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From Open Door Policy to Migration Diplomacy: The Issue of Afghan Refugees in Iran

Year 2023, , 127 - 160, 30.12.2023

İlknur Cihangir Demirbaş

https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1333388

Abstract

Hosting one of the largest refugee populations worldwide, Iran has accommodated a significant Afghan community for over four decades. Since the 1980s, when a considerable influx of Afghan refugees arrived in Iran, the country's stance on this situation has notably changed. Initially adopting an ‘open door’ policy, Iran has shifted to employing migration as a diplomatic tool today. This study assesses Iran’s treatment of Afghan refugees and migrants, scrutinizing various process-related and multiple factors. The study claims that during the first decade of its open-door policy, Iran adhered to cyclical circumstances and enforced policies founded in distinct identity principles to fortify its regime. However, it argues that during the 1990s “reconstruction era”, Iran's handling of Afghan refugees transformed, and adjustments to current conditions over time. This study, based on the literature that emphasizes the instrumentalization of migration in the diplomatic context by focusing on the concept of ‘migration diplomacy’ argues that this conceptual framework will play a facilitating role in understanding the style Afghan refugees are subject to foreign policy in contemporary Iran.

Keywords

Iran Migration Migration Diplomacy Afghan Refugees Migration Policy

References

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Açık Kapı Politikasından Göç Diplomasisine: İran’da Afgan Mülteciler Meselesi

Year 2023, , 127 - 160, 30.12.2023

İlknur Cihangir Demirbaş

https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1333388

Abstract

Dünyanın en kalabalık mülteci popülasyonlarından birini topraklarında barındıran İran, kırk yılı aşkın bir süredir önemli sayıda Afgan nüfusa ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Bununla beraber, İran’a yoğun Afgan göçlerinin yaşanmaya başladığı seksenli yıllardan bu yana İran’ın duruma yaklaşımında belirgin farklılaşmalar yaşanmış, İran’da göç yönetimi, ‘açık kapı’ politikası uygulamaktan, göçün diplomaside araçsallaştırılmasına dönük çabalara dek uzanan bir çizgide önemli ölçüde dönüşüme uğramıştır. Bu çalışma, İran’ın Afgan göçü ve mülteciler hususunda izlediği politikayı süreç bağlantılı ve çoklu etkenler bağlamında değerlendirmektedir. Ayrıca İran’ın Afgan mültecilere yönelik ‘açık kapı’ politikası izlediği ilk on yıllık evrede dönemsel koşullar dahilinde davrandığı ve yanı sıra rejimin konsolidasyonu adına belirli kimliksel ilkeler ekseninde politikalar takip ettiği ifade edilmekte, ancak doksanlı yılların “yeniden inşa” evresiyle birlikte söz konusu mültecilere yönelik politikanın da bir dönüşüme uğradığı ve meselenin günümüze ulaşılıncaya dek geçen süreçte yeni koşullara adapte edildiği belirtilmektedir. ‘Göç diplomasisi’ kavramını odağına alarak göçün diplomatik bağlamda araçsallaştırılması hususunu vurgulayan literatürden yola çıkılan çalışmada, bu kavramsal çerçevenin İran’da bugün Afgan mültecilerin dış politikaya konu edilme biçiminin ve mültecilere dönük edimlerin anlaşılmasında kolaylaştırıcı bir rol üstleneceği savlanmaktadır.

Keywords

İran Göç Göç Diplomasisi Afgan Mülteciler Göç Politikası.

