Abstract
This study aims to expose the ways in which leading officials of the Committee of Union and Progress (the CUP) interpreted, internalized, and questioned the conditions of their mission in Arab lands during World War I (WWI). It builds on the memoirs of Falih Rıfkı, aide-de-camp of Commander-in-Chief Cemal Pasha, and Halide Edip, an ardent supporter of the social and educational reforms of the CUP government. Both written after the war, these memoirs reflect not only nostalgia and regret but also the complicated relationship between Turkish officials and Arabs on the eve of their breakup from one another as citizens of the Ottoman State. The study also questions the orthodox argument that the Turkist and anti-Arabic ideology of the CUP government in general and Cemal Pasha’s wartime crusade against Arab nationalists in particular triggered the emergence of Arab nationalism. By contemplating the memoirs of CUP members in Arab lands, this study argues that Falih Rıfkı, Cemal Pasha, and Halide Edip tried to understand the region and its people in order to create a mutual future for Turks and Arabs within the Ottoman Empire.
References
- Atay, Falih Rıfkı. Zeytindağı. İstanbul: Milli Eğitim Basımevi, 1970.
- Atay, Falih Rıfkı. Çankaya. Istanbul: Doğan Kardeş, 1969.
- Atay, Falih Rıfkı. “Karanlık Önünde.” Tanin. 1 August 1914.
- Bora, Tanıl. Cereyanlar: Türkiye’de Siyasi İdeolojiler, 4th edition Istanbul: İletişim, 2017.
- Cemal Paşa. Hatırat. Transliterated by Behçet Cemal. İstanbul: Arma Yayınları, 1996.
- Çiçek, M. Talha. War and State Formation in Syria: Cemal Pasha’s Governorate During World War I, 1914-17. Oxon & New York: Routledge, 2014.
- Çiçek, M. Talha. “Myth of the Unionist Triumvirate: the Formation ofthe CUP Factions and Their Impact in Syria during the Great War.”In Syria in World War I: Politics, Economy and Society, edited by M.Talha Çiçek, 9-36. New York: Routledge, 2015.
- Dawn, C. Ernest. “The Origins of Arab Nationalism.” in The Origins of Arab Nationalism. Rashid Khalidi, Lisa Anderson, Muhammad Muslih, Reeva S. Simon (eds.). New York: Columbia University Press, 1991.
- Farah, Caesar E. Arabs and Ottomans: A Checkered Relationship. Istanbul: The ISIS Press, 2002.
- Güçlü, Yücel. The Armenian Events of Adana in 1909: Cemal Paşa andBeyond. Maryland: Hamilton Books, 2018.
- Haddad, Mahmoud. “The Rise of Arab Nationalism Reconsidered.” International Journal of Middle East Studies. Vol. 26, No. 2, May, 1994.
- Halevy, Dotan. “The Rear Side of the Front: Gaza and Its People in World War I.” Journal of Levantine Studies, Vol. 5, No. 1, Summer 2015.
- Halidé Edip. Memoirs of Halidé Edip. New York & London: The Century Co, 1926.
- Herzog, Christoph & Motika, Raoul. “Orientalism ‘alla Turca’: Late 19th / Early 20th Century Ottoman Voyages into the Muslim ‘Outback’”. Die Welt des Islams. New Series, Vol. 40, Issue 2, Ottoman Travels and Travel Accounts from an Earlier Age of Globalization, Jul., 2000.
- Kayalı, Hasan. “Wartime Regional and Imperial Integration of Greater Syria During World War I.” in The Syrian Land: Processes of Integration and Fragmentation: Bilãd al-Shãm From the 18th to the 20th Century. Thomas Philipp & Birgit Schäbler (eds.). Stuttgart: Steiner, 1998.
- Kushner, David. “The Musavver Çöl: An Ottoman Journal in Beershebaat the End of World War I.” In Perspectives on Ottoman Studies:Papers from the 18th Symposium of the International Committee of PreOttoman and Ottoman Studies (CIEPO), edited by Ekrem Causevic,Nenad Moacanin, and Vjeran Kursar, 167-72. Berlin: LIT Verlag, 2010.
- Kuyumcuoğlu, Ozan. “Geç Osmanlı’dan Erken Cumhuriyet’e SiyasalSeçkinlerin Suriye’ye Bakışı: Hüseyin Cahit Yalçın ve Falih Rıfkı AtayÖrnekleri.” Uluslararası İlişkiler 16, no. 64 (2019): 107-26.
- Makdisi, Ussama. “Ottoman Orientalism”. The American Historical Review. Vol. 107, No. 3, Jun., 2002.
- Maksudyan, Nazan. “1909 Adana Olayları Ertesinde Cemal Bey’in AdanaValiliği ve Osmanlıcılık İdeali.” Toplumsal Tarih 174, (June 2008): 22-8.
