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training vs. Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Fat Loss and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in the Young and Middle-Aged: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Mar 25;20(6):4741. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20064741.
Sharman JE, La Gerche A, Coombes JS. Exercise and Cardiovascular Risk in Patients With Hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2014 Feb;28(2):147-158. doi: 10.1093/ajh/hpu191.
Boutcher SH. High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise and Fat Loss. J Obes. 2011;2011:868305. doi: 10.1155/2011/868305.
Cao M, Tang Y, Li S, Zou Y. Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Nov 18;18(22):11905. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182211905.
Wernhart S, Dinic M, Pressler A, Halle M. Prävention kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen durch Sport und körperliche Aktivität. Herz. 2015 Mar;40(3):361-368. doi: 10.1007/s00059-015-4216-4.
Bull FC, Al-Ansari SS, Biddle S, Borodulin K, Buman MP, Cardon G, Carty C, Chaput JP, Chastin S, Chou R, Dempsey PC, DiPietro L, Ekelund U, Firth J, Friedenreich CM, Garcia L, Gichu M, Jago R, Katzmarzyk PT, Lambert EV, Leitzmann M, Milton K, Ortega FB, Ranasinghe C, Stamatakis E, Tiedemann A, Troiano RP, van der Ploeg HP, Wari V, Willumsen JF. World Health Organization 2020 Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour. Br J Sports Med. 2020 Dec;54(24):1451-1462. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7719906/.
Azar AM II, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Olson RD, et al. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. 2nd ed. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2018. Available from: https://health.gov/sites/default/files/2019-09/Physical_Activity_Guidelines_2nd_edition.pdf.
Tsukiyama Y, Ito T, Nagaoka K, Eguchi E, Ogino K. Effects of exercise training on nitric oxide, blood pressure and antioxidant enzymes. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2017 Dec;60(3):180-186. doi: 10.3164/jcbn.16-108.
Oliveira V, Akamine EH, Carvalho MH, Michelini LC, Fortes ZB, Cunha TS, Franco MC. Influence of aerobic training on the reduced vasoconstriction to angiotensin II in rats exposed to intrauterine growth restriction: possible role of oxidative stress and AT2 receptor of angiotensin II. PLoS One. 2014 Nov 18;9(11):e113035. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113035.
Tofighi A, Rahmani F, Jamali Qarakhanlou B, Babaei S. The effect of regular aerobic exercise on reverse cholesterol transport A1 and apo lipoprotein a-I gene expression in inactive women. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2015 Apr 25;17(4):e26321. doi: 10.5812/ircmj.17(4)2015.26321.
Frodermann V, Rohde D, Courties G, Severe N, Schloss MJ, Amatullah H, McAlpine CS, Cremer S, Bode C, Subramanian A, Iwamoto Y, Tricot B, Kohler RH, Arnal-Estapé A, Hulsmans M, Honold L, Wojtkiewicz GR, Masson GS, Kuppe C, Schloss MJ, Libby P, Swirski FK, Nahrendorf M. Exercise reduces inflammatory cell production and cardiovascular inflammation via instruction of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Nat Med. 2019 Nov;25(11):1761-1771. doi: 10.1038/s41591-019-0633-x.
Heber S, Volf I. Effects of Physical (In)activity on Platelet Function. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:165078. doi: 10.1155/2015/165078.
McGee SL, Hargreaves M. Exercise performance and health: Role of GLUT4. Free Radic Biol Med. 2024 Sep 6. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.09.004.
Fiuza-Luces C, Santos-Lozano A, Joyner MJ, Carrera-Bastos P, Picazo O, Zugaza JL, Izquierdo M, Ruilope LM, Lucia A. Exercise benefits in cardiovascular disease: beyond attenuation of traditional risk factors. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2018 Dec;15(12):731-743. doi: 10.1038/s41569-018-0065-1.
Besnier F, Labrunée M, Pathak A, Pavy-Le Traon A, Sénard JM, Galès C. Exercise training-induced modification in autonomic nervous system: An update for cardiac patients. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2017 Jan;60(1):27-35. doi: 10.1016/j.rehab.2016.07.002.
Miller LE, McGinnis GR, Peters BA, Biela LM, Whittaker P, Walker LA, Hollander JM, Angelos MG, Stowe DF, Downey JM, Headrick JP, Camara AK. Involvement of the δ-opioid receptor in exercise-induced cardioprotection. Exp Physiol. 2015 Apr;100(4):410-421. doi: 10.1113/expphysiol.2014.083436.
Gebel K, Ding D, Chey T, Stamatakis E, Brown WJ, Bauman AE. Effect of Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity on All-Cause Mortality in Middle-aged and Older Australians. JAMA Intern Med. 2015 Jun;175(6):970-977. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.0541.
Martinez MW, Kim JH, Shah AB, Thompson PD, Reiffel JA, Baggish AL. Exercise-Induced Cardiovascular Adaptations and Approach to Exercise and Cardiovascular Disease: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021 Oct 5;78(14):1453-1470. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.08.003.
Mekary RA, Grøntved A, Després JP, De Moura LP, Willett WC, Hu FB. Weight training, aerobic physical activities, and long-term waist circumference change in men. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015 Feb;23(2):461-467. doi: 10.1002/oby.20949.
