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Biodiesel Production Using Vegetable Oil and Animal Fat Mixtures

Year 2025, Volume: 20 Issue: 1, 259 - 268, 27.03.2025

Yousef Aziz Sharif , Cevdet Akosman

https://doi.org/10.55525/tjst.1599173

Abstract

In this study, the biodiesel samples were produced by using the mixtures of vegetable oils (sunflower and corn oils) and beef tallow. In the experiments, the mixtures of vegetable oils and beef tallow at different ratios were trans esterified in a batch-wise system with methanol by using sodium hydroxide as catalyst. The effects of temperature, time, amount of catalyst and vegetable oil/beef tallow ratio on biodiesel production were studied. The experiments were carried out by using amount of catalyst ranging from 0.125 to 1 wt% of feedstocks by keeping the molar ratio of 1/6 (oil to methanol) at temperatures between 40-70 °C for different times ranging from 25 to 80 min. The biodiesel from the mixture of vegetable oils and beef tallow were obtained using the blends containing 0, 5, 10 and 20% of beef tallow by volume. All experiments were conducted at a fixed mixing speed of 600 rpm. The biodiesel conversion increased sharply until 0.75 wt% catalyst amount and slightly between 0.75wt% and 1 wt% with increasing reaction time for all feed stocks. Biodiesel conversions increased with increasing temperature from 40 to 60°C, but there was no significant increase after this temperature. The degree of conversion decreased as the beef tallow content increased in the mixture. The values of density and kinematic viscosity of biodiesel samples increased with an increase of beef tallow amount in vegetable oils. On the other hand, the heat values of biodiesel were similar to sunflower oil and beef tallow from which they were produced.

