Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

PROPOSAL FOR QUALITY PARAMETERS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF SQUARES AFFECTED AND CHANGED BY THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 984 - 1013, 01.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.7456/tojdac.1674107

Abstract

Although studies on the COVID-19 pandemic and open public spaces are still ongoing, there are few studies on the impact of the pandemic on public spaces and what kind of changes have been made. From this point of view, the study aims to develop quality parameters for squares, one of the public open spaces most affected by the pandemic. In the study, quality parameters for squares were developed in three stages: 1st stage research of the studies before and during COVID-19 and identification of the modified and added parameters, 2nd stage development of the square-oriented public space quality parameters based on the identified parameters, 3rd stage analysis and evaluation of the square-oriented public space quality parameters on the selected squares. As a result of the analysis of the developed 'square-oriented public space quality parameters' on the selected squares; it is seen that pedestrianization, environment for all (inclusiveness), and attraction parameters come to the fore in long-term interventions, while security, territoriality, privacy and social relationship and social distance arrangements come to the fore in short-term interventions. The square-oriented public space quality parameters developed in this study can be used in the evaluation of existing squares as well as in the design of new squares.

References

  • 51N4E Skanderbeg Square. (n.d.). Divasare. Retrieved October 31, 2023, from https://divisare.com/projects/432593-51n4e-filip-dujardin-blerta-kambo-skanderbeg-square
  • Alkmin, C. (2018). Retrieved September 18, 2023, from Flickr: https://www.flickr.com/photos/carlosalk/40472829150
  • Allen, N., & Correnao, B. (2020). Spain's Labour Market Improves Despite New COVID-19 Wave. Reuters. Retrieved August 25, 2023, from https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-spain-economy-unemployed-idUKKBN26N152
  • Andrews, C. J. (2001). Analyzing quality-of-place. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 28(2), pp. 201-217. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1068/b2714
  • Appleton, J. (1988). Prospect and refugees. In J. L. Nasar (Ed.), Environmental aesthetics: theory, research, and application (pp. 27-44). Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from https://books.google.cd/books?id=sS8rLMA6C5AC&printsec=frontcover&hl=tr&source=gbs_ge_su
  • Appleyard, D., & Jacops, A. (1982). Toward an urban design manifesto. University of California Press. Retrieved from https://townhousecenter.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/urban-design-manifesto-by-jacobs-1987.pdf
  • Asuar, A. (2020). España entra en cuarentena. Publico,. https://www.publico.es/politica/crisis-coronavirus-espana-entra-cuarentena.html adresinden alındı
  • Atelier Cap Paysage Urbanisme. (2017). Place de la Bastille à Paris. Retrieved August 30, 2023, from http://www.atelier-cap.fr/place-de-bastille/
  • Bates, K. (2013). Making Pedestrian Malls Work: Key Elements of Successful Pedestrian Malls in the US and Europe. Terminal Project. Retrieved September 19, 2023, from https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/13018/Bates_final_project_2013.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y
  • Bayern Atlas. (n.d.). [Bayern Atlas Map, Map, Map of Marienplatz]. Retrieved September 17, 2023, from https://geoportal.bayern.de/bayernatlas/?lang=de&topic=ba&catalogNodes=11&bgLayer=atkis&E=691453.63&N=5334889.27&zoom=12
  • BBC News. (2020). Two Roads Around George Square to be Pedestrianised. BBC News. Retrieved October 12, 2023, from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-51406537
  • Beresford, P. (2022). Tıs The SeasonMajor shake-up announced for Christmas events at Glasgow’s St Enoch & George Square. The Scottish Sun. Retrieved October 12, 2023, from https://www.thescottishsun.co.uk/news/9736463/shake-up-christmas-glasgow/
  • Berlin.de. (n.d.). Retrieved September 7, 2023, from https://www.berlin.de/sen/stadtentwicklung/staedtebau/berliner-mitte/alexanderplatz/
  • BIB. (2008). Brunnen der Völkerfreundschaft. Retrieved September 8, 2023, from https://bildhauerei-in-berlin.de/bildwerk/brunnen-der-voelkerfreundschaft-5365/
  • Bonaiuto, M., Fornara, F., & Bonnes, M. (2003). Indexes of perceived residential environment quality and neighborhood attachment in urban environments: A confirmation study on the city of Rome. Landscape and Urban Planning, 65, pp. 41-52. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00236-0
  • Butler, B. (2022). Life Lingers On Blank Pages. Travel Between The Pages. Retrieved August 27, 2023, from https://travelbetweenthepages.com/2022/02/07/life-lingers-on-blank-pages/
  • CABE, & DETR. (2001). The Value of urban design. Thomas Telford. Retrieved from https://www.designcouncil.org.uk/fileadmin/uploads/dc/Documents/the-value-of-urban-design_0.pdf
  • CABE, & DETR. (2000). By design: Urban design in the planning system: towards better practice. Design Council. Retrieved from https://www.designcouncil.org.uk/fileadmin/uploads/dc/Documents/by-design_0.pdf
  • Carr, S., Francis, M., Rivlin, L. G., & Stone, M. A. (1992). Public space. Cambridge University Press.
  • Cattaneo, D. (2009). Old Market Square. Arketipo Magazine. Retrieved October 22, 2023, from https://www.arketipomagazine.it/old-market-square/
  • Chiaradi, A. (2022). Copenhagen Public Space Public Life. A Quantitative Review. Retrieved September 28, 2023, from https://www.academia.edu/83294056/Copenhagen_Public_space_public_life_a_quantitative_reviewntitative_review
  • Communities and Local Government. (2007). How to improve residential areas. Communities and Local Government Publications. Retrieved from how_to_improve_residential_areas.pdf
  • Cooper, S. (2023). Nottingham Christmas Winter Wonderland Details Confirmed As Its Return Nears. Nottingham Post. Retrieved October 24, 2023, from https://www.nottinghampost.com/whats-on/family-kids/nottingham-christmas-winter-wonderland-details-8748031
  • Copenhagen-Denmark-Embassy of India. (2022). Events/Photo Gallery. Retrieved September 28, 2023, from https://www.indianembassycopenhagen.gov.in/event_detail/?eventid=141
  • Craig, W., & Brett, H. (2001). City of Mitcham open space strategy. City of Mitcham. Retrieved from https://www.mitchamcouncil.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0039/89589/Open-Space-Strategy-2001-.pdf
