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Year 2025, Volume: 23 Issue: 1, 106 - 117, 25.04.2025

Taqi Taher , Saif Ibrahim Daadoush , Saif Badr Abd Aoun

Abstract

References

  • Eze P, Agu UJ, Aniebo CL, Agu SA, Lawani LO, Acharya Y. Factors associated with incomplete immunization in children aged 12–23 months at the subnational level, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. BMJ open. 2021;11(6): e047445. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047445
  • World Health Organization (WHO). The global vaccine action plan 2011–2020: review and lessons learned: strategic advisory group of experts on immunization. 2019; https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/the-global-vaccine-action-plan-2011-2020-review-and-lessons-learned-strategic-advisory-group-of-expertsonimmunization
  • Metcalf CJE, Andreasen V, Bjørnstad ON, Eames K, Edmunds WJ, Funk S, et al. Seven challenges in Modeling vaccine-preventable diseases. Epidemics. 2015; 10:11–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2014.08.004
  • Muluye M, Oljira L, Eyeberu A, Getachew T, Debella A, Deressa A, et al. Partial vaccination and associated factors among children aged 12–23 months in eastern Ethiopia. BMC Pediatr. 2022;22(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-022-03320-3
  • Skehan J, Muller LS. Vaccinations: Eliminating preventable illness. Professional Case Management. 2014; 19(6): 289-295. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCM.0000000000000063PMID:
  • KOLAWOLE TO, SOTUNSA JO. Effect of Short Message Service On Prevention of Missed Childhood Immuniza-tion Among Mothers Attending Immunization Clinics in Selected Hospitals in Lagos State, Nigeria. Interna-tional Journal of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences. 2021;2(2):177-188.
  • Melaku MS, Nigatu AM, Mewosha WZ. Spatial distribution of incomplete immunization among under-five children in Ethiopia: evidence from 2005, 2011, and 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey Data. BMC Public Health. 2020; 20:1– 22.
  • Ortiz JR, Perut M, Dumolard L, Wijesinghe PR, Jorgensen P, Ropero AM, et al. A global review of National in-fluenza immunization policies: Analysis of the 2014 WHO/UNICEF Joint Reporting Form on immunization. Vaccine. 2016 Oct 26;34(45):5400-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.07.045
  • Ogbuanu IU, Li AJ, Anya BP, Tamadji M, Chirwa G, Chiwaya KW, et al. Can vaccination coverage be improved by reducing missed opportunities for vaccination? Findings from assessments in Chad and Malawi using the new WHO methodology. PloS one. 2019 Jan 24;14(1):e0210648.
  • Chanie MG, Ewunetie GE, Molla A, Muche A. Determinants of vaccination dropout among children 12-23 months age in north Gondar zone, northwest Ethiopia, 2019. Plos one. 2021 Feb 8;16(2):e0246018. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246018
  • Hobani F, Alhalal E. Factors related to parents’ adherence to childhood immunization. BMC Public Health. 2022 Apr 25;22(1):819. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13232-7
  • Pagliusi S, Che Y, Dong S. The art of partnerships for vaccines. Vaccine. 2019; 37(40):5909–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.088
  • World Health Organization. World Health Organization: Global Vaccine Action Plan monitoring, evaluation & accountability secretariat annual report 2018.
  • Girmay A, Dadi AF. Full Immunization Coverage and Associated Factors among Children Aged 12-23 Months in Hard-to-Reach Areas of Ethiopia. International journal of pediatrics. 2019;2019(1):1924941.
  • WHO, UNICEF. Iraq: WHO and UNICEF estimates of immunization coverage: 2023 revision [Internet]. Gene-va: World Health Organization; 2024 Jul 2 [cited 2025 Mar 07]. Available from: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/country-profiles/immunization/2024-country-profiles/immunization-2024-irq.pdf?sfvrsn=6e4b4fc0_3&download=true
  • Fenta SM, Biresaw HB, Fentaw KD, Gebremichael SG. Determinants of full childhood immunization among children aged 12–23 months in sub-Saharan Africa: a multilevel analysis using Demographic and Health Sur-vey Data. Trop Med Health. 2021;49(1).