Keywords

Biodiesel transesterification vegetable oil animal fat

References

  • Knothe G. Biodiesel and renewable diesel: a comparison. Prog Energy Combust Science 2010; 36(3): 364–373.
  • Lee SB, Lee JD, Hong IK. Ultrasonic energy effect on vegetable oil based biodiesel synthetic process. J Ind Eng Chem 2011; 17(1):138–143.
  • Alajmi FSMDA, Hairuddin AA, Adam NM, Abdullah LC. Recent trends in biodiesel production from commonly used animal fats. Int J Energy Res 2018; 42(3): 885–902.
  • Kumar S, Pal A. A review of bio-diesel as an alternative fuel for vehicles. International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences 2014; 2(7):163–177.
  • Fukuda H, Kond A, Noda H. Biodiesel fuel production by transesterification of oils. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 2001; 92: 405–416.
  • Ahmad M, Khan MA, Zafar M, Sultana S. Practical handbook on biodiesel production and properties. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2012.
  • Hasan N, Ratnam MV. Biodiesel production from waste animal fat by transesterification using H2SO4 and KOH catalysts: a study of physiochemical properties. Int J Chem Eng 2022; 2022(1): 6932320.
  • Binhweel F, Hossain MDS, Ahmad MI. Recent trends, potentials, and challenges of biodiesel production from discarded animal fats: a comprehensive review. Bioenerg Res 2023; 16(2): 778–800.
  • Azadbakht M, Safieddin Ardebili SM, Rahmani M. A study on biodiesel production using agricultural wastes and animal fats. Biomass Conv Bioref 2023; 13(6): 4893–4899.
  • Thangthong A, Roschat W, Pholsupho P, Thammayod A, Phewphong S. Physicochemical properties of lard oil and rubber seed oil blends and their comprehensive characterization. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2024; 75: 1–13.
  • Leung DYC, Guo Y. Transesterification of neat and used frying oil: Optimization for biodiesel production. Fuel Process Technol 2006; 87(10): 883–890.
  • González Gómez ME, Howard-Hildige R, Leahy JJ, Rice B. Winterisation of waste cooking oil methyl ester to improve cold temperature fuel properties. Fuel 2002; 81(1): 33–39.
  • Lamichhane G, Khadka S, Adhikari S, Koirala N, Poudyal DP. Biofuel production from waste cooking oils and its physicochemical properties in comparison to petrodiesel. Nepal Journal of Biotechnology 2020; 8(3): 87–94.
  • Gerpen JV. Biodiesel processing and production. Fuel Process Technol 2005; 86(10): 1097–1107.
  • Atadashi IM, Aroua MK, Abdul Aziz AR, Sulaiman NMN. Production of biodiesel using high free fatty acid feedstocks. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 2012; 16(5): 3275–3285.
  • Altun Ş, Yaşar F, Öner C. The fuel properties of methyl esters produced from canola oil- animal tallow blends by basecatalyzed transesterification. The International Journal of Engineering Research and Development 2010; 2(2): 2–5.
  • Taravus S, Temur H, Yartasi A. Alkali-catalyzed biodiesel production from mixtures of sunflower oil and beef tallow. Energy Fuels 2009; 23(8): 4112–4115.
  • Dawi H, Muduru I, Abdulkadir B. Evaluation of biodiesel produced from blends of sunflower oil and beef tallow through base catalysis. Am J Polym Sci Technol 2021; 7(2): 23–28.
  • Dias JM, Alvim-Ferraz MCM, Almeida MF. Comparison of the performance of different homogeneous alkali catalysts during transesterification of waste and virgin oils and evaluation of biodiesel quality. Fuel 2008; 87(17–18): 3572–3578.
  • Dias JM, Alvim-Ferraz MCM, Almeida MF. Mixtures of vegetable oils and animal fat for biodiesel production: influence on product composition and quality. Energy Fuels 2008; 22(6): 3889–3893.
  • Baladincz P, Hancsók J. Fuel from waste animal fats. Chem Eng J 2015; 282: 152–160.
  • Sander A, Antonije Košćak M, Kosir D, Milosavljević N, Parlov Vuković J, Magić J. The influence of animal fat type and purification conditions on biodiesel quality. Renewable Energy 2018; 118: 752–760.
  • Rosson E, Sgarbossa P, Pedrielli F, Mozzon M, Bertani R. Bioliquids from raw waste animal fats: an alternative renewable energy source. Biomass Conv Bioref 2021; 11(5): 1475–1490.
  • Rashid U, Anwar F, Moser BR, Ashraf S. Production of sunflower oil methyl esters by optimized alkali-catalyzed methanolysis. Biomass and Bioenergy 2008; 32(12): 1202–1205.
  • Istiningrum RB, Aprianto T, Pamungkas FLU. Effect of reaction temperature on biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using lipase as biocatalyst. AIP Conference Proceedings 2017; 1911(1): 020031.
  • Kirubakaran M, Arul Mozhi Selvan V. A comprehensive review of low cost biodiesel production from waste chicken fat. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Rev 2018; 82: 390–401.
  • Doorı WHA, Alı OM, Ahmed AH, Koten H. Comparative study of biodiesel production from different waste oil sources for optimum operation conditions and better engine performance. Journal of Thermal Engineering 2022; 8(4): 457–465.
  • Khan E, Ozaltin K, Spagnuolo D, Bernal-Ballen A, Piskunov M, Di Martino A. Biodiesel from rapeseed and sunflower oil: effect of the transesterification conditions and oxidation stability. Energies 2023; 16(2): 657.
  • Veljković VB, Biberdžić MO, Banković-Ilić IB, Djalović I, Tasić MB, Nježić Z, Stamenković O. Biodiesel production from corn oil: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Rev 2018; 91: 531–548.
  • Hossain AB, Mazen MA. Effects of catalyst types and concentrations on biodiesel production from waste soybean oil biomass as renewable energy and environmental recycling process. Australian Journal of Crop Science 2010; 4(7): 550–555.
  • Mata T, Mendes A, Caetano N, Martins A. Properties and sustainability of biodiesel from animal fats and fish oil. Chemical Engineering Transactions 2014; 38: 175–180.
  • Canakci M. Determination of the density and the viscosities of biodiesel–diesel fuel blends. Renewable Energy 2008; 33: 2623-2630.
  • Canakci M, Sanli H. Biodiesel production from various feedstocks and their effects on the fuel properties. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 35(5): 431–441.
  • Canoira L, Rodríguez-Gamero M, Querol E, Alcántara R, Lapuerta M, Oliva F. Biodiesel from low-grade animal fat: production process assessment and biodiesel properties characterization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2008; 47(21): 7997–8004.
  • Adin H, Altun Ş, Yaşar F. Fuel properties of biodiesels produced from blends of canola oil and animal tallow. Energy Education Science and Technology Part A: Energy Science and Research 2011; 27(1): 199-208.