  • Cruisin' Lady. (2021). Berlin Lacht!” – You’ll Love This Quirky German Street Festival, The Silver Voyager. Retrieved September 11, 2023, from https://thesilvervoyager.com/berlin-lacht-youll-love-this-quirky-german-street-festival/
  • Cuba, J. (2021, February 8). Brooklyn Bridge Cycling is Soaring Thanks to New Lane. Streetsblognyc. Retrieved from https://nyc.streetsblog.org/2021/11/08/cycling-on-the-brooklyn-bridge-is-soaring-since-city-built-a-dedicated-bike-lane/?utm_medium=website&utm_source=arch
  • Danish Architecture and Design Review. (2020). the Dragon Fountain is on the move again. Retrieved September 27, 2023, from http://danishdesignreview.com/kbhnotes/2020/11/2/the-dragon-fountain-is-on-the-move
  • Day buses from Trafalgar Square. (n.d.). Retrieved August 12, 2023, from https://content.tfl.gov.uk/bus-route-maps/trafalgar-square-290314.pdf
  • Dijital Medya . (2022). Nottingham Beach returns to Old Market Square. Notthingham Local News,. Retrieved October 19, 2023, from https://nottinghamlocalnews.com/nottingham-beach-returns-to-old-market-square/
  • Edmonds, L. (2021). Covid 19: Germany Considers Making Vaccines Compulsory As Infections Soar. Evening& Standart. Retrieved September 17, 2023, from https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/covid-19-germany-considers-vaccines-compulsory-b967450.html
  • El Khateeb, S., & Shawket , I. (2022). A new perception; Generating well-being urban public spaces after the era of pandemics. Developments in the Built Environment, 9, pp. 1-9. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dibe.2021.100065
  • English Parnerships the National Regeneration Agen, & The Housing Cooperation. (2007). The urban design compendium. Llewelyn-Davies. Retrieved from https://wiki.sustainabletechnologies.ca/images/8/8f/2_UrbanDesignCompendium.pdf
  • Erdönmez, M. E., & Akı, A. (2005). Açık kamusal kent mekanlarının toplum ilişkilerindeki etkileri. Megaron- YTÜ Mim. Fak. e-Dergisi, 1(1), pp. 67-87. Retrieved from https://megaronjournal.com/jvi.aspx?un=MEGARON-21939&volume=1&issue=1
  • Florian, M. C. (2022, July 25). Carlo Ratti Associati joins manifesta 14 to design urban interventions in Prishtina, Kosovo. Arch daily. Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/985888/carlo-ratti-associati-joins-manifesta-14-to-design-urban-interventions-in-prishtina
  • Foster, N. (2023). Trafalgar Square Redevelopment, London. Arquitectura Viva. Retrieved from https://arquitecturaviva.com/works/remodelacion-de-trafalgar-square-2
  • Fotocommunity. (n.d.). Berlin - Alexanderplatz . Retrieved September 11, 2023, from https://www.fotocommunity.de/photo/berlin-alexanderplatz-night-marcus-kuenzel/13330229
  • Gaarn- Larsen, G. (n.d.). Let Us Fight for the Future and Reach Our Goals – Together. Sustain Europe. Retrieved September 27, 2023, from https://www.sustaineurope.com/clean-denmark-s-paramount-clean-cluster-21072017.html
  • Gehl Firm. (2020a). Public space& public life during COVID-19. City of Copenhagen & Realdania. Retrieved from https://covid19.gehlpeople.com/files/report.pdf
  • Gehl Firm. (2020b). Public space, public life, and COVID-19 re-opening. City of Copenhagen & Realdania. Retrieved from https://covid19.gehlpeople.com/
  • Gehl, J. (2011). Life between building using public spaces. (J. Koc, Trans.) Island Press.
  • Gehl, J. (2019). İnsan için kentler. (E. Erten, Trans.) Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Geoportal. (n.d.). [ GeoportalMap, Map of Madrid]. Retrieved August 25, 2023, from https://geoportal.madrid.es/IDEAM_WBGEOPORTAL/visor_ide.iam?ArcGIS=https://sigma.madrid.es/hosted/rest/services/OBRAS/ACCESIBILIDAD_ACERAS_2020/MapServer
  • George Square. (n.d.). Whats on Glasgow. Retrieved October 12, 2023, from https://www.whatsonglasgow.co.uk/listings/george-square/
  • George Square Tours. (n.d.). Retrieved October 12, 2023, from Expedia: https://www.expedia.com/George-Square-City-Centre-Glasgow.d6081463.Vacation-Attraction
  • Glasgow City Council Land and Environment Services;. (2021). George Square Heritage Trail, Glasgow City Council, Land and Environmental Services. Retrieved October 14, 2023, from https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=32315&p=0
  • Glasgow. (n.d.). Retrieved October 12, 2023, from https://glasgow.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=27013
  • Glasgowlife. (n.d.). -. Retrieved October 13, 2023, from https://www.glasgowlife.org.uk/sport/go-live-glasgow/go-live-at-george-square
  • Gongadze, S., & Maassen, A. (2023, January 25). Paris’ vision for a ‘15-minute city’ sparks a global movement. World Resources Institute. Retrieved from https://www.wri.org/insights/paris-15-minute-city
  • Google Earth. (n.d.e.). [Google earth maps, map of Trafalgar Square]. Retrieved August 14, 2023, from https://earth.google.com/web/@51.50935018,-0.12867508,30.71505149a,326.62035261d,90y,2.26333361h,74.63808726t,359.99999993r
  • Google Map. (n.d.a). [Google Map of Marianplatz]. Retrieved September 18, 2023, from https://www.google.com/maps/@48.1371127,11.5756039,3a,74.8y,50.78h,98.68t/data=!3m8!1e1!3m6!1sAF1QipNaRtWoqOH-J08YII5KxRbR4a6z9cfrOMlgGNHj!2e10!3e11!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipNaRtWo
  • Google Map. (n.d.b). [Goggle Map of Alexandriaplatz]. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/maps/@52.5221219,13.4123538,3a,75y,215.7h,87.93t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sAF1QipOXN0joi7cAUiqY7jV9KZSipV8PbJfZTkhbffPB!2e10!7i5888!8i2944?entry=ttu. 10 September 2023
  • Google map. (n.d.c.). [Google map, map of Trafalgar Square]. Retrieved August 1, 2023, from https://www.google.com/maps/@51.5082852,0.1276545,3a,75y,337.87h,75.75t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sFN2qOWtPaQauXHgtdvcDeA!2e0!7i16384!8i8192?entry=ttu
  • Google map. (n.d.d). [Google map map of Trafalgar Square]. Retrieved August 2, 2023, from https://www.google.com/maps/@51.5082681,0.129118,3a,75y,46.48h,84.13t/data=!3m7!1e1!3m5!1syd3Xgq3Jm41O7qWQZosgcw!2e0!5s20210101T000000!7i16384!8i8192?entry=ttu
  • Google map. (n.d.e.). [Google maps, map of Trafalgar Square]. Retrieved August 14, 2023, from https://www.google.com/maps/@51.5084708,0.1284767,3a,75y,201.61h,89.56t/data=!3m9!1e1!3m7!1sISi11XSLwXLd8w0iRaAOEQ!2e0!7i16384!8i8192!9m2!1b1!2i45?entry=ttu
  • Google Map. (n.d.f.). [Google Map, Map of George Square]. Retrieved October 12, 2023, from https://www.google.com/maps/@55.8606236,-4.2492205,3a,90y,282.09h,86t/data=!3m7!1e1!3m5!1s2IKjGBEv4KPa3di9meRb9g!2e0!5s20180501T000000!7i16384!8i8192?entry=ttu