Qin R, Murakoshi N, Xu D, Sato H, Li H, Zhang Y, Horie M. Exercise training reduces ventricular arrhythmias through restoring calcium handling and sympathetic tone in myocardial infarction mice. Physiol Rep. 2019 Apr;7(4):e13972. doi: 10.14814/phy2.13972.
Giovannucci EL, Rezende LFM, Lee DH. Muscle-strengthening activities and risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer and mortality: A review of prospective cohort studies. J Intern Med. 2021 Oct;290(4):789-805. doi: 10.1111/joim.13344.
Hu J, Zhou S, Ryu S, Adams K, Gao Z. Effects of Long-Term Endurance Exercise on Cardiac Morphology, Function, and Injury Indicators among Amateur Marathon Runners. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Jan 31;20(3):2600. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20032600.
Bonekamp NE, May AM, Halle M, Dorresteijn JAN, van der Meer MG, Ruigrok YM, de Borst GJ, Geleijnse JM, Visseren FLJ, Koopal C. Physical exercise volume, type, and intensity and risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in patients with cardiovascular disease: a mediation analysis. Eur Heart J Open. 2023 Jun 13;3(3):oead057. doi: 10.1093/ehjopen/oead057.
Lavie CJ, Ozemek C, Carbone S, Katzmarzyk PT, Blair SN. Sedentary Behavior, Exercise, and Cardiovascular Health. Circ Res. 2019 Mar 1;124(5):799-815. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.312669.
Banach M, Lewek J, Surma S, Penson PE, Sahebkar A, Martin SS, Bajraktari G, Henein MY, Reiner Ž, Bielecka-Dąbrowa A, Bytyçi I. The association between daily step count and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2023 Dec 21;30(18):1975-1985. doi: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwad229. Erratum in: Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2023 Dec 21;30(18):2045. doi: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwad263.
Wang Y, Nie J, Ferrari G, Rey-Lopez JP, Rezende LFM. Association of Physical Activity Intensity With Mortality: A National Cohort Study of 403 681 US Adults. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Feb 1;181(2):203-211. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.6331.
Rey Lopez JP, Gebel K, Chia D, Stamatakis E. Associations of vigorous physical activity with all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality among 64 913 adults. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2019 Aug 12;5(1):e000596. doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000596.
López-Bueno R, Ahmadi M, Stamatakis E, Yang L, Del Pozo Cruz B. Prospective Associations of Different Combinations of Aerobic and Muscle-Strengthening Activity With All-Cause, Cardiovascular, and Cancer Mortality. JAMA Intern Med. 2023 Sep 1;183(9):982-990. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.3093.
Mu X, Liu S, Fu M, Luo M, Ding D, Chen L, Yu K. Associations of physical activity intensity with incident cardiovascular diseases and mortality among 366,566 UK adults. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2022 Dec 13;19(1):151. doi: 10.1186/s12966-022-01393-y.
Wahid A, Manek N, Nichols M, Kelly P, Foster C, Webster P, Kaur A, Friedemann Smith C, Wilkins E, Rayner M, Roberts N, Scarborough P. Quantifying the Association Between Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016 Sep 14;5(9):e002495. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.115.002495.
Jeong SW, Kim SH, Kang SH, Kim HJ, Yoon CH, Youn TJ, Chae IH. Mortality reduction with physical activity in patients with and without cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J. 2019 Nov 14;40(43):3547-3555. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz564.
Kim MH, Sung JH, Jin MN, Jang E, Yu HT, Kim TH, Pak HN, Lee MH, Lip GYH, Yang PS, Joung B. Impact of Physical Activity on All-Cause Mortality According to Specific Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022 Feb 4;9:811058. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.811058.
Swain DP, Franklin BA. Comparison of cardioprotective benefits of vigorous versus moderate intensity aerobic exercise. Am J Cardiol. 2006 Jan 1;97(1):141-7. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.07.130.
Margolis G, Cohen O, Roguin A. Vigorous physical activity and atrial fibrillation in healthy individuals: What is the correct approach? Clin Cardiol. 2024;47(3):e24237. doi: 10.1002/clc.24237.
Pelliccia A, Sharma S, Gati S, Bäck M, Börjesson M, Caselli S, Collet JP, Corrado D, Drezner JA, Halle M, Hansen D, Heidbuchel H, Myers J, Niebauer J, Papadakis M, Piepoli MF, Prescott E, Roos-Hesselink JW, Graham Stuart A, Taylor RS, Thompson PD, Tiberi M, Vanhees L, Wilhelm M; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2020 ESC Guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J. 2021 Jan 1;42(1):17-96. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa605. Erratum in: Eur Heart J. 2021 Feb 1;42(5):548-549. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa835.
Dempsey PC, Rowlands AV, Strain T, Zaccardi F, Dawkins N, Razieh C, Davies MJ, Khunti KK, Edwardson CL, Wijndaele K, Brage S, Yates T. Physical activity volume, intensity, and incident cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J. 2022 Dec 7;43(46):4789-4800. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac613.
Yarizadeh H, Eftekhar R, Anjom-Shoae J, Speakman JR, Djafarian K. The Effect of Aerobic and Resistance Training and Combined Exercise Modalities on Subcutaneous Abdominal Fat: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Adv Nutr. 2021 Feb 1;12(1):179-196. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmaa090.