  • Sarker AR, Akram R, Ali N, Chowdhury ZI, Sultana M. Coverage and Determinants of Full Immunization: Vac-cination Coverage among Senegalese Children. Med Kaunas Lith. 2019;55(8). Doi:10.3390/medicina55080480
  • Peretti-Watel P, Cortaredona S, Ly EY, et al. Determinants of childhood immunizations in Asia: Adding previous shots to sociodemographic background. Hum Vaccines Immunother. 2020;16(2):363-370. Doi:10.1080/21645515.2019.1649553
  • Young B, Sarwar G, Hossain I, Mackenzie G. Risk factors associated with nonvaccination in Asian children: a population-based cohort study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2022;116(11):1063-1070. Doi:10.1093/trstmh/trac051
  • WHO tackles low immunization challenges in Iraq. ReliefWeb. Published December 19, 2023. Accessed March 6, 2025. https://reliefweb.int/report/iraq/who-tackles-low-immunization-challenges-iraq-enar
  • Kadim MA, Abdulhasan AF, Abdulrasol ZA, Obaid AF. Dropout of Vaccination Among Iraqi Children. South Asian J. Soc. Sci. Humanit. 2022 Dec 1;3(6):163-71.
  • Al-Lela O, Bahari MB, Al-Abbassi MG, Salih MR, Basher AY. Iraqi parents’ views of barriers to childhood im-munization. EMHJ. 2013 Mar 1;19(3):295-7.
  • Mustafa B S, Saleh JI. Prevalence of Missed Opportunities for Immunization and Its Associated Factors Among Children Below Two Years Old Attending Primary Healthcare Centers in Baghdad/Al-Karkh. Muthanna Medi-cal Journal. 2023; 10(2):212-226. http://dx.doi.org/10.52113/1/2/2023-212-226
  • Abdulraheem IS, Onajole AT, Jimoh AA, Oladipo AR. Reasons for incomplete vaccination and factors for missed opportunities among rural Nigerian children. J Public Health Epidemiol. 2011 Apr 30;3(4):194-203.
  • UNICEF. UNICEF Statistics. State of the World`s Children 2015 country statistical tables, 2 Available online: UNICEF 2016. Available from: http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/iraq_statistics.html.
  • Iraq MoH. Immunization coverage by antigen in Al-Kerkh Directorate of Health, Ministry of Health (MOH)/ Iraq; 2014.
  • Alrowaili GZR, Dar UF, Bandy AH. May we improve vaccine timeliness among children? A cross sectional sur-vey in northern Saudi Arabia. J Family Community Med. 2019 May-Aug;26(2):113-117. doi: 10.4103/jfcm.JFCM_153_18. PMID: 31143083; PMCID: PMC6515760.
  • Awad S, Abdo N, Yusef D, et al. Knowledge, attitudes and practices related to influenza illness and vaccination in children: Role of awareness campaigns in changing parents’ attitudes toward influenza vaccination in Jor-dan. Vaccine. 2019;37(25):3303-3309. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.083
  • Fadil LS, Al-Lami F. Proportion and determinants of incomplete vaccination among children aged less than two years in Baghdad City. Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2010;9(2): 169-173.
  • Mahmood NS. Rate of Vaccination of Children at Diyala Province & the Effect of Parental Education on Vac-cination Status, Hospital Based Study. Diyala Journal of Medicine. 2012;3(1):73-81.
  • Prakash D, Saxena P. Biosocial factors associated with routine immunization coverage in urban slums of Agra district. National Journal of Medical and Allied Sciences. 2014;3(1):24 -7.
  • Nisar N, Mirza M, Qadri MH. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Mothers regarding immunization of one year old child at Mawatch Goth, Kemari Town, Karachi. Pak J Med Sci. 2010 Jan 1;26(1):183-6.
  • Alqurishi AK, Tawfiq HL, Hussein HK, Al-Attar Z. Prevalence and Reasons of Incomplete Vaccination among Children below Two Years old. Prevalence. 2022 Jun;62(04):1351-1365.
  • Vidal Fuertes C, Johns NE, Goodman TS, Heidari S, Munro J, Hosseinpoor AR. The Association between Child-hood Immunization and Gender Inequality: A Multi-Country Ecological Analysis of Zero-Dose DTP Prevalence and DTP3 Immunization Coverage. Vaccines (Basel). 2022;10(7):1032. doi:10.3390/vaccines10071032
  • Taher TM. Public Awareness of Healthy Lifestyle among Iraqi Population. Al-Rafidain Journal of Medical Sci-ences (ISSN 2789-3219). 2023 Jul 29;5:92-8. https://doi.org/10.54133/ajms.v5i.170
  • Taher TM, Sarray F. Internet as a Source of Information for Breast Cancer Early Detection. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences. 2020;14(2):1589-92.