- McMeekin, Sean. The Ottoman Endgame: War, Revolution and the Making of the Modern Middle East, 1908-1923. London: Penguin, 2016.
- Ochsenwald, William. “Ironic Origins: Arab Nationalism in the Hijaz,1882-1914.” In The Origins of Arab Nationalism, edited by RashidKhalidi, Lisa Anderson, Muhammad Muslih, and Reeva S. Simon,189-203. New York: Columbia University Press, 1991.
- Polat, Gülsüm. “I. Dünya Savaşında İngiliz ve Türk PropagandaGazetelerinin Etkinliği Üzerine bir Değerlendirme (el-Hakika veMusavver Çöl).” OTAM 36 (Fall 2014): 141-155.
- Tamari, Salim. “Muhammad Kurd Ali and the Syrian-PalestinianIntelligentsia in the Ottoman Campaign against Arab Separatism.” InSyria in World War I: Politics, Economy and Society, edited by M.Talha Çiçek, 37-60. New York: Routledge, 2015.
- Tauber, Eliezer. “From Young Turks to Modern Turkey: the Story of Hüseyin Aziz Akyürek (Aziz Bey), the Last Director of the Ottoman General Security Service.” Middle Eastern Studies. Vol. 55, No. 1, 2019.
- Uyar, Mesut. “Ottoman Arab Officers between Nationalism and Loyalty during the First World War.” War in History 20, no. 4 (2013): 526-44.
- Wilson, Mary C. “The Hashemites, The Arab Revolt, and Arab Nationalism.”In The Origins of Arab Nationalism, edited by Rashid Khalidi, LisaAnderson, Muhammad Muslih, and Reeva S. Simon, 204-21. NewYork: Columbia University Press, 1991.
- Zeine, Zeine N. The Emergence of Arab Nationalism. Delmar, New York: Caravan, 1973.
Son Nefesinde Osmanlıcılık: Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Arap Vilayetlerinde Görev Yapan Osmanlıların Hatıraları
Abstract
Bu makale, Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Arap Cephesi’nde görev yapan İttihat ve Terakki Cephesi hükümetinin önde gelen sorumlularının, bu görevlerini nasıl içselleştirdiklerini, sorguladıklarını ve yorumladıklarını ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma, Falih Rıfkı’nın ve emir eri bulunduğu Başkumandan Cemal Paşa’nın ve İTC hükümetinin topluma ve eğitime yönelik reformlarının sıkı bir taraftarı olan Halide Edip’in hatıralarına dayanmaktadır. Her biri savaştan sonra kaleme alınan bu hatıralar, özlem ve pişmanlık hislerinin yanında, birbirlerinden Osmanlı Devleti vatandaşları olarak ayrılmak üzere olan Araplar ve Türkler arasındaki çetrefilli ilişkiyi göz önüne sermektedir. Bununla birlikte makale, genel olarak İTC idaresinin Türkçü ve Arap karşıtı ideolojisinin ve özelde savaş sırasında Cemal Paşa’nın Arap milliyetçiliğine karşı başlattığı mücadelenin, Arap milliyetçiliğinin doğuşunda başat rol oynadığına dair geleneksel düşünceyi de sorgulamaktadır. Bu çalışma, Arap topraklarında bulunan İTC üyelerinin hatıralarına dayanarak, Falih Rıfkı, Cemal Paşa ve Halide Edip’in, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Türkler ve Araplara ait ortak bir gelecek inşa etmek amacıyla bölgeyi ve halkını anlamaya gayret ettiklerini ileri sürmektedir.
References
- Atay, Falih Rıfkı. Zeytindağı. İstanbul: Milli Eğitim Basımevi, 1970.
- Atay, Falih Rıfkı. Çankaya. Istanbul: Doğan Kardeş, 1969.
- Atay, Falih Rıfkı. “Karanlık Önünde.” Tanin. 1 August 1914.
- Bora, Tanıl. Cereyanlar: Türkiye’de Siyasi İdeolojiler, 4th edition Istanbul: İletişim, 2017.
- Cemal Paşa. Hatırat. Transliterated by Behçet Cemal. İstanbul: Arma Yayınları, 1996.
- Çiçek, M. Talha. War and State Formation in Syria: Cemal Pasha’s Governorate During World War I, 1914-17. Oxon & New York: Routledge, 2014.
- Çiçek, M. Talha. “Myth of the Unionist Triumvirate: the Formation ofthe CUP Factions and Their Impact in Syria during the Great War.”In Syria in World War I: Politics, Economy and Society, edited by M.Talha Çiçek, 9-36. New York: Routledge, 2015.