  • Google Map. (n.d.g.). [Google Map, Marienplatz -1 ]. Retrieved September 18, 2023, from https://www.google.com/maps/@48.1371011,11.5755353,3a,90y,30.99h,110.14t/data=!3m8!1e1!3m6!1sAF1QipPNRKYsTPvCHsHV7JryVg2cciY_PTuVYpUhlkh_!2e10!3e11!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipPNRKYs
  • Google Map. (n.d.h). [Google Map Marienplatz-2]. Retrieved September 18, 2023, from https://www.google.com/maps/@48.1371545,11.5759945,3a,90y,332.42h,85.27t/data=!3m7!1e1!3m5!1sAF1QipPPToP5MdCbhu2pjuj49lVhdyaqxMZme2MuvuZk!2e10!3e11!7i7680!8i3840?hl=tr&entry=ttu
  • Google Map. (n.d.h.). [Google Map Marienplatz-2]. Retrieved September 18, 2023, from https://www.google.com/maps/@48.1371545,11.5759945,3a,90y,332.42h,85.27t/data=!3m7!1e1!3m5!1sAF1QipPPToP5MdCbhu2pjuj49lVhdyaqxMZme2MuvuZk!2e10!3e11!7i7680!8i3840?hl=tr&entry=ttu , (Ziyaret tarihi :18 Eylül 2023)
  • Google Map. (n.d.ı.). Google Map. Marienplatz-3]. Retrieved September 18, 2023, from ]https://www.google.com/maps/@48.1371127,11.5756039,3a,52.6y,252.8h,97.23t/data=!3m8!1e1!3m6!1sAF1QipNaRtWoqOH-J08YII5KxRbR4a6z9cfrOMlgGNHj!2e10!3e11!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipNaRtWoqOH-J08YII5KxRbR4a6z9cfrOMlgGNHj%3Dw203-h100-k-
  • Google Map. (n.d.j.). [Google Map , Marienplatz-4]. Retrieved September 18, 2023, from https://www.google.com/maps/@48.1371012,11.5756652,3a,90y,1.68h,89.99t/data=!3m8!1e1!3m6!1sAF1QipOrGB45krOP015IZPfwOYMQe5kk5KAW6voUN5Ce!2e10!3e11!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipOrGB45krOP015IZPfwOYMQe5kk5KAW6voUN5Ce%3Dw203-h100-k-no-p
  • Gökgür, P. (2017). Kamusal mekânın değişimini ve dönüşümünü etkileyen faktörler. In H. S. Çelikyay (Ed.), Kamusal mekanların mekan organizasyonu (pp. 1-17). Bartın Üniversitesi Press.
  • Greene, S. (1992). Cityshape: Communication and evaluating community design. Journal of the American Planning Association,, 2(58), pp. 177-189. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/01944369208975792
  • Gustafson Porter+Bowman. (2007). Old Market Square. Retrieved October 19, 2023, from https://www.gp-b.com/old-market-square
  • Gürallar, N. (2009). Kamu - kamusal alan - kamu yapıları - kamusal mekân: Modernite öncesi ve sonrası için bir terminoloji tartışması. Mimarlık Dergisi, 350, pp. 52-55. Retrieved from http://www.mimarlikdergisi.com/index.cfm?sayfa=mimarlik&DergiSayi=364&RecID=
  • Hansen, M. (2004). Yirmi yılın ardından Negt ve Kluge’un kamusal mekan tecrübesi: Değişken karışımlar ve genişlemiş alanlar. In M. Özbek (Ed.), Kamusal mekan (pp. 141-177). Hill Press.
  • Harrouk, C. (2020, April 3). Shift architecture urbanism creates hyperlocal micro markets that operate during COVID-19 shutdowns. ArchDaily. Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/936856/shift-architecture-urbanism-creates-hyperlocal-micro-markets-that-operate-during
  • HM Government. (2020). COVID-19 secure: safer public places –urban centres and green spaces. Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5fa31272d3bf7f03acd139fc/201102_PDF_ready_CO_updates_Guidanc
  • Ilusión con precauciones en los puestos tradicionales de la Plaza Mayor. (2020). TeleMadrid. Retrieved August 28, 2023, from https://www.telemadrid.es/navidad-en-telemadrid/Navidad-puestos-tradicionales-Plaza-Mayor-9-2291560832--20201130123147.html
  • In Your Pocket Karakow. (n.d.). Retrieved November 5, 2023, from https://www.inyourpocket.com/krakow/town-hall-tower_17118v#&gid=1&pid=5
  • İnceoğlu, M. (2007). Kentsel açık mekânların kalite açısından değerlendirilmesine yönelik bir yaklaşım: İstanbul meydanlarının incelenmesi (Publication No: 213542). [Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi.National Thesis Center].
  • International Paralympic Committee. (2022, September 12). Paralympic Day to take over Place de la Bastille on October 8. . Retrieved from https://www.paralympic.org/news/paralympic-day-take-over-place-de-la-bastille-october-8,
  • Jackaman, K. (2021). Open Space At Trafalgar Square London, City Of Westminster (Report No: 21/11109/LIPN). City of Westminister Licencing sub-comitte report. Retrieved from Open Space at Trafalgar Square WC2N 5DS.pdf
  • Juan, A., & Mınaya, J. (2018). Cesped in Plaza Mayor by SPY. Metalocus. Retrieved August 27, 2023, from https://www.metalocus.es/en/news/cesped-plaza-mayor-spy
  • Kahraman, D. (2014). İnsan ihtiyaçları ve mekansal elverişlilik kavramları perspektifinde yaşanılırlık olgusu ve mekansal kalite. Planlama, 24(2), pp. 74-84. https://doi.org/10.5505/planlama.2014.29591
  • Katz, M. (2011). A Boulevard in Moscow vs a Boulevard in Copenhagen. LiveJournal,. Retrieved September 28, 2023, from https://maxkatz2.livejournal.com/,
  • Keiding, M. (n.d.). Metro Radhuspladsen. Arkitekten. Retrieved September 27, 2023, from https://arkitektforeningen.dk/arkitekten/metro-radhuspladsen/
  • Knight Foundation. (2021). Knight report: Public spaces that put residents first were more equitable and thrived during the pandemic. Knight Foundation. Retrieved from https://knightfoundation.org/press/releases/knight-report-public-spaces-that-put-residents-first-were-more-equitable-and-thrived-during-the-pandemic/
  • Kodra, R. (2018). Square Dance: Skanderbeg Square and TID Tower in Tirana, Albania, by 51N4E. The Architectural Review,. Retrieved October 30, 2023, from https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/square-dance-skanderbeg-square-and-tid-tower-in-tirana-albania-by-51n4e
  • Krakow Direct . (n.d.). Krakow map in PDF. Retrieved October 5, 2023, from https://krakowdirect.com/krakow-map/
  • Krakow Info. (n.d.). Driving in Krakow. Retrieved October 5, 2023, from http://www.krakow-info.com/driving.htm
  • Krakow Travel. (n.d.a). Main Market Square. Retrieved October 8, 2023, from https://krakow.travel/en/55-krakow-rynek-glowny
  • Krakow.travel. (n.d.b.). Sukiennice. Retrieved October 6, 2023, from https://krakow.travel/54-krakow-sukiennice
  • Krakow4u.pl. (n.d.a). Retrieved October 7, 2023, from http://www.krakow4u.pl/inne/rynek_glowny/html_foto/rynek_glowny_087.html
  • Krakow4u.pl. (n.d.b.). Retrieved October 7, 2023, from http://www.krakow4u.pl/inne/rynek_glowny/html_foto/rynek_glowny_086.html
  • Krakow4u.pl. (n.d.c.). Retrieved October 8, 2023, from http://www.krakow4u.pl/inne/rynek_glowny/html_foto/rynek_glowny_081.html
  • Landezine. (2016). Old Market Square, Nottingham. Retrieved October 19, 2023, from https://www.gp-b.com/old-market-square
  • Lang, J. (1994). Urban Design: The American experience. Jon Wiley &Sons Inc. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=Rp8ISlY4DBsC&printsec=frontcover&hl=tr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
  • Legeby, A., Koch, D., Duarte, F., Heine, C., Benson, T., Fugiglando, U., & Ratt, C. (2022). New urban habits in Stockholm following COVID-19. Urban Studies, 60 (8) 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/004209802110706.