Bitkisel ve Hayvansal Yağ Karışımlarından Biyodizel Üretimi

Year 2025, Volume: 20 Issue: 1, 259 - 268, 27.03.2025

Yousef Aziz Sharif , Cevdet Akosman

https://doi.org/10.55525/tjst.1599173

Abstract

Bu çalışmada bitkisel (ayçiçek ve mısır özü) ve sığır iç yağı karışımları kullanılarak kesikli sistemde biyodizel üretimi araştırılmıştır. Deneysel çalışmalar farklı oranlarda hazırlanan bitkisel ve hayvansal yağ karışımlarından metanol kullanılarak sodyum hidroksit katalizörlüğünde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada biyodizel üretimine katalizör miktarı, reaksiyon süresi, sıcaklık ve bitkisel/ hayvansal yağ oranı gibi değişkenlerin etkisi araştırılmıştır. Deneylerde kullanılan yağ/metanol oranı 1/6 (mol) olarak sabit tutulmuştur. Katalizör miktarı ise 0,125 ile 1% (ağırlıkça) arasında değişmektedir. Deneyler, 25-80 dakika arasında değişen farklı zamanlarda 40-70 °C arasındaki sıcaklıklarda gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sığır iç yağı bitkisel yağlarla hacimsel olarak 0, 5, 10 ve %20 oranlarında karıştırılarak deneysel çalışmalar yürütülmüştür. Tüm deneyler, 600 rpm’lik sabit bir karıştırma hızında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bütün karışımlar için biyodizel oluşumu artan reaksiyon süresi ile birlikte katalizör miktarı arttıkça artmaktadır (%0,75’ e kadar hızlı ve %0,75 ile %1 arasında yavaş). Biyodizel oluşumu sıcaklık 40 °C’den 60 °C’ye yükseldiğinde artmış, ancak bu sıcaklıktan sonra fazla değişmemiştir. Biyodizel oluşumu bitkisel yağ içerisinde sığır yağı artışıyla azalmaktadır. Biyodizel örneklerinin yoğunluk ve kinematik viskozite değerleri bitkisel yağlardaki sığır yağı içeriğinin artmasıyla artmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, biyodizelin ısı değerleri üretildikleri ayçiçek yağı ve sığır yağına benzerlik göstermektedir.

Keywords

Biyodizel transesterifikasyon bitkisel yağ hayvansal yağ.

