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Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Dönemde ABD'nin Jeopolitik Tasavvurunda İstikrarsızlık Coğrafyası Olarak Ortadoğu

Year 2020, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 141 - 169, 31.12.2020

Betül Özyılmaz Kiraz

https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.710487

Abstract

Günümüzde Ortadoğu denildiğinde akıllara ilk olarak iç savaş, çatışma, terör gibi problemler gelmekte ve çoğu zaman Ortadoğu istikrarsızlıkla doğrudan özdeşleştirilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Ortadoğu coğrafyasının temel karakteristiği gibi görülen istikrarsızlığı, pratik jeopolitik ve popüler jeopolitik perspektifinden değerlendirmektir. Dolayısıyla çalışmada, Ortadoğu’nun istikrarsızlığı, pratik ve popüler jeopolitiğin birlikte kullanıldığı bir kuramsal çerçeveden analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmada örnek olarak Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde ABD’nin jeopolitik tasavvuru incelenmiş ve söz konusu dönemde yayınlanan Ulusal Güvenlik Strateji Raporları (UGSR) ile politik karikatürler eleştirel söylem analizinin bir türü olan söylemsel-tarihsel analize tabi tutulmuştur. Nihayetinde, Ortadoğu’da iç savaş, etnik ve mezhepsel çatışma, terör gibi problemlerin varlığının inkar edilemeyeceği, ancak bunların, ABD yönetimleri tarafından dış politika söylemlerinde ön plana çıkarılmak suretiyle ve politik karikatürlerin bu söylemleri popüler kültürün bir parçası haline getirmesi yoluyla Ortadoğu ile özdeşleşir hale ge(tiri)ldiği ortaya konulmuştur. Ortadoğu’nun istikrarsızlığına ilişkin bu tür bir okuma, popüler kültürde mevcut olan kalıpyargıların yeniden değerlendirilmesinin önünü açma ve politika yapıcıları, bölgeye yönelik söylemlerini ve eylemlerini gözden geçirmeye yönlendirme potansiyeline sahiptir. Çalışmanın bir diğer katkısı ise Türkçe literatürde ihmal edildiği görülen eleştirel jeopolitiği konu etmesinden kaynaklanmaktadır.