The reasons behind incomplete children vaccination in a sample from Iraqi society

Year 2025, Volume: 23 Issue: 1, 106 - 117, 25.04.2025

Taqi Taher , Saif Ibrahim Daadoush , Saif Badr Abd Aoun

Abstract

Objective: This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of incomplete vaccination among children aged under 15 years and the factors associated with it.
Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 330 children who visited the main two teaching hospitals in Al-Kut City (Al Zahraa Teaching Hospital ‘the 6th-floor’ and Al Karama Teaching Hospital), in addition to three Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCCs) (Abdullah Ben Rawaha, Al Hakeem, and Badra) in Al-Kut City/ Wasit Province/ Iraq. Data were collected using a modified and translated questionnaire from a previous study.
Results: The number of children who got the vaccine in their lives was 85.2%, and only 50% of them mentioned completing the vaccine schedule. The main cause of non-compliance was the long-distance walking to the health center (70.3%). Children who were eligible but didn’t receive the vaccination (60%) due to factors like doctor refusal. More than half (55.2%) mentioned a lack of awareness regarding the schedule. Complications were noted in only 10.9%, with the highest percentage complaining of elevated body temperature (6.1%). There is a significant association between the vaccination status of children and their ages, monthly family income, parents’ education, and residency (P value < 0.001). Gender was also associated with (P-value =0.002).
Conclusion: In this study, a higher percentage of children didn’t receive their routine vaccines as recommended by health facilities, and this may relate to many factors like age, gender, family income, and parents’ educational level. These results are of great value in planning for increasing vaccination coverage.