References

  • Knothe G. Biodiesel and renewable diesel: a comparison. Prog Energy Combust Science 2010; 36(3): 364–373.
  • Lee SB, Lee JD, Hong IK. Ultrasonic energy effect on vegetable oil based biodiesel synthetic process. J Ind Eng Chem 2011; 17(1):138–143.
  • Alajmi FSMDA, Hairuddin AA, Adam NM, Abdullah LC. Recent trends in biodiesel production from commonly used animal fats. Int J Energy Res 2018; 42(3): 885–902.
  • Kumar S, Pal A. A review of bio-diesel as an alternative fuel for vehicles. International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences 2014; 2(7):163–177.
  • Fukuda H, Kond A, Noda H. Biodiesel fuel production by transesterification of oils. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 2001; 92: 405–416.
  • Ahmad M, Khan MA, Zafar M, Sultana S. Practical handbook on biodiesel production and properties. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2012.
  • Hasan N, Ratnam MV. Biodiesel production from waste animal fat by transesterification using H2SO4 and KOH catalysts: a study of physiochemical properties. Int J Chem Eng 2022; 2022(1): 6932320.
  • Binhweel F, Hossain MDS, Ahmad MI. Recent trends, potentials, and challenges of biodiesel production from discarded animal fats: a comprehensive review. Bioenerg Res 2023; 16(2): 778–800.
  • Azadbakht M, Safieddin Ardebili SM, Rahmani M. A study on biodiesel production using agricultural wastes and animal fats. Biomass Conv Bioref 2023; 13(6): 4893–4899.
  • Thangthong A, Roschat W, Pholsupho P, Thammayod A, Phewphong S. Physicochemical properties of lard oil and rubber seed oil blends and their comprehensive characterization. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2024; 75: 1–13.
  • Leung DYC, Guo Y. Transesterification of neat and used frying oil: Optimization for biodiesel production. Fuel Process Technol 2006; 87(10): 883–890.
  • González Gómez ME, Howard-Hildige R, Leahy JJ, Rice B. Winterisation of waste cooking oil methyl ester to improve cold temperature fuel properties. Fuel 2002; 81(1): 33–39.
  • Lamichhane G, Khadka S, Adhikari S, Koirala N, Poudyal DP. Biofuel production from waste cooking oils and its physicochemical properties in comparison to petrodiesel. Nepal Journal of Biotechnology 2020; 8(3): 87–94.
  • Gerpen JV. Biodiesel processing and production. Fuel Process Technol 2005; 86(10): 1097–1107.
  • Atadashi IM, Aroua MK, Abdul Aziz AR, Sulaiman NMN. Production of biodiesel using high free fatty acid feedstocks. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 2012; 16(5): 3275–3285.
  • Altun Ş, Yaşar F, Öner C. The fuel properties of methyl esters produced from canola oil- animal tallow blends by basecatalyzed transesterification. The International Journal of Engineering Research and Development 2010; 2(2): 2–5.
  • Taravus S, Temur H, Yartasi A. Alkali-catalyzed biodiesel production from mixtures of sunflower oil and beef tallow. Energy Fuels 2009; 23(8): 4112–4115.
  • Dawi H, Muduru I, Abdulkadir B. Evaluation of biodiesel produced from blends of sunflower oil and beef tallow through base catalysis. Am J Polym Sci Technol 2021; 7(2): 23–28.
  • Dias JM, Alvim-Ferraz MCM, Almeida MF. Comparison of the performance of different homogeneous alkali catalysts during transesterification of waste and virgin oils and evaluation of biodiesel quality. Fuel 2008; 87(17–18): 3572–3578.
  • Dias JM, Alvim-Ferraz MCM, Almeida MF. Mixtures of vegetable oils and animal fat for biodiesel production: influence on product composition and quality. Energy Fuels 2008; 22(6): 3889–3893.
  • Baladincz P, Hancsók J. Fuel from waste animal fats. Chem Eng J 2015; 282: 152–160.
  • Sander A, Antonije Košćak M, Kosir D, Milosavljević N, Parlov Vuković J, Magić J. The influence of animal fat type and purification conditions on biodiesel quality. Renewable Energy 2018; 118: 752–760.
  • Rosson E, Sgarbossa P, Pedrielli F, Mozzon M, Bertani R. Bioliquids from raw waste animal fats: an alternative renewable energy source. Biomass Conv Bioref 2021; 11(5): 1475–1490.
  • Rashid U, Anwar F, Moser BR, Ashraf S. Production of sunflower oil methyl esters by optimized alkali-catalyzed methanolysis. Biomass and Bioenergy 2008; 32(12): 1202–1205.
  • Istiningrum RB, Aprianto T, Pamungkas FLU. Effect of reaction temperature on biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using lipase as biocatalyst. AIP Conference Proceedings 2017; 1911(1): 020031.
  • Kirubakaran M, Arul Mozhi Selvan V. A comprehensive review of low cost biodiesel production from waste chicken fat. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Rev 2018; 82: 390–401.
  • Doorı WHA, Alı OM, Ahmed AH, Koten H. Comparative study of biodiesel production from different waste oil sources for optimum operation conditions and better engine performance. Journal of Thermal Engineering 2022; 8(4): 457–465.
  • Khan E, Ozaltin K, Spagnuolo D, Bernal-Ballen A, Piskunov M, Di Martino A. Biodiesel from rapeseed and sunflower oil: effect of the transesterification conditions and oxidation stability. Energies 2023; 16(2): 657.
  • Veljković VB, Biberdžić MO, Banković-Ilić IB, Djalović I, Tasić MB, Nježić Z, Stamenković O. Biodiesel production from corn oil: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Rev 2018; 91: 531–548.
  • Hossain AB, Mazen MA. Effects of catalyst types and concentrations on biodiesel production from waste soybean oil biomass as renewable energy and environmental recycling process. Australian Journal of Crop Science 2010; 4(7): 550–555.
  • Mata T, Mendes A, Caetano N, Martins A. Properties and sustainability of biodiesel from animal fats and fish oil. Chemical Engineering Transactions 2014; 38: 175–180.
  • Canakci M. Determination of the density and the viscosities of biodiesel–diesel fuel blends. Renewable Energy 2008; 33: 2623-2630.
  • Canakci M, Sanli H. Biodiesel production from various feedstocks and their effects on the fuel properties. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 35(5): 431–441.
  • Canoira L, Rodríguez-Gamero M, Querol E, Alcántara R, Lapuerta M, Oliva F. Biodiesel from low-grade animal fat: production process assessment and biodiesel properties characterization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2008; 47(21): 7997–8004.
  • Adin H, Altun Ş, Yaşar F. Fuel properties of biodiesels produced from blends of canola oil and animal tallow. Energy Education Science and Technology Part A: Energy Science and Research 2011; 27(1): 199-208.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Environmental and Sustainable Processes, Chemical and Thermal Processes in Energy and Combustion
Journal Section TJST
Authors