Keywords

Pratik Jeopolitik Popüler Jeopolitik ABD Ortadoğu İstikrarsızlık

References

  • "A National Security Strategy for A Global Age." (Washington, DC: The White House, Aralık 2000).
  • "A Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement." (Washington, DC: The White House, Temmuz 1994).
  • Agnew, John ve Stuart Corbridge. Mastering Space: Hegemony, Territory and International Political Economy. Londra; New York: Routledge, 1995.
  • Desousa, Michael A. ve Martin J. Medhurst, "Political Cartoons and American Culture: Significant Symbols of Campaign 1980." Studies in Visual Communication 8, no. 1 (1982): 84-97.
  • Dodds, Klaus. "Popular Geopolitics and Cartoons: Representing Power Relations, Repititon and Resistance." Critical African Studies 2, no. 4 (2010): 113-131.
  • Dodds, Klaus. "Screening Geopolitics: James Bond and the Early Cold War Films (1962-1967)." Geopolitics 10, no. 2 (2005): 266-289.
  • Dodds, Klaus. Global Geopolitics: A Critical Introduction. Londra; New York: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005.
  • Fairclough, Norman ve Ruth Wodak. “Critical Discourse Analysis.” içinde Discourse as Social Interaction, Editör: Teun A. Van Dijk, 258-284. Londra: Sage, 1997.
  • Greenberg, Josh. "Framing and Temporality in Political Cartoons: A Critical Analysis of Visual News Discourse." Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropolgy 39, no. 2 (2002): 181-198.
  • Mateus, Samuel. "Political Cartoons as Communicative Weapons: The Hypothesis of The Double Standard Thesis in Three Portuguese Cartoons." Estudos em Comunicaçao 23, (2016): 195-221.
  • Medhurst, Martin J. ve Michael A. Desousa. "Political Cartoons as Rhetorical Form: A Taxanomy of Graphic Discourse." Communication Monographs 48, no. 3 (1981): 197-236.
  • "National Security Strategy of The United States of America." (Washington, DC: The White House, Aralık 2017).
  • "National Security Strategy of The United States." (Washington, DC: The White House, 1 Ağustos 1991).
  • "National Security Strategy of The United States." (Washington, DC: The White House, Mart 2006).
  • "National Security Strategy." (Washington, DC: The White House, Şubat 2015).
  • Plumb, Steve. "Politicians as Superheroes: The Subversion of Political Authority Using a Pop Cultural Icon in The Cartoons of Steve Bell." Media, Culture & Society 26, no. 3: 432-439.
  • "The National Security Strategy of The United States of America." (Washington, DC: The White House, Eylül 2002).
  • Tuathail, Gearóid Ó. "The Postmodern Geopolitical Condition: States, Statecraft, and Security at The Millennium." Annals of The Association of American Geographers 90, no. 1 (2000): 166-178.
  • Tuathail, Gearóid Ó. "Understanding Critical Geopolitics: Geopolitics and Risk Society." Journal of Strategic Studies 22, no. 2-3 (1999): 107-124.
  • Tuathail, Gearóid Ó. Critical Geopolitics: The Politics of Writing Global Space. Londra: Routledge, 1996.
  • Walker, Rhonda. "Political Cartoons: Now You See Them!." Canadian Parliamentary Review, (Bahar 2003): 16-21.
  • Yeşiltaş, Murat ve Sezgi Durgun, "Coğrafya ve Jeopolitiği Tartışmak: Eleştirel Bir Değerlendirme." Türkiye Dünyanın Neresinde?: Hayali Coğrafyalar, Çarpışan Anlatılar içinde, Editör: Murat Yeşiltaş, Sezgi Durgun ve Pınar Bilgin, 9-35. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2015.
  • Ariail, Robert. MidEast Truth. 18 Temmuz 2006, http://www.mideasttruth.com/cartoons-older.html.
  • Breen, Steve. U.S. News & World Report. https://www.usnews.com/cartoons/middle-eastern-protest-cartoons.
  • Breen, Steve. U.S. News & World Report. https://www.usnews.com/cartoons/middle-eastern-protest-cartoons.
  • Cohen, M. E. The Cagle Post. 18 Temmuz 2006, https://www.cagle.com/m-e-cohen/2006/07/m-e-cohens-cartoon-for-7182006.
  • Fischer, Ed. "A Day Without Mideast Violence." Cartoonstock. 2 Eylül 2004, https://www.cartoonstock.com/cartoonview.asp?catref=efin92.
  • Gorrell, Bob. MidEast Truth, 29 Mayıs 2012, http://www.mideasttruth.com/cartoons.html.
  • Gorrell, Bob. MidEast Truth. 12 Ocak 2009, http://www.mideasttruth.com/cartoons-older.html.
  • Gorrell, Bob. MidEast Truth. 24 Temmuz 2006, http://www.mideasttruth.com/cartoons-older.html.
  • Greenberg, Steve. "Endless Flock: How Long Will They Keep on Coming?." Cartoonstock. 22 Şubat 2011, https://www.cartoonstock.com/cartoonview.asp?catref=sgen423&ANDkeyword=middle+east+violence&NOTkeyword=&TITLEkeyword=&categories=All+Categories&artists=&mainArchive=mainArchive&newsCartoon=newsCartoon&vintage=vintage&colorOption1=colour&colorOption2=blackWhite&orientationOption1=portrait&orientationOption2=landscape&cp=0&limit=24.
  • Margulies, Jimmy. MidEast Truth. 17 Temmuz 2006, http://www.mideasttruth.com/cartoons-older.html.
  • Mora, Gene. "The Middle East is a Puzzle… With a Peace Missing." Cartoonstock. 10 Ekim 2013, https://www.cartoonstock.com/cartoonview.asp?catref=gmo120802.
  • Office of the Secretary of Defense. “National Security Strategy.” Son erişim: 1 Haziran 2020. https://history.defense.gov/Historical-Sources/ National-Security-Strategy/
  • Partidas, Juan Carlos. "I Have a Terrible Pain in The Middle East." Cartoonstock. 30 Kasım 2017, https://www.cartoonstock.com/cartoonview.asp?catref=jprn538.
  • Ramirez, Michael. U.S. News & World Report. 2012a, https://www.usnews.com/cartoons/middle-eastern-protest-cartoons.
  • Ramirez, Michael. U.S. News & World Report. 2012b, https://www.usnews.com/cartoons/middle-eastern-protest-cartoons.
  • Schwadron, Harley. "Stay Away From Pirates of the Coast of Africa, Fighting in the Middle East, Smog in China." Cartoonstock. 6 Kasım 2013, https://www.cartoonstock.com/cartoonview.asp?catref=hscn1331&ANDkeyword=middle+eastern+violence&NOTkeyword=&TITLEkeyword=&categories=All+Categories&artists=&mainArchive=mainArchive&newsCartoon=newsCartoon&vintage=vintage&colorOption1=colour&colorOption2=blackWhite&orientationOption1=portrait&orientationOption2=landscape&cp=2&limit=24.
  • Schwadron, Harley. "Why Don't They Just Sue Each Other Like in The US?." Cartoonstock. 26 Şubat 2007, https://www.cartoonstock.com/cartoonview.asp?catref=hsc3832.
  • Sherffius, John. The Cagle Post. 20 Ekim 2011, https://www.cagle.com/m-e-cohen/2006/07/m-e-cohens-cartoon-for-7182006.
  • Summers, Dana. U.S. News & World Report. https://www.usnews.com/cartoons/middle-eastern-protest-cartoons.
  • Wasserman, Dan. U.S. News & World Report. 2012, https://www.usnews.com/cartoons/middle-eastern-protest-cartoons.