References

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  • Abbasi-Shavazi, Mohammad Jalal, Diana Glazebrook, Gholamreza Jamshidiha, Hossein Mahmoudian, Rasoul Sadeghi, “Second- generation Afghans in Iran: Integration, Identity and Return,” Case Study Series, (Nisan 2008). https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4846b2062.pdf
  • Abbasi-Shavazi, Mohammad Jalal, Diana Glazebrook, Gholamreza Jamshidiha, Hossein Mahmoudian ve Rasoul Sadeghi, “Return to Afghanistan? A Study of Afghans Living in Zahedan, Islamic Republic of Iran,” Afghanistan Faculty of Social Sciences University of Tehran, Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU), (Ekim 2005). https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/47c3f3cad.pdf
  • Adamson, Fiona B., and Gerasimos Tsourapas. “Migration Diplomacy in World Politics,” International Studies Perspectives, (2018): 1-16. https://doi:10.1093/isp/eky015
  • Adelkhah, Fariba and Zuzanna Olszewska, “The Iranian Afghans,” Iranian Studies 40, no. 2, (2007): 137-165. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4311887
  • Akın, Şeyma. “The Effects of the Syrian Crisis on German Politics”, Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, Özel Sayı, 2017, ss. 81-103. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/366629
  • Alagöz, Bilgehan ve Kandemir, Ekber. “11 Eylül Sonrası Dönemde Bölgesel Güvenlik ve İran’ın Afganistan Siyaseti”, Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi 2, sayı 2, (2015): 126-127. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/159451
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  • Demiryontar, Birce. “Accession Conditionality and Migration Diplomacy: Turkey’s Dual Identity in Migration Policy Negotiations with the EU,” European Politics and Society, (2020). https://10.1080/23745118.2020.1719741
  • “Dünya Göçmenler Günü Vesilesiyle; İran Milyonlarca Göçmen İçin Sıcak Bir Ev Sahibi,” IRNA, 18 Aralık 2022. https://bit.ly/3qgk6w2 (erişim tarihi: 7 Mayıs 2023).
  • Esfahani, Arash Nasr and Hasan Hosseini. “Afghan Refugees and Iran’s Open Door Policy in the 1980s,” Social Sciences and Humanities, 26, (2018): 225-252.
  • Farmer, Ben.“Iran Threatens to Expel Afghan Refugees if Kabul Ratifies US Strategic Partnership,” The Telegraph, 9 Mayıs 2012. https://bit.ly/47lN4vp
  • Guarascio, Francesco. “EU Sees Spike in Afghan Migrants as Many Leave Sanctions-Stricken Iran,” Reuters, 15 Ekim 2019. https://bit.ly/3DDMuvn
  • Irgil, Ezgi, Kelsey P. Norman and Gerasimos Tsourapas, “Why Migration Diplomacy Matters for the 2023 Greek and Turkish Elections,” The Swedish Institute of International Affairs (UI), (2023). https://www.ui.se/globalassets/butiken/ui-brief/2023/ui-brief- no.4-2023.pdf
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  • Kent, Sami. “Lake Van: An Overlooked and Deadly Migration Route to Turkey and Europe,” The New Humanitarian, 21 Ekim 2020, https://bit.ly/44UnxaZ
  • Koç, Mehmet. “Türkiye’ye Düzensiz Afgan Göçü ve İran’ın Göç Politikaları,” İRAM Perspektif, (Mayıs 2018).
  • Loescher, Gil. Beyond Charity: International Cooperation and the Global Refugee Crisis a Twentieth Century, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
  • Milani, Mohsen M. “Iran's Policy Towards Afghanistan,” Middle East Journal 60, no. 2 (Bahar 2006): 235-256.
  • Modrzejewska-Leśniewska, J. “Afghan migrants in Iran in modern times,” Studia z Polityki Publicznej / Public Policy Studies 7 no.4, (2020): 9-30. https://doi.org/10.33119/KSzPP/2020.4.1
  • Mogaddam, Amin and Safinaz Jadali. “Immigration and Revolution in Iran: Asylum Politics and State Consolidation,” REMHU 29, no. 63 (2021): 21-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-85852503880006303
  • Monsutti, A. “Afghan Migratory Strategies and the Three Solutions to the Refugee Problem,” Refugee Survey Quarterly 27, no. 1 (2008): 58- 73 https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdn007
  • Naseh, Mitra, Miriam Potocky, Paul H. Stuart, Sara Pezeshk. “Repatriation of Afghan refugees from Iran: a shelter profile study,” Journal of International Humanitarian Action 3, 13 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41018-018-0041-8.
  • Nijrabi, Abdul Bari. “Afghan Refugees in Iran: Yesterday’s Assets, Today’s Troubles,” The Geopolitics, 3 Haziran 2019. https://bit.ly/47hfyq1
  • Pourbagheri, Moharram. “İran’daki Afgan Göçmenlerin Toplumsal Sorunları,” Maduniyet 1, no.2 (2019): 84.
  • Rajaee, Bahram. “The Politics of Refugee Policy in Post- Revolutionary Iran,” Middle East Journal 54, no. 1 (Kış 2000): 44-63. Rubin, Barnett R. “Afghanistan: The Forgotten Crisis,” 1 Aralık 1996. https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a6c0c.html (erişim tarihi: 2 Haziran 2023)
  • Rubin, Michael. “Who is Responsible for the Taliban?,” The Washington Institute, 1 Mart 2002. https://bit.ly/47ggVoR
  • Siavoshi, Sussan. “Afghans in Iran: The State and The Working of Immigration Policies,” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, (2022). https://doi.10.1080/13530194.2022.2113504
  • Squire, Catherine. “Education of Afghan Refugees in The Islamic Republic of Iran,” UNESCO Office, Tahran, Aralık 2000. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000217857
  • Thiollet, Hélène. “Migration as Diplomacy: Labor Migrants, Refugees, and Arab Regional Politics in the Oil-Rich Countries,” International Labor and Working-Class History, Cambridge University Press, 2011.
  • Tsourapas, Gerasimos. “Migration diplomacy in the Global South: Cooperation, Coercion and Issue Linkage in Gaddafi’s Libya,” Third World Quarterly 38, no.10 (2017): 2367–2385.
  • Tsourapas, Gerasimos. “The Syrian Refugee Crisis and Foreign Policy Decision-Making in Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey,” Journal of Global Security Studies, (2019): 1–18. https://doi:10.1093/jogss/ogz016
  • Tsourapas, Gerosimos. “Migration Diplomacy Gets Messy and Tough,” Mixed Migration Center, 6 Aralık 2022. https://bit.ly/44WxKDE
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There are 76 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Regional Studies, International Relations (Other)
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

İlknur Cihangir Demirbaş 0000-0002-3284-8212

Early Pub Date December 30, 2023
Publication Date December 30, 2023
Acceptance Date November 20, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Cihangir Demirbaş, İ. (2023). Açık Kapı Politikasından Göç Diplomasisine: İran’da Afgan Mülteciler Meselesi. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 10(2), 127-160. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1333388

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