Keywords

Barriers Children vaccination Immunization Iraq

References

  • Eze P, Agu UJ, Aniebo CL, Agu SA, Lawani LO, Acharya Y. Factors associated with incomplete immunization in children aged 12–23 months at the subnational level, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. BMJ open. 2021;11(6): e047445. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047445
  • World Health Organization (WHO). The global vaccine action plan 2011–2020: review and lessons learned: strategic advisory group of experts on immunization. 2019; https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/the-global-vaccine-action-plan-2011-2020-review-and-lessons-learned-strategic-advisory-group-of-expertsonimmunization
  • Metcalf CJE, Andreasen V, Bjørnstad ON, Eames K, Edmunds WJ, Funk S, et al. Seven challenges in Modeling vaccine-preventable diseases. Epidemics. 2015; 10:11–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2014.08.004
  • Muluye M, Oljira L, Eyeberu A, Getachew T, Debella A, Deressa A, et al. Partial vaccination and associated factors among children aged 12–23 months in eastern Ethiopia. BMC Pediatr. 2022;22(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-022-03320-3
  • Skehan J, Muller LS. Vaccinations: Eliminating preventable illness. Professional Case Management. 2014; 19(6): 289-295. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCM.0000000000000063PMID:
  • KOLAWOLE TO, SOTUNSA JO. Effect of Short Message Service On Prevention of Missed Childhood Immuniza-tion Among Mothers Attending Immunization Clinics in Selected Hospitals in Lagos State, Nigeria. Interna-tional Journal of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences. 2021;2(2):177-188.
  • Melaku MS, Nigatu AM, Mewosha WZ. Spatial distribution of incomplete immunization among under-five children in Ethiopia: evidence from 2005, 2011, and 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey Data. BMC Public Health. 2020; 20:1– 22.
  • Ortiz JR, Perut M, Dumolard L, Wijesinghe PR, Jorgensen P, Ropero AM, et al. A global review of National in-fluenza immunization policies: Analysis of the 2014 WHO/UNICEF Joint Reporting Form on immunization. Vaccine. 2016 Oct 26;34(45):5400-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.07.045
  • Ogbuanu IU, Li AJ, Anya BP, Tamadji M, Chirwa G, Chiwaya KW, et al. Can vaccination coverage be improved by reducing missed opportunities for vaccination? Findings from assessments in Chad and Malawi using the new WHO methodology. PloS one. 2019 Jan 24;14(1):e0210648.
  • Chanie MG, Ewunetie GE, Molla A, Muche A. Determinants of vaccination dropout among children 12-23 months age in north Gondar zone, northwest Ethiopia, 2019. Plos one. 2021 Feb 8;16(2):e0246018. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246018
  • Hobani F, Alhalal E. Factors related to parents’ adherence to childhood immunization. BMC Public Health. 2022 Apr 25;22(1):819. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13232-7
  • Pagliusi S, Che Y, Dong S. The art of partnerships for vaccines. Vaccine. 2019; 37(40):5909–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.088
  • World Health Organization. World Health Organization: Global Vaccine Action Plan monitoring, evaluation & accountability secretariat annual report 2018.
  • Girmay A, Dadi AF. Full Immunization Coverage and Associated Factors among Children Aged 12-23 Months in Hard-to-Reach Areas of Ethiopia. International journal of pediatrics. 2019;2019(1):1924941.
  • WHO, UNICEF. Iraq: WHO and UNICEF estimates of immunization coverage: 2023 revision [Internet]. Gene-va: World Health Organization; 2024 Jul 2 [cited 2025 Mar 07]. Available from: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/country-profiles/immunization/2024-country-profiles/immunization-2024-irq.pdf?sfvrsn=6e4b4fc0_3&download=true
  • Fenta SM, Biresaw HB, Fentaw KD, Gebremichael SG. Determinants of full childhood immunization among children aged 12–23 months in sub-Saharan Africa: a multilevel analysis using Demographic and Health Sur-vey Data. Trop Med Health. 2021;49(1).
  • Sarker AR, Akram R, Ali N, Chowdhury ZI, Sultana M. Coverage and Determinants of Full Immunization: Vac-cination Coverage among Senegalese Children. Med Kaunas Lith. 2019;55(8). Doi:10.3390/medicina55080480
  • Peretti-Watel P, Cortaredona S, Ly EY, et al. Determinants of childhood immunizations in Asia: Adding previous shots to sociodemographic background. Hum Vaccines Immunother. 2020;16(2):363-370. Doi:10.1080/21645515.2019.1649553
  • Young B, Sarwar G, Hossain I, Mackenzie G. Risk factors associated with nonvaccination in Asian children: a population-based cohort study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2022;116(11):1063-1070. Doi:10.1093/trstmh/trac051
  • WHO tackles low immunization challenges in Iraq. ReliefWeb. Published December 19, 2023. Accessed March 6, 2025. https://reliefweb.int/report/iraq/who-tackles-low-immunization-challenges-iraq-enar
  • Kadim MA, Abdulhasan AF, Abdulrasol ZA, Obaid AF. Dropout of Vaccination Among Iraqi Children. South Asian J. Soc. Sci. Humanit. 2022 Dec 1;3(6):163-71.
  • Al-Lela O, Bahari MB, Al-Abbassi MG, Salih MR, Basher AY. Iraqi parents’ views of barriers to childhood im-munization. EMHJ. 2013 Mar 1;19(3):295-7.
  • Mustafa B S, Saleh JI. Prevalence of Missed Opportunities for Immunization and Its Associated Factors Among Children Below Two Years Old Attending Primary Healthcare Centers in Baghdad/Al-Karkh. Muthanna Medi-cal Journal. 2023; 10(2):212-226. http://dx.doi.org/10.52113/1/2/2023-212-226
  • Abdulraheem IS, Onajole AT, Jimoh AA, Oladipo AR. Reasons for incomplete vaccination and factors for missed opportunities among rural Nigerian children. J Public Health Epidemiol. 2011 Apr 30;3(4):194-203.
  • UNICEF. UNICEF Statistics. State of the World`s Children 2015 country statistical tables, 2 Available online: UNICEF 2016. Available from: http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/iraq_statistics.html.
  • Iraq MoH. Immunization coverage by antigen in Al-Kerkh Directorate of Health, Ministry of Health (MOH)/ Iraq; 2014.
  • Alrowaili GZR, Dar UF, Bandy AH. May we improve vaccine timeliness among children? A cross sectional sur-vey in northern Saudi Arabia. J Family Community Med. 2019 May-Aug;26(2):113-117. doi: 10.4103/jfcm.JFCM_153_18. PMID: 31143083; PMCID: PMC6515760.
  • Awad S, Abdo N, Yusef D, et al. Knowledge, attitudes and practices related to influenza illness and vaccination in children: Role of awareness campaigns in changing parents’ attitudes toward influenza vaccination in Jor-dan. Vaccine. 2019;37(25):3303-3309. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.083
  • Fadil LS, Al-Lami F. Proportion and determinants of incomplete vaccination among children aged less than two years in Baghdad City. Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2010;9(2): 169-173.
  • Mahmood NS. Rate of Vaccination of Children at Diyala Province & the Effect of Parental Education on Vac-cination Status, Hospital Based Study. Diyala Journal of Medicine. 2012;3(1):73-81.
  • Prakash D, Saxena P. Biosocial factors associated with routine immunization coverage in urban slums of Agra district. National Journal of Medical and Allied Sciences. 2014;3(1):24 -7.
  • Nisar N, Mirza M, Qadri MH. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Mothers regarding immunization of one year old child at Mawatch Goth, Kemari Town, Karachi. Pak J Med Sci. 2010 Jan 1;26(1):183-6.
  • Alqurishi AK, Tawfiq HL, Hussein HK, Al-Attar Z. Prevalence and Reasons of Incomplete Vaccination among Children below Two Years old. Prevalence. 2022 Jun;62(04):1351-1365.
  • Vidal Fuertes C, Johns NE, Goodman TS, Heidari S, Munro J, Hosseinpoor AR. The Association between Child-hood Immunization and Gender Inequality: A Multi-Country Ecological Analysis of Zero-Dose DTP Prevalence and DTP3 Immunization Coverage. Vaccines (Basel). 2022;10(7):1032. doi:10.3390/vaccines10071032
  • Taher TM. Public Awareness of Healthy Lifestyle among Iraqi Population. Al-Rafidain Journal of Medical Sci-ences (ISSN 2789-3219). 2023 Jul 29;5:92-8. https://doi.org/10.54133/ajms.v5i.170
  • Taher TM, Sarray F. Internet as a Source of Information for Breast Cancer Early Detection. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences. 2020;14(2):1589-92.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Original Research
Authors