The Middle East as the Geography of Instability in the Post-Cold War Geopolitical Imagination of the USA

Year 2020, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 141 - 169, 31.12.2020

Betül Özyılmaz Kiraz

https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.710487

Abstract

At the present time, when thinking about the Middle East, problems such as civil war, conflict, terrorism come to mind first and the Middle East is often directly identified with instability. The aim of this study is to evaluate the instability, which is seen as the main characteristic of the Middle Eastern geography from the practical geopolitical and popular geopolitical perspective. Accordingly, the instability of the Middle East is analyzed from a theoretical framework in which practical and popular geopolitics are both made use of. The geopolitical view of the USA in the post-Cold War era is chosen as the case and the National Security Strategy Reports published in that period and political cartoons are subject to the discourse-historical approach as a form of critical discourse analysis. As a result of the analysis, it is concluded that the existence of problems such as civil war, ethnic and sectarian conflict, terrorism in the Middle East cannot be denied; however, they are identified with the Middle East by making them prominent in foreign policy discourse of US administrations, and by making the discourse a part of popular culture. Such a reading of the instability of the Middle East has the potential to re-evaluate stereotypes in popular culture, and to encourage policy makers to review their discourses and actions toward the region. Another contribution of the study is made to the critical geopolitical literature, which has been neglected in the Turkish literature.