Yousef Aziz Sharif 0000-0001-8942-3381

Cevdet Akosman 0000-0001-7507-2613

Publication Date March 27, 2025
Submission Date December 11, 2024
Acceptance Date February 17, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 20 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Sharif, Y. A., & Akosman, C. (2025). Biodiesel Production Using Vegetable Oil and Animal Fat Mixtures. Turkish Journal of Science and Technology, 20(1), 259-268. https://doi.org/10.55525/tjst.1599173
AMA Sharif YA, Akosman C. Biodiesel Production Using Vegetable Oil and Animal Fat Mixtures. TJST. March 2025;20(1):259-268. doi:10.55525/tjst.1599173
Chicago Sharif, Yousef Aziz, and Cevdet Akosman. “Biodiesel Production Using Vegetable Oil and Animal Fat Mixtures”. Turkish Journal of Science and Technology 20, no. 1 (March 2025): 259-68. https://doi.org/10.55525/tjst.1599173.
EndNote Sharif YA, Akosman C (March 1, 2025) Biodiesel Production Using Vegetable Oil and Animal Fat Mixtures. Turkish Journal of Science and Technology 20 1 259–268.
IEEE Y. A. Sharif and C. Akosman, “Biodiesel Production Using Vegetable Oil and Animal Fat Mixtures”, TJST, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 259–268, 2025, doi: 10.55525/tjst.1599173.
ISNAD Sharif, Yousef Aziz - Akosman, Cevdet. “Biodiesel Production Using Vegetable Oil and Animal Fat Mixtures”. Turkish Journal of Science and Technology 20/1 (March 2025), 259-268. https://doi.org/10.55525/tjst.1599173.
JAMA Sharif YA, Akosman C. Biodiesel Production Using Vegetable Oil and Animal Fat Mixtures. TJST. 2025;20:259–268.
MLA Sharif, Yousef Aziz and Cevdet Akosman. “Biodiesel Production Using Vegetable Oil and Animal Fat Mixtures”. Turkish Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 20, no. 1, 2025, pp. 259-68, doi:10.55525/tjst.1599173.
Vancouver Sharif YA, Akosman C. Biodiesel Production Using Vegetable Oil and Animal Fat Mixtures. TJST. 2025;20(1):259-68.
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