  • Lussiana, M. (2021). What to do in Kraków, for Everyone from Art Lovers to History Buffs. The Telegraph. Retrieved October 8, 2023, from https://www.pps.org/places/rynek-glowny-main-square
  • Lynch, K. (1981). A theory of good city form. The MIT Press.
  • Madrid Official Tourism Website. (n.d.). Plaza Mayor Christmas Market. Retrieved August 22, August 22, 2023, from https://www.esmadrid.com/en/whats-on/plaza-mayor-christmas-market
  • Mairie de Paris. (2015). Réinventons nos Places Séminaire. Retrieved September 5, 5 Eylül 2023, from Mairie de Paris, Brochure_seminaire_places_29mai2015_0
  • Marienplatz: the heart of Munich. (n.d.). Retrieved September 13, 2023, from Simply Munich: https://www.munich.travel/en/pois/urban-districts/marienplatz#/.
  • Mayor of London. (n.d.). Visiting Trafalgar Square. Retrieved from https://www.london.gov.uk/who-we-are/city-halls-buildings-and-squares/trafalgar-square/visiting-trafalgar-square
  • Mouratidis, K. (2021b). How COVID-19 reshaped quality of life in cities: A synthesis and implications for urban planning. Land Use Policy, 111, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105772
  • Muenchen.de. (n.d.). Marienplatz in Munich's old town with the New City Hall. Retrieved September 13, 2023, from https://www.muenchen.de/en/sights/attractions/marienplatz-munichs-old-town
  • Nasar, J. L. (1989). Perception, cognition and evaluation of urban places. In A. Irwin, & E. Zube (Eds.), Public places and spaces: Human behavior and environment (pp. 31-56). Plenum Press.
  • Nepravishta, F. (2019). Square Rehabilitation And Modernization On The Inner City of Tirana. In A. Capestro (Ed.), Piazze Minori Nel Centro Storico Di Firenze Atti Del Convegno İnternazionale, (pp. 94-109). Italy.
  • Norgaard, H. (2018). Metro-Hegn Forsvinder: Der skal plantes skov på Rådhuspladsen. Kosmopol. Retrieved September 27, 2023, from Https://Www.Tv2kosmopol.Dk/Kobenhavn/Metro-Hegn-Forsvinder-Der-Skal-Plantes-Skov-Pa-Radhuspladsen
  • Nottingham City Centre 'Pop-Up' Outdoor Dining Area Announced. (2020). ITVX. . Retrieved October 23, 2023, from https://www.itv.com/news/central/2020-07-28/nottingham-city-centre-pop-up-outdoor-dining-area-announced
  • Nottingham Trent University Alumni Community. (2021, April 1). Retrieved October 24, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10159799176173755&set=a.178586973754
  • Nottingham’s Old Market Square. (2020). West Bridgeford Wire. Retrieved October 23, 2023, from https://westbridgfordwire.com/pictures-nottinghams-old-market-square-prepares-for-alfresco-dining-experience/
  • Nottinghamshire. (n.d.). whats on old market square outdoor dining area summer. Retrieved October 23, 2023, from https://www.visit-nottinghamshire.co.uk/whats-on/old-market-square-outdoor-dining-area-summer-2020-p802011
  • Oldenburg, R. (. (1999). The great good place: Cafes, coffee shops, book stores, bars, hair salons, and other hangouts at the heart of a community. Da Capo Press.
  • Oliver, H., & Apperly, E. (2023). Where to stay in Munich: Your Essential Guide to the Best Areas. Time Out. Retrieved September 17, 2023, from https://www.timeout.com/munich/hotels/where-to-stay-munich
  • Open Street Map . (n.d.ı). [Open Street Map, Map Of George Square]. Retrieved October 13, 2023, from https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=18/55.86117/-4.25041&layers=H
  • Open Street Map. (n.d.a). Open Steet Map of Plaza Mayor Place. Retrieved August 25, 2023, from https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=18/40.41535/-3.70767&layers=TN
  • Open Street Map. (n.d.b.). Pedestrian map of Plaza Mayor and surroundings. Retrieved 27 27, 2023, from https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=18/40.41542/-3.70779&layers=N
  • Open Street Map. (n.d.c.). [Open Street Map, Maf Nothingam Old Market Square]. Retrieved October 22, 2023, from https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=17/52.95330/-1.14974&layers=P
  • Open Street Map. (n.d.d.). [Open Street Map, Map Nothingam Old Market Square Attainability]. Retrieved 2 August 2023 2, 2023, from https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=17/52.95330/-1.14974&layers=T
  • Open Street Map. (n.d.e.). Retrieved September 15, 2023, from https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=16/48.1381/11.5744&layers=O
  • Open Street Map. (n.d.f.). [Open Street Map, Map of Alexanderiaplatz]. Retrieved September 8, 2023, from https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=16/52.5216/13.4143&layers=C.
  • Open Street Map. (n.d.h.). [Open Street Map, Map of Radhuspladsen Square]. Retrieved September 27, 2023, from https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=16/55.6762/12.5649&layers=C
  • Open Street Map. (n.d.i). [Open Street Map, Map of Skandenberg Square. Retrieved October 30, 2023, from https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=16/41.3282/19.8189&layers=H
  • Open Street Map. (n.d.j). [OpenStreet Map, Map of Alexanderplatz]. Retrieved September 8, 2023, from https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=16/52.5216/13.4143&layers=C
  • OpenStreetMap. (n.d.). [Open street map, map of Trafalgar Square]. Retrieved August 10, 2023, from https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=17/51.50795/-0.12957&layers=ON
  • O'Sullivan, F. (2016). More Trees, Fewer Cars for the Central Squares of Paris. Bloomberg (Ziyaret tarihi: 30 Ağustos. Retrieved August 30, 2023, from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-04-01/paris-s-famous-public-squares-will-get-a-pedestrian-friendly-makeover
  • Ourplace Glasgow. (n.d.). Retrieved October 12, 2023, from https://www.ourplaceglasgow.com/get-involved/george-square
  • Paris. (2019). Bastille : un nouveau sens de circulation pour la place. Retrieved September 2, 2023, from https://www.paris.fr/pages/bastille-un-nouveau-sens-de-circulation-pour-la-place-6851
  • Paris. (2021, January 21). La nouvelle place de la Bastille se dévoile. Retrieved August 30, 2023, from https://www.paris.fr/pages/bientot-une-nouvelle-place-de-la-bastille-6093
  • Paris. (n.d.). Retrieved September 3, 2023, from Paris.n.d. https://www.paris.fr/pages/la-proprete-239
  • Paris Pieton. (n.d.). Retrieved September 1, 2023, from https://capgeo.sig.paris.fr/Apps/ParisPieton/
  • Perez, B. (2016). Berolınahaus at Alexanderplatz By Peter Behrens. Retrieved September 8, 2023, from Metalocus: https://www.metalocus.es/en/news/berolinahaus-alexanderplatz-peter-behrens