Keywords

Practical Geopolitics Popular Geopolitics USA Middle East Instability

References

  • "A National Security Strategy for A Global Age." (Washington, DC: The White House, Aralık 2000).
  • "A Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement." (Washington, DC: The White House, Temmuz 1994).
  • Agnew, John ve Stuart Corbridge. Mastering Space: Hegemony, Territory and International Political Economy. Londra; New York: Routledge, 1995.
  • Desousa, Michael A. ve Martin J. Medhurst, "Political Cartoons and American Culture: Significant Symbols of Campaign 1980." Studies in Visual Communication 8, no. 1 (1982): 84-97.
  • Dodds, Klaus. "Popular Geopolitics and Cartoons: Representing Power Relations, Repititon and Resistance." Critical African Studies 2, no. 4 (2010): 113-131.
  • Dodds, Klaus. "Screening Geopolitics: James Bond and the Early Cold War Films (1962-1967)." Geopolitics 10, no. 2 (2005): 266-289.
  • Dodds, Klaus. Global Geopolitics: A Critical Introduction. Londra; New York: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005.
  • Fairclough, Norman ve Ruth Wodak. “Critical Discourse Analysis.” içinde Discourse as Social Interaction, Editör: Teun A. Van Dijk, 258-284. Londra: Sage, 1997.
  • Greenberg, Josh. "Framing and Temporality in Political Cartoons: A Critical Analysis of Visual News Discourse." Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropolgy 39, no. 2 (2002): 181-198.
  • Mateus, Samuel. "Political Cartoons as Communicative Weapons: The Hypothesis of The Double Standard Thesis in Three Portuguese Cartoons." Estudos em Comunicaçao 23, (2016): 195-221.
  • Medhurst, Martin J. ve Michael A. Desousa. "Political Cartoons as Rhetorical Form: A Taxanomy of Graphic Discourse." Communication Monographs 48, no. 3 (1981): 197-236.
  • "National Security Strategy of The United States of America." (Washington, DC: The White House, Aralık 2017).
  • "National Security Strategy of The United States." (Washington, DC: The White House, 1 Ağustos 1991).
  • "National Security Strategy of The United States." (Washington, DC: The White House, Mart 2006).
  • "National Security Strategy." (Washington, DC: The White House, Şubat 2015).
  • Plumb, Steve. "Politicians as Superheroes: The Subversion of Political Authority Using a Pop Cultural Icon in The Cartoons of Steve Bell." Media, Culture & Society 26, no. 3: 432-439.
  • "The National Security Strategy of The United States of America." (Washington, DC: The White House, Eylül 2002).
  • Tuathail, Gearóid Ó. "The Postmodern Geopolitical Condition: States, Statecraft, and Security at The Millennium." Annals of The Association of American Geographers 90, no. 1 (2000): 166-178.
  • Tuathail, Gearóid Ó. "Understanding Critical Geopolitics: Geopolitics and Risk Society." Journal of Strategic Studies 22, no. 2-3 (1999): 107-124.
  • Tuathail, Gearóid Ó. Critical Geopolitics: The Politics of Writing Global Space. Londra: Routledge, 1996.
  • Walker, Rhonda. "Political Cartoons: Now You See Them!." Canadian Parliamentary Review, (Bahar 2003): 16-21.
  • Yeşiltaş, Murat ve Sezgi Durgun, "Coğrafya ve Jeopolitiği Tartışmak: Eleştirel Bir Değerlendirme." Türkiye Dünyanın Neresinde?: Hayali Coğrafyalar, Çarpışan Anlatılar içinde, Editör: Murat Yeşiltaş, Sezgi Durgun ve Pınar Bilgin, 9-35. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2015.
  • Ariail, Robert. MidEast Truth. 18 Temmuz 2006, http://www.mideasttruth.com/cartoons-older.html.
  • Breen, Steve. U.S. News & World Report. https://www.usnews.com/cartoons/middle-eastern-protest-cartoons.