Taqi Taher 0000-0002-0954-5440

Saif Ibrahim Daadoush 0009-0005-4450-0239

Saif Badr Abd Aoun 0009-0009-2036-9028

Early Pub Date April 20, 2025
Publication Date April 25, 2025
Submission Date November 19, 2024
Acceptance Date April 10, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 23 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Taher, T., Daadoush, S. I., & Abd Aoun, S. B. (2025). The reasons behind incomplete children vaccination in a sample from Iraqi society. Turkish Journal of Public Health, 23(1), 106-117. https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.1586847
AMA Taher T, Daadoush SI, Abd Aoun SB. The reasons behind incomplete children vaccination in a sample from Iraqi society. TJPH. April 2025;23(1):106-117. doi:10.20518/tjph.1586847
Chicago Taher, Taqi, Saif Ibrahim Daadoush, and Saif Badr Abd Aoun. “The Reasons Behind Incomplete Children Vaccination in a Sample from Iraqi Society”. Turkish Journal of Public Health 23, no. 1 (April 2025): 106-17. https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.1586847.
EndNote Taher T, Daadoush SI, Abd Aoun SB (April 1, 2025) The reasons behind incomplete children vaccination in a sample from Iraqi society. Turkish Journal of Public Health 23 1 106–117.
IEEE T. Taher, S. I. Daadoush, and S. B. Abd Aoun, “The reasons behind incomplete children vaccination in a sample from Iraqi society”, TJPH, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 106–117, 2025, doi: 10.20518/tjph.1586847.
ISNAD Taher, Taqi et al. “The Reasons Behind Incomplete Children Vaccination in a Sample from Iraqi Society”. Turkish Journal of Public Health 23/1 (April 2025), 106-117. https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.1586847.
JAMA Taher T, Daadoush SI, Abd Aoun SB. The reasons behind incomplete children vaccination in a sample from Iraqi society. TJPH. 2025;23:106–117.
MLA Taher, Taqi et al. “The Reasons Behind Incomplete Children Vaccination in a Sample from Iraqi Society”. Turkish Journal of Public Health, vol. 23, no. 1, 2025, pp. 106-17, doi:10.20518/tjph.1586847.
Vancouver Taher T, Daadoush SI, Abd Aoun SB. The reasons behind incomplete children vaccination in a sample from Iraqi society. TJPH. 2025;23(1):106-17.
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