  • Pietsch, C. (2022). Der Alexanderplatz İst Einer Der Hässlichsten Orte Der Hauptstadt“. Berliner-Kurier. Retrieved September 11, 2023, from https://www.berliner-kurier.de/kolumnen/der-alexanderplatz-ist-einer-der-haesslichsten-orte-der-hauptstadt-li.282325
  • Pintos, P. (2019). kanderbeg Square / 51N4E. Archdaily. Retrieved November 1, 2023, from https://www.archdaily.com/911980/skanderbeg-square-51n4e
  • Place.de.la.Bastille.Every.Day. (2021). Retrieved September 4, 2023, from https://www.instagram.com/p/CXqvLlwqW5U/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==
  • Plaza Mayor Bus Route Map. (n.d.). Retrieved August 26, 2023, from https://www.aytoburgos.es/mapabuses.pdf
  • Polona pl. (n.d.). edestrianisation. Retrieved October 7, 2023, from https://polona.pl/item-view/
  • PPS. (2009). What makes a successful place? Project for Public Spaces. Retrieved from https://www.pps.org/article/grplacefeat
  • Public Space. (2017). Renovation of Skanderbeg Square. Retrieved October 30, 2023, from https://www.publicspace.org/works/-/project/k056-skanderbeg-square
  • Rapoport, A. (1990). The meaning of the built environment: a nonverbal communication approach. The University of Arizona Press.
  • ReGlasgow. (2020). MILES Of City Centre Road Space To Become People-Friendly — Including One-Third Of Street Parking Bays. Retrieved October 12, 2023, from https://www.reglasgow.com/miles-of-city-centre-road-space-to -become-people-friendly-including-one-third-of-street-parking-bays/
  • Reglasgow. (n.d.). IN Pictures — The ‘New Normal’ For The Roads Around George Square. Retrieved October 12, 2023, from https://www.reglasgow.com/in-pictures-the-new-normal-for-the-roads-around-george-square/
  • reGlasgow-x. (2021). Retrieved October 13, 2023, from https://twitter.com/reglasgow_web/status/1384961441921392644?s=48&t=2d-W-r8HtF9U45TtFkSTaw
  • Senatsverwaltung fürStadtentwicklung, Bauen und Wohne. (n.d.). Alexanderplatz. Retrieved September 7, 2023, from https://www.berlin.de/sen/stadtentwicklung/staedtebau/berliner-mitte/alexanderplatz/
  • Sennett, R. (2010). Kamusal İnsanın çöküşü. (S. Durak, & Y. Abdullah, Trans.) Ayrıntı Press.
  • Sepe, M. (2021). COVID 19 Pandemic and public spaces: Improving quality and flexibility for healthier places. Urban Design International, 26, pp. 159-173. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1057/s41289-021-00153-x
  • Shehu, B. (2018). the Square, the Power, the Citizenship. Public Space. Retrieved October 30, 2023, from https://www.publicspace.org/multimedia/-/post/the-square-the-power-the-citizenship
  • Skanderbeg Square Tirana. (n.d.). Retrieved October 30, 2023, from Expats in Albania: https://expatsinalbania.com/living-in-albania/tirana/kids-entertainment
  • SkyScraper City . (n.d.). City Circle + Harbour Line (M3+M4) | Metro. Retrieved September 27, 2023. , from https://www.skyscrapercity.com/threads/city-circle-harbour-line-m3-m4-metro.992675/page-120
  • Space Syntax . (n.d.). Trafalgar Square, A World square for all. Retrieved August 12, 2023, from https://spacesyntax.com/project/trafalgar-square from https://spacesyntax.com/project/trafalgar-square/
  • SpY. (2017). 400th Anniversary of Madrid Plaza Mayor. Retrieved August 26, 2023, from https://spy-urbanart.com/work/cesped/
  • Sullivan, H. S. (1953). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. Norton Press.
  • The Bartlett School of Planning UCL , & Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. (2004). Living places: Caring for quality. Queen’s Printer and Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Retrieved from https://matthew-carmona.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/odpm_urbpol_02
  • The Ministry of Local Government and Modernization. (2019). Network of public spaces ideas, an idea handbook, ideas strategies examples. Retrieved from https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/c6fc38d76d374e77ae5b1d8dcdbbd92a/kmd_public-spaces_innmat_eng_org.pdf
  • Tonnelat, S. (2010). The Sociology of urban public spaces. In W. Hongyang, S. Michel, & Z. Guofang (Eds.), Territorial evolution and planning solution: Experiences from China and France, Paris (pp. 1-10). Atlantis Press. Retrieved from http://stephane.tonnelat.free.fr/Welcome_files/SFURP-Tonnelat-published.pdf
  • UN-Habitat. (2015). Global public space toolkit from global principles to local policies and practice. United Nations Human Settlements Programme. Retrieved from https://unhabitat.org/global-public-space-toolkit-from-global-principles-to-local-policies-and-practice
  • UN-Habitat. (2020). UN-Habitat key message on COVID-19 and public space- COVID-19 responce. United Nations Human Settlements Programme. Retrieved from https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2020/05/unh_covid-19_ps_key_message.pdf
  • Van der Voort, T., & Van Wegen, H. (2005). Architecture in use: An Introduction to the programming, design and evalution of buildings. Architectural Press.
  • Vegies Catering Campain. (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2023., from https://www.veggies.org.uk/venue/old-market-square/.
  • Visit.Tirana. (2022). Retrieved October 30, 2023, from .http://www.visit-tirana.com/it/notizie/view/430/What_to_do_in_Tirana_in_December_2022
  • Weber, M. (2010). Şehir- Modern kentin oluşumu. (M. Ceylan, Trans.) Yarın Press.
  • Wenande, C. (2016). Final Plan For New City Hall Square Revealed. CPH Post. Retrieved September 27, 2023, from https://cphpost.dk/2016-11-23/news/final-plan-for-new-city-hall-square-revealed/
  • WES LandscapeArchitecture. (n.d.). Alexanderplatz. Retrieved September 11, 2023, from https://www.world-architects.com/en/wes-landschaftsarchitektur-hamburg/project/alexanderplatz
  • William, K., & Green, S. (2001). Literature review of public space and local environments for the crosscutting review, final report. Oxford Centre for Sustainable Development Oxford Brookes University. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/4173632/Literature_Review_of_Public_Space_and_Local_Environments_for_the_Cross_Cutting_Review
  • Xie, J., Luo, S., Furuya, K., & Sun, D. (2020). Urban parks as green buffers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability, 12 (17), p. 6751. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12176751
  • Yüksel, N. (2022). Pandeminin kamusal alan tasarım ilkelerine etkilerinin araştırılması: Kadıköy-Beşiktaş-Üsküdar meydanları örnekleri (Publication No: 749929). [Unpublished master’s dissertation, İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi. National Thesis Center].
  • Zeppelin. (n.d.). Skanderbeg Square, Tirana. h. Retrieved October 31, 2023, from ttps://e-zeppelin.ro/en/skanderbeg-square-tirana/, (Ziyaret tarihi: 31 Ekim 2023).