Unraveling the Role of Physical Activity on Cardiovascular Health

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 52 - 61, 29.04.2025

Palak Gupta Kamaljot Kaur Ahuja , Biswajyoti Das Parth Munjal Tanveer Shaik Rohit Jain

https://doi.org/10.46310/tjim.1592426

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally, with physical inactivity being a significant risk factor. The intensity and volume of physical activity (PA) are critical in reducing CVD risk and improving primary and secondary prevention outcomes. We conducted a narrative review, searching electronic databases such as PubMed using relevant keywords and Google Scholar to identify relevant studies. This research utilized a comprehensive search to identify appropriate resources, such as university website links. We examine the impact of different PA intensities, including moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and vigorous physical activity (VPA), on CVD risk and mortality. It also evaluates the role of combined aerobic and resistance training in secondary prevention and explores potential risks associated with excessive VPA. MICT and VPA significantly reduce CVD risk, with VPA providing superior benefits by enhancing VO₂ max, endothelial function, and lipid profiles. For individuals with existing CVD, combining aerobic and resistance training substantially lowers mortality rates. While higher PA volumes reduce all-cause mortality, VPA intensity more effectively mitigates CVD risk. However, excessive VPA may increase oxidative stress and arrhythmia risk in susceptible individuals. Personalized PA plans that balance intensity and volume are essential for optimal cardiovascular health. Healthcare providers are pivotal in encouraging tailored PA regimens to maximize benefits while minimizing risks and supporting improved outcomes and longevity.

Keywords

physical activity, moderate intensity, vigorous intensity, resistance training, endurance training, aerobic exercise, cardiovascular disease, mortality risk