- Dawn, C. Ernest. “The Origins of Arab Nationalism.” in The Origins of Arab Nationalism. Rashid Khalidi, Lisa Anderson, Muhammad Muslih, Reeva S. Simon (eds.). New York: Columbia University Press, 1991.
- Farah, Caesar E. Arabs and Ottomans: A Checkered Relationship. Istanbul: The ISIS Press, 2002.
- Güçlü, Yücel. The Armenian Events of Adana in 1909: Cemal Paşa andBeyond. Maryland: Hamilton Books, 2018.
- Haddad, Mahmoud. “The Rise of Arab Nationalism Reconsidered.” International Journal of Middle East Studies. Vol. 26, No. 2, May, 1994.
- Halevy, Dotan. “The Rear Side of the Front: Gaza and Its People in World War I.” Journal of Levantine Studies, Vol. 5, No. 1, Summer 2015.
- Halidé Edip. Memoirs of Halidé Edip. New York & London: The Century Co, 1926.
- Herzog, Christoph & Motika, Raoul. “Orientalism ‘alla Turca’: Late 19th / Early 20th Century Ottoman Voyages into the Muslim ‘Outback’”. Die Welt des Islams. New Series, Vol. 40, Issue 2, Ottoman Travels and Travel Accounts from an Earlier Age of Globalization, Jul., 2000.
- Kayalı, Hasan. “Wartime Regional and Imperial Integration of Greater Syria During World War I.” in The Syrian Land: Processes of Integration and Fragmentation: Bilãd al-Shãm From the 18th to the 20th Century. Thomas Philipp & Birgit Schäbler (eds.). Stuttgart: Steiner, 1998.
- Kushner, David. “The Musavver Çöl: An Ottoman Journal in Beershebaat the End of World War I.” In Perspectives on Ottoman Studies:Papers from the 18th Symposium of the International Committee of PreOttoman and Ottoman Studies (CIEPO), edited by Ekrem Causevic,Nenad Moacanin, and Vjeran Kursar, 167-72. Berlin: LIT Verlag, 2010.
- Kuyumcuoğlu, Ozan. “Geç Osmanlı’dan Erken Cumhuriyet’e SiyasalSeçkinlerin Suriye’ye Bakışı: Hüseyin Cahit Yalçın ve Falih Rıfkı AtayÖrnekleri.” Uluslararası İlişkiler 16, no. 64 (2019): 107-26.
- Makdisi, Ussama. “Ottoman Orientalism”. The American Historical Review. Vol. 107, No. 3, Jun., 2002.
- Maksudyan, Nazan. “1909 Adana Olayları Ertesinde Cemal Bey’in AdanaValiliği ve Osmanlıcılık İdeali.” Toplumsal Tarih 174, (June 2008): 22-8.
- McMeekin, Sean. The Ottoman Endgame: War, Revolution and the Making of the Modern Middle East, 1908-1923. London: Penguin, 2016.
- Ochsenwald, William. “Ironic Origins: Arab Nationalism in the Hijaz,1882-1914.” In The Origins of Arab Nationalism, edited by RashidKhalidi, Lisa Anderson, Muhammad Muslih, and Reeva S. Simon,189-203. New York: Columbia University Press, 1991.
- Polat, Gülsüm. “I. Dünya Savaşında İngiliz ve Türk PropagandaGazetelerinin Etkinliği Üzerine bir Değerlendirme (el-Hakika veMusavver Çöl).” OTAM 36 (Fall 2014): 141-155.
- Tamari, Salim. “Muhammad Kurd Ali and the Syrian-PalestinianIntelligentsia in the Ottoman Campaign against Arab Separatism.” InSyria in World War I: Politics, Economy and Society, edited by M.Talha Çiçek, 37-60. New York: Routledge, 2015.
- Tauber, Eliezer. “From Young Turks to Modern Turkey: the Story of Hüseyin Aziz Akyürek (Aziz Bey), the Last Director of the Ottoman General Security Service.” Middle Eastern Studies. Vol. 55, No. 1, 2019.
- Uyar, Mesut. “Ottoman Arab Officers between Nationalism and Loyalty during the First World War.” War in History 20, no. 4 (2013): 526-44.
- Wilson, Mary C. “The Hashemites, The Arab Revolt, and Arab Nationalism.”In The Origins of Arab Nationalism, edited by Rashid Khalidi, LisaAnderson, Muhammad Muslih, and Reeva S. Simon, 204-21. NewYork: Columbia University Press, 1991.
- Zeine, Zeine N. The Emergence of Arab Nationalism. Delmar, New York: Caravan, 1973.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | International Relations (Other) |
| Journal Section | Makaleler |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 30, 2020 |
| Acceptance Date | January 6, 2020 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2020 Volume: 7 Issue: 1 |
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