COVID-19 PANDEMİSİNDEN ETKİLENEN VE DEĞİŞEN MEYDANLARIN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ İÇİN KALİTE PARAMETRELERİ ÖNERİSİ

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 984 - 1013, 01.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.7456/tojdac.1674107

Abstract

COVID-19 pandemisi ve açık kamusal mekanlar üzerine çalışmalar hala devam etmesine rağmen, pandeminin kamusal mekanlar üzerindeki etkisi ve kamusal mekanlarda ne tür değişikliklerin yapıldığı sorunları üzerinden çalışmalar az sayıdadır. Buradan hareketle çalışmanın amacı, pandemiden en çok etkilenen kamusal açık mekanlardan biri olan meydanlar için kalite parametreleri geliştirmektir. Çalışmada meydan odaklı kalite parametreleri üç aşamada geliştirilmiştir: 1. aşama COVID-19 öncesi ve sürecindeki çalışmaların araştırılması ve değişen ve eklenen parametrelerin tespiti, 2. Aşama tespit edilen parametreler üzerinden meydan odaklı kamusal mekan kalite parametrelerinin geliştirilmesi, 3. Aşama meydan odaklı kamusal mekan kalite parametrelerinin seçilen meydanlar üzerinde analizi ve değerlendirmesi. Çalışmanın sonucunda COVID-19 sürecindeki çalışmalarda işlevsel ve çevresel kalite parametrelerinin ağırlıklı olarak ele alındığı, estetik kalite parametrelerine ise eklemeler yapılmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Geliştirilen “meydan odaklı kamusal mekan kalite parametreleri” nin seçilen meydanlar üzerinde analizi sonucunda; uzun vadeli müdahalelerde yayalaştırma, herkes için çevre (kapsayıcılık), cazibe parametrelerinin, kısa vadeli müdahalelerde ise, güvenlik, bölgesellik, mahremiyet ve sosyal ilişki ile sosyal mesafe düzenlemelerinin ön plana çıktığı görülmüştür. Çalışmada geliştirilen meydan odaklı kamusal mekan kalite parametreleri, hem mevcut meydanların değerlendirilmesinde, hem de yeni yapılacak meydanların tasarlanması aşamasında kullanılabilecektir.