References

Tsao CW, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, Allen NB, Armstrong PW, Bittencourt MS, Bozkurt B, Burch AE, Das SR, Deen JF, Elkind MSV, Evenson KR, Eze-Nliam CM, Ferguson JF, Generoso G, Ho JE, Kalani R, Khan SS, Kissela BM, Knutson KL, Levine DA, Lewis TT, Liu J, Loop MS, Ma J, Mussolino ME, Navaneethan SD, Perak AM, Poudel R, Rezk-Hanna M, Roth GA, Schroeder EB, Shah NS, Thacker EL, VanWagner LB, Virani SS, Voecks JH, Wang NY, Wong ND, Yancy CW, Martin SS. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023 Apr 18;147(8). doi: 10.1161/cir.0000000000001123.
Mokdad AH. Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000. JAMA. 2004 Mar 10;291(10):1238. doi: 10.1001/jama.291.10.1238.
Mury P, Faes C, Millon A, Mura M, Renoux C, Skinner S, Nicaise V, Joly P, Della Schiava N, Lermusiaux P, Connes P, Pialoux V. Higher Daily Physical Activity Level Is Associated with Lower RBC Aggregation in Carotid Artery Disease Patients at High Risk of Stroke. Front Physiol. 2017 Dec 12;8:1043. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01043.
Stensvold D, Viken H, Steinshamn SL, Dalen H, Støylen A, Loennechen JP, Reitlo LS, Zisko N, Salvesen Ø, Ingul CB, Slørdahl SA, Wisloff U. Higher Daily Physical Activity Level Is Associated with Lower RBC Aggregation in Carotid Artery Disease Patients at High Risk of Stroke. Front Physiol. 2017 Aug 21;8:1043. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01043.
World Health Organization: WHO. Physical activity. Published May 17, 2019. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/physical-activity#tab=tab_1.
Miko HC, Zillmann N, Ring-Dimitriou S, Dorner TE, Titze S, Bauer R. [Effects of Physical Activity on Health]. Gesundheitswesen. 2020;82(S 03):S184-S195. doi: 10.1055/a-1217-0549.
Mayo Clinic. Exercise intensity: How to measure it. Mayo Clinic. Published June 17, 2021. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/fitness/in-depth/exercise-intensity/art-20046887.
Schwendinger. Intensity or volume: the role of physical activity in longevity. Eur J Prev Cardiol. Published online 2024. doi: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwae295.
Shelley J, Boddy LM, Knowles ZR, Stewart CE, Dawson EA. Physical activity and associations with clinical outcome measures in adults with cystic fibrosis; a systematic review. J Cyst Fibros. 2019 Sep;18(5):590-601. doi: 10.1016/j.jcf.2019.03.003.
Mendes MA, da Silva I, Ramires V, Reichert FF, Martins RC, Ferreira RW, Tomasi E, Hallal PC. Metabolic equivalent of task (METs) thresholds as an indicator of physical activity intensity. PLoS One. 2018 Jul 19;13(7):e0200701. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200701.
Guo Z, Li M, Cai J, Gong W, Liu Y, Liu Z. Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training vs. Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Fat Loss and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in the Young and Middle-Aged: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Mar 25;20(6):4741. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20064741.
Sharman JE, La Gerche A, Coombes JS. Exercise and Cardiovascular Risk in Patients With Hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2014 Feb;28(2):147-158. doi: 10.1093/ajh/hpu191.
Boutcher SH. High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise and Fat Loss. J Obes. 2011;2011:868305. doi: 10.1155/2011/868305.
Cao M, Tang Y, Li S, Zou Y. Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Nov 18;18(22):11905. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182211905.
Wernhart S, Dinic M, Pressler A, Halle M. Prävention kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen durch Sport und körperliche Aktivität. Herz. 2015 Mar;40(3):361-368. doi: 10.1007/s00059-015-4216-4.
Bull FC, Al-Ansari SS, Biddle S, Borodulin K, Buman MP, Cardon G, Carty C, Chaput JP, Chastin S, Chou R, Dempsey PC, DiPietro L, Ekelund U, Firth J, Friedenreich CM, Garcia L, Gichu M, Jago R, Katzmarzyk PT, Lambert EV, Leitzmann M, Milton K, Ortega FB, Ranasinghe C, Stamatakis E, Tiedemann A, Troiano RP, van der Ploeg HP, Wari V, Willumsen JF. World Health Organization 2020 Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour. Br J Sports Med. 2020 Dec;54(24):1451-1462. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7719906/.
Azar AM II, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Olson RD, et al. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. 2nd ed. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2018. Available from: https://health.gov/sites/default/files/2019-09/Physical_Activity_Guidelines_2nd_edition.pdf.
Tsukiyama Y, Ito T, Nagaoka K, Eguchi E, Ogino K. Effects of exercise training on nitric oxide, blood pressure and antioxidant enzymes. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2017 Dec;60(3):180-186. doi: 10.3164/jcbn.16-108.