  • Breen, Steve. U.S. News & World Report. https://www.usnews.com/cartoons/middle-eastern-protest-cartoons.
  • Cohen, M. E. The Cagle Post. 18 Temmuz 2006, https://www.cagle.com/m-e-cohen/2006/07/m-e-cohens-cartoon-for-7182006.
  • Fischer, Ed. "A Day Without Mideast Violence." Cartoonstock. 2 Eylül 2004, https://www.cartoonstock.com/cartoonview.asp?catref=efin92.
  • Gorrell, Bob. MidEast Truth, 29 Mayıs 2012, http://www.mideasttruth.com/cartoons.html.
  • Gorrell, Bob. MidEast Truth. 12 Ocak 2009, http://www.mideasttruth.com/cartoons-older.html.
  • Gorrell, Bob. MidEast Truth. 24 Temmuz 2006, http://www.mideasttruth.com/cartoons-older.html.
  • Greenberg, Steve. "Endless Flock: How Long Will They Keep on Coming?." Cartoonstock. 22 Şubat 2011, https://www.cartoonstock.com/cartoonview.asp?catref=sgen423&ANDkeyword=middle+east+violence&NOTkeyword=&TITLEkeyword=&categories=All+Categories&artists=&mainArchive=mainArchive&newsCartoon=newsCartoon&vintage=vintage&colorOption1=colour&colorOption2=blackWhite&orientationOption1=portrait&orientationOption2=landscape&cp=0&limit=24.
  • Margulies, Jimmy. MidEast Truth. 17 Temmuz 2006, http://www.mideasttruth.com/cartoons-older.html.
  • Mora, Gene. "The Middle East is a Puzzle… With a Peace Missing." Cartoonstock. 10 Ekim 2013, https://www.cartoonstock.com/cartoonview.asp?catref=gmo120802.
  • Office of the Secretary of Defense. “National Security Strategy.” Son erişim: 1 Haziran 2020. https://history.defense.gov/Historical-Sources/ National-Security-Strategy/
  • Partidas, Juan Carlos. "I Have a Terrible Pain in The Middle East." Cartoonstock. 30 Kasım 2017, https://www.cartoonstock.com/cartoonview.asp?catref=jprn538.
  • Ramirez, Michael. U.S. News & World Report. 2012a, https://www.usnews.com/cartoons/middle-eastern-protest-cartoons.
  • Ramirez, Michael. U.S. News & World Report. 2012b, https://www.usnews.com/cartoons/middle-eastern-protest-cartoons.
  • Schwadron, Harley. "Stay Away From Pirates of the Coast of Africa, Fighting in the Middle East, Smog in China." Cartoonstock. 6 Kasım 2013, https://www.cartoonstock.com/cartoonview.asp?catref=hscn1331&ANDkeyword=middle+eastern+violence&NOTkeyword=&TITLEkeyword=&categories=All+Categories&artists=&mainArchive=mainArchive&newsCartoon=newsCartoon&vintage=vintage&colorOption1=colour&colorOption2=blackWhite&orientationOption1=portrait&orientationOption2=landscape&cp=2&limit=24.
  • Schwadron, Harley. "Why Don't They Just Sue Each Other Like in The US?." Cartoonstock. 26 Şubat 2007, https://www.cartoonstock.com/cartoonview.asp?catref=hsc3832.
  • Sherffius, John. The Cagle Post. 20 Ekim 2011, https://www.cagle.com/m-e-cohen/2006/07/m-e-cohens-cartoon-for-7182006.
  • Summers, Dana. U.S. News & World Report. https://www.usnews.com/cartoons/middle-eastern-protest-cartoons.
  • Wasserman, Dan. U.S. News & World Report. 2012, https://www.usnews.com/cartoons/middle-eastern-protest-cartoons.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Relations (Other)
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Betül Özyılmaz Kiraz 0000-0002-1513-3290

Publication Date December 31, 2020
Acceptance Date June 10, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Özyılmaz Kiraz, B. (2020). Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Dönemde ABD’nin Jeopolitik Tasavvurunda İstikrarsızlık Coğrafyası Olarak Ortadoğu. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 7(2), 141-169. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.710487
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