Ethical Statement

Yok

Supporting Institution

Yok

References

  • 51N4E Skanderbeg Square. (n.d.). Divasare. Retrieved October 31, 2023, from https://divisare.com/projects/432593-51n4e-filip-dujardin-blerta-kambo-skanderbeg-square
  • Alkmin, C. (2018). Retrieved September 18, 2023, from Flickr: https://www.flickr.com/photos/carlosalk/40472829150
  • Allen, N., & Correnao, B. (2020). Spain's Labour Market Improves Despite New COVID-19 Wave. Reuters. Retrieved August 25, 2023, from https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-spain-economy-unemployed-idUKKBN26N152
  • Andrews, C. J. (2001). Analyzing quality-of-place. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 28(2), pp. 201-217. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1068/b2714
  • Appleton, J. (1988). Prospect and refugees. In J. L. Nasar (Ed.), Environmental aesthetics: theory, research, and application (pp. 27-44). Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from https://books.google.cd/books?id=sS8rLMA6C5AC&printsec=frontcover&hl=tr&source=gbs_ge_su
  • Appleyard, D., & Jacops, A. (1982). Toward an urban design manifesto. University of California Press. Retrieved from https://townhousecenter.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/urban-design-manifesto-by-jacobs-1987.pdf
  • Asuar, A. (2020). España entra en cuarentena. Publico,. https://www.publico.es/politica/crisis-coronavirus-espana-entra-cuarentena.html adresinden alındı
  • Atelier Cap Paysage Urbanisme. (2017). Place de la Bastille à Paris. Retrieved August 30, 2023, from http://www.atelier-cap.fr/place-de-bastille/
  • Bates, K. (2013). Making Pedestrian Malls Work: Key Elements of Successful Pedestrian Malls in the US and Europe. Terminal Project. Retrieved September 19, 2023, from https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/13018/Bates_final_project_2013.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y
  • Bayern Atlas. (n.d.). [Bayern Atlas Map, Map, Map of Marienplatz]. Retrieved September 17, 2023, from https://geoportal.bayern.de/bayernatlas/?lang=de&topic=ba&catalogNodes=11&bgLayer=atkis&E=691453.63&N=5334889.27&zoom=12
  • BBC News. (2020). Two Roads Around George Square to be Pedestrianised. BBC News. Retrieved October 12, 2023, from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-51406537
  • Beresford, P. (2022). Tıs The SeasonMajor shake-up announced for Christmas events at Glasgow’s St Enoch & George Square. The Scottish Sun. Retrieved October 12, 2023, from https://www.thescottishsun.co.uk/news/9736463/shake-up-christmas-glasgow/
  • Berlin.de. (n.d.). Retrieved September 7, 2023, from https://www.berlin.de/sen/stadtentwicklung/staedtebau/berliner-mitte/alexanderplatz/
  • BIB. (2008). Brunnen der Völkerfreundschaft. Retrieved September 8, 2023, from https://bildhauerei-in-berlin.de/bildwerk/brunnen-der-voelkerfreundschaft-5365/
  • Bonaiuto, M., Fornara, F., & Bonnes, M. (2003). Indexes of perceived residential environment quality and neighborhood attachment in urban environments: A confirmation study on the city of Rome. Landscape and Urban Planning, 65, pp. 41-52. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00236-0
  • Butler, B. (2022). Life Lingers On Blank Pages. Travel Between The Pages. Retrieved August 27, 2023, from https://travelbetweenthepages.com/2022/02/07/life-lingers-on-blank-pages/
  • CABE, & DETR. (2001). The Value of urban design. Thomas Telford. Retrieved from https://www.designcouncil.org.uk/fileadmin/uploads/dc/Documents/the-value-of-urban-design_0.pdf
  • CABE, & DETR. (2000). By design: Urban design in the planning system: towards better practice. Design Council. Retrieved from https://www.designcouncil.org.uk/fileadmin/uploads/dc/Documents/by-design_0.pdf
  • Carr, S., Francis, M., Rivlin, L. G., & Stone, M. A. (1992). Public space. Cambridge University Press.
  • Cattaneo, D. (2009). Old Market Square. Arketipo Magazine. Retrieved October 22, 2023, from https://www.arketipomagazine.it/old-market-square/
  • Chiaradi, A. (2022). Copenhagen Public Space Public Life. A Quantitative Review. Retrieved September 28, 2023, from https://www.academia.edu/83294056/Copenhagen_Public_space_public_life_a_quantitative_reviewntitative_review
  • Communities and Local Government. (2007). How to improve residential areas. Communities and Local Government Publications. Retrieved from how_to_improve_residential_areas.pdf
  • Cooper, S. (2023). Nottingham Christmas Winter Wonderland Details Confirmed As Its Return Nears. Nottingham Post. Retrieved October 24, 2023, from https://www.nottinghampost.com/whats-on/family-kids/nottingham-christmas-winter-wonderland-details-8748031
  • Copenhagen-Denmark-Embassy of India. (2022). Events/Photo Gallery. Retrieved September 28, 2023, from https://www.indianembassycopenhagen.gov.in/event_detail/?eventid=141
  • Craig, W., & Brett, H. (2001). City of Mitcham open space strategy. City of Mitcham. Retrieved from https://www.mitchamcouncil.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0039/89589/Open-Space-Strategy-2001-.pdf
  • Cruisin' Lady. (2021). Berlin Lacht!” – You’ll Love This Quirky German Street Festival, The Silver Voyager. Retrieved September 11, 2023, from https://thesilvervoyager.com/berlin-lacht-youll-love-this-quirky-german-street-festival/
  • Cuba, J. (2021, February 8). Brooklyn Bridge Cycling is Soaring Thanks to New Lane. Streetsblognyc. Retrieved from https://nyc.streetsblog.org/2021/11/08/cycling-on-the-brooklyn-bridge-is-soaring-since-city-built-a-dedicated-bike-lane/?utm_medium=website&utm_source=arch
  • Danish Architecture and Design Review. (2020). the Dragon Fountain is on the move again. Retrieved September 27, 2023, from http://danishdesignreview.com/kbhnotes/2020/11/2/the-dragon-fountain-is-on-the-move