Oliveira V, Akamine EH, Carvalho MH, Michelini LC, Fortes ZB, Cunha TS, Franco MC. Influence of aerobic training on the reduced vasoconstriction to angiotensin II in rats exposed to intrauterine growth restriction: possible role of oxidative stress and AT2 receptor of angiotensin II. PLoS One. 2014 Nov 18;9(11):e113035. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113035.
Tofighi A, Rahmani F, Jamali Qarakhanlou B, Babaei S. The effect of regular aerobic exercise on reverse cholesterol transport A1 and apo lipoprotein a-I gene expression in inactive women. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2015 Apr 25;17(4):e26321. doi: 10.5812/ircmj.17(4)2015.26321.
Frodermann V, Rohde D, Courties G, Severe N, Schloss MJ, Amatullah H, McAlpine CS, Cremer S, Bode C, Subramanian A, Iwamoto Y, Tricot B, Kohler RH, Arnal-Estapé A, Hulsmans M, Honold L, Wojtkiewicz GR, Masson GS, Kuppe C, Schloss MJ, Libby P, Swirski FK, Nahrendorf M. Exercise reduces inflammatory cell production and cardiovascular inflammation via instruction of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Nat Med. 2019 Nov;25(11):1761-1771. doi: 10.1038/s41591-019-0633-x.
Heber S, Volf I. Effects of Physical (In)activity on Platelet Function. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:165078. doi: 10.1155/2015/165078.
McGee SL, Hargreaves M. Exercise performance and health: Role of GLUT4. Free Radic Biol Med. 2024 Sep 6. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.09.004.
Fiuza-Luces C, Santos-Lozano A, Joyner MJ, Carrera-Bastos P, Picazo O, Zugaza JL, Izquierdo M, Ruilope LM, Lucia A. Exercise benefits in cardiovascular disease: beyond attenuation of traditional risk factors. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2018 Dec;15(12):731-743. doi: 10.1038/s41569-018-0065-1.
Besnier F, Labrunée M, Pathak A, Pavy-Le Traon A, Sénard JM, Galès C. Exercise training-induced modification in autonomic nervous system: An update for cardiac patients. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2017 Jan;60(1):27-35. doi: 10.1016/j.rehab.2016.07.002.
Miller LE, McGinnis GR, Peters BA, Biela LM, Whittaker P, Walker LA, Hollander JM, Angelos MG, Stowe DF, Downey JM, Headrick JP, Camara AK. Involvement of the δ-opioid receptor in exercise-induced cardioprotection. Exp Physiol. 2015 Apr;100(4):410-421. doi: 10.1113/expphysiol.2014.083436.
Gebel K, Ding D, Chey T, Stamatakis E, Brown WJ, Bauman AE. Effect of Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity on All-Cause Mortality in Middle-aged and Older Australians. JAMA Intern Med. 2015 Jun;175(6):970-977. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.0541.
Martinez MW, Kim JH, Shah AB, Thompson PD, Reiffel JA, Baggish AL. Exercise-Induced Cardiovascular Adaptations and Approach to Exercise and Cardiovascular Disease: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021 Oct 5;78(14):1453-1470. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.08.003.
Mekary RA, Grøntved A, Després JP, De Moura LP, Willett WC, Hu FB. Weight training, aerobic physical activities, and long-term waist circumference change in men. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015 Feb;23(2):461-467. doi: 10.1002/oby.20949.
Qin R, Murakoshi N, Xu D, Sato H, Li H, Zhang Y, Horie M. Exercise training reduces ventricular arrhythmias through restoring calcium handling and sympathetic tone in myocardial infarction mice. Physiol Rep. 2019 Apr;7(4):e13972. doi: 10.14814/phy2.13972.
Giovannucci EL, Rezende LFM, Lee DH. Muscle-strengthening activities and risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer and mortality: A review of prospective cohort studies. J Intern Med. 2021 Oct;290(4):789-805. doi: 10.1111/joim.13344.
Hu J, Zhou S, Ryu S, Adams K, Gao Z. Effects of Long-Term Endurance Exercise on Cardiac Morphology, Function, and Injury Indicators among Amateur Marathon Runners. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Jan 31;20(3):2600. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20032600.
Bonekamp NE, May AM, Halle M, Dorresteijn JAN, van der Meer MG, Ruigrok YM, de Borst GJ, Geleijnse JM, Visseren FLJ, Koopal C. Physical exercise volume, type, and intensity and risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in patients with cardiovascular disease: a mediation analysis. Eur Heart J Open. 2023 Jun 13;3(3):oead057. doi: 10.1093/ehjopen/oead057.
Lavie CJ, Ozemek C, Carbone S, Katzmarzyk PT, Blair SN. Sedentary Behavior, Exercise, and Cardiovascular Health. Circ Res. 2019 Mar 1;124(5):799-815. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.312669.
Banach M, Lewek J, Surma S, Penson PE, Sahebkar A, Martin SS, Bajraktari G, Henein MY, Reiner Ž, Bielecka-Dąbrowa A, Bytyçi I. The association between daily step count and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2023 Dec 21;30(18):1975-1985. doi: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwad229. Erratum in: Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2023 Dec 21;30(18):2045. doi: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwad263.
Wang Y, Nie J, Ferrari G, Rey-Lopez JP, Rezende LFM. Association of Physical Activity Intensity With Mortality: A National Cohort Study of 403 681 US Adults. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Feb 1;181(2):203-211. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.6331.
Rey Lopez JP, Gebel K, Chia D, Stamatakis E. Associations of vigorous physical activity with all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality among 64 913 adults. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2019 Aug 12;5(1):e000596. doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000596.
López-Bueno R, Ahmadi M, Stamatakis E, Yang L, Del Pozo Cruz B. Prospective Associations of Different Combinations of Aerobic and Muscle-Strengthening Activity With All-Cause, Cardiovascular, and Cancer Mortality. JAMA Intern Med. 2023 Sep 1;183(9):982-990. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.3093.
Mu X, Liu S, Fu M, Luo M, Ding D, Chen L, Yu K. Associations of physical activity intensity with incident cardiovascular diseases and mortality among 366,566 UK adults. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2022 Dec 13;19(1):151. doi: 10.1186/s12966-022-01393-y.
Wahid A, Manek N, Nichols M, Kelly P, Foster C, Webster P, Kaur A, Friedemann Smith C, Wilkins E, Rayner M, Roberts N, Scarborough P. Quantifying the Association Between Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016 Sep 14;5(9):e002495. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.115.002495.
Jeong SW, Kim SH, Kang SH, Kim HJ, Yoon CH, Youn TJ, Chae IH. Mortality reduction with physical activity in patients with and without cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J. 2019 Nov 14;40(43):3547-3555. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz564.
Kim MH, Sung JH, Jin MN, Jang E, Yu HT, Kim TH, Pak HN, Lee MH, Lip GYH, Yang PS, Joung B. Impact of Physical Activity on All-Cause Mortality According to Specific Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022 Feb 4;9:811058. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.811058.
Swain DP, Franklin BA. Comparison of cardioprotective benefits of vigorous versus moderate intensity aerobic exercise. Am J Cardiol. 2006 Jan 1;97(1):141-7. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.07.130.
Margolis G, Cohen O, Roguin A. Vigorous physical activity and atrial fibrillation in healthy individuals: What is the correct approach? Clin Cardiol. 2024;47(3):e24237. doi: 10.1002/clc.24237.
Pelliccia A, Sharma S, Gati S, Bäck M, Börjesson M, Caselli S, Collet JP, Corrado D, Drezner JA, Halle M, Hansen D, Heidbuchel H, Myers J, Niebauer J, Papadakis M, Piepoli MF, Prescott E, Roos-Hesselink JW, Graham Stuart A, Taylor RS, Thompson PD, Tiberi M, Vanhees L, Wilhelm M; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2020 ESC Guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J. 2021 Jan 1;42(1):17-96. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa605. Erratum in: Eur Heart J. 2021 Feb 1;42(5):548-549. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa835.
Dempsey PC, Rowlands AV, Strain T, Zaccardi F, Dawkins N, Razieh C, Davies MJ, Khunti KK, Edwardson CL, Wijndaele K, Brage S, Yates T. Physical activity volume, intensity, and incident cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J. 2022 Dec 7;43(46):4789-4800. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac613.
Yarizadeh H, Eftekhar R, Anjom-Shoae J, Speakman JR, Djafarian K. The Effect of Aerobic and Resistance Training and Combined Exercise Modalities on Subcutaneous Abdominal Fat: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Adv Nutr. 2021 Feb 1;12(1):179-196. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmaa090.

There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Cardiovascular Medicine and Haematology (Other)
Journal Section	Reviews
Authors	Palak Gupta 0009-0006-9327-7608 Kamaljot Kaur Ahuja 0009-0006-4433-8662 Biswajyoti Das 0009-0007-9074-2284 Parth Munjal 0009-0004-7665-4737 Tanveer Shaik 0009-0005-7321-3829 Rohit Jain 0000-0002-9101-2351
Publication Date	April 29, 2025
Submission Date	November 27, 2024
Acceptance Date	March 16, 2025
Published in Issue	Year 2025 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

EndNote	Gupta P, Ahuja KK, Das B, Munjal P, Shaik T, Jain R (April 1, 2025) Unraveling the Role of Physical Activity on Cardiovascular Health. Turkish Journal of Internal Medicine 7 2 52–61.

Download Cover Image

Article Files

Full Text

e-ISSN: 2687-4245

Turkish Journal of Internal Medicine, hosted by Turkish JournalPark ACADEMIC, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

2025 -TJIM.org