  • Day buses from Trafalgar Square. (n.d.). Retrieved August 12, 2023, from https://content.tfl.gov.uk/bus-route-maps/trafalgar-square-290314.pdf
  • Dijital Medya . (2022). Nottingham Beach returns to Old Market Square. Notthingham Local News,. Retrieved October 19, 2023, from https://nottinghamlocalnews.com/nottingham-beach-returns-to-old-market-square/
  • Edmonds, L. (2021). Covid 19: Germany Considers Making Vaccines Compulsory As Infections Soar. Evening& Standart. Retrieved September 17, 2023, from https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/covid-19-germany-considers-vaccines-compulsory-b967450.html
  • El Khateeb, S., & Shawket , I. (2022). A new perception; Generating well-being urban public spaces after the era of pandemics. Developments in the Built Environment, 9, pp. 1-9. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dibe.2021.100065
  • English Parnerships the National Regeneration Agen, & The Housing Cooperation. (2007). The urban design compendium. Llewelyn-Davies. Retrieved from https://wiki.sustainabletechnologies.ca/images/8/8f/2_UrbanDesignCompendium.pdf
  • Erdönmez, M. E., & Akı, A. (2005). Açık kamusal kent mekanlarının toplum ilişkilerindeki etkileri. Megaron- YTÜ Mim. Fak. e-Dergisi, 1(1), pp. 67-87. Retrieved from https://megaronjournal.com/jvi.aspx?un=MEGARON-21939&volume=1&issue=1
  • Florian, M. C. (2022, July 25). Carlo Ratti Associati joins manifesta 14 to design urban interventions in Prishtina, Kosovo. Arch daily. Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/985888/carlo-ratti-associati-joins-manifesta-14-to-design-urban-interventions-in-prishtina
  • Foster, N. (2023). Trafalgar Square Redevelopment, London. Arquitectura Viva. Retrieved from https://arquitecturaviva.com/works/remodelacion-de-trafalgar-square-2
  • Fotocommunity. (n.d.). Berlin - Alexanderplatz . Retrieved September 11, 2023, from https://www.fotocommunity.de/photo/berlin-alexanderplatz-night-marcus-kuenzel/13330229
  • Gaarn- Larsen, G. (n.d.). Let Us Fight for the Future and Reach Our Goals – Together. Sustain Europe. Retrieved September 27, 2023, from https://www.sustaineurope.com/clean-denmark-s-paramount-clean-cluster-21072017.html
  • Gehl Firm. (2020a). Public space& public life during COVID-19. City of Copenhagen & Realdania. Retrieved from https://covid19.gehlpeople.com/files/report.pdf
  • Gehl Firm. (2020b). Public space, public life, and COVID-19 re-opening. City of Copenhagen & Realdania. Retrieved from https://covid19.gehlpeople.com/
  • Gehl, J. (2011). Life between building using public spaces. (J. Koc, Trans.) Island Press.
  • Gehl, J. (2019). İnsan için kentler. (E. Erten, Trans.) Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Geoportal. (n.d.). [ GeoportalMap, Map of Madrid]. Retrieved August 25, 2023, from https://geoportal.madrid.es/IDEAM_WBGEOPORTAL/visor_ide.iam?ArcGIS=https://sigma.madrid.es/hosted/rest/services/OBRAS/ACCESIBILIDAD_ACERAS_2020/MapServer
  • George Square. (n.d.). Whats on Glasgow. Retrieved October 12, 2023, from https://www.whatsonglasgow.co.uk/listings/george-square/
  • George Square Tours. (n.d.). Retrieved October 12, 2023, from Expedia: https://www.expedia.com/George-Square-City-Centre-Glasgow.d6081463.Vacation-Attraction
  • Glasgow City Council Land and Environment Services;. (2021). George Square Heritage Trail, Glasgow City Council, Land and Environmental Services. Retrieved October 14, 2023, from https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=32315&p=0
  • Glasgow. (n.d.). Retrieved October 12, 2023, from https://glasgow.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=27013
  • Glasgowlife. (n.d.). -. Retrieved October 13, 2023, from https://www.glasgowlife.org.uk/sport/go-live-glasgow/go-live-at-george-square
  • Gongadze, S., & Maassen, A. (2023, January 25). Paris’ vision for a ‘15-minute city’ sparks a global movement. World Resources Institute. Retrieved from https://www.wri.org/insights/paris-15-minute-city
  • Google Earth. (n.d.e.). [Google earth maps, map of Trafalgar Square]. Retrieved August 14, 2023, from https://earth.google.com/web/@51.50935018,-0.12867508,30.71505149a,326.62035261d,90y,2.26333361h,74.63808726t,359.99999993r
  • Google Map. (n.d.a). [Google Map of Marianplatz]. Retrieved September 18, 2023, from https://www.google.com/maps/@48.1371127,11.5756039,3a,74.8y,50.78h,98.68t/data=!3m8!1e1!3m6!1sAF1QipNaRtWoqOH-J08YII5KxRbR4a6z9cfrOMlgGNHj!2e10!3e11!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipNaRtWo
  • Google Map. (n.d.b). [Goggle Map of Alexandriaplatz]. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/maps/@52.5221219,13.4123538,3a,75y,215.7h,87.93t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sAF1QipOXN0joi7cAUiqY7jV9KZSipV8PbJfZTkhbffPB!2e10!7i5888!8i2944?entry=ttu. 10 September 2023
  • Google map. (n.d.c.). [Google map, map of Trafalgar Square]. Retrieved August 1, 2023, from https://www.google.com/maps/@51.5082852,0.1276545,3a,75y,337.87h,75.75t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sFN2qOWtPaQauXHgtdvcDeA!2e0!7i16384!8i8192?entry=ttu
  • Google map. (n.d.d). [Google map map of Trafalgar Square]. Retrieved August 2, 2023, from https://www.google.com/maps/@51.5082681,0.129118,3a,75y,46.48h,84.13t/data=!3m7!1e1!3m5!1syd3Xgq3Jm41O7qWQZosgcw!2e0!5s20210101T000000!7i16384!8i8192?entry=ttu
  • Google map. (n.d.e.). [Google maps, map of Trafalgar Square]. Retrieved August 14, 2023, from https://www.google.com/maps/@51.5084708,0.1284767,3a,75y,201.61h,89.56t/data=!3m9!1e1!3m7!1sISi11XSLwXLd8w0iRaAOEQ!2e0!7i16384!8i8192!9m2!1b1!2i45?entry=ttu
  • Google Map. (n.d.f.). [Google Map, Map of George Square]. Retrieved October 12, 2023, from https://www.google.com/maps/@55.8606236,-4.2492205,3a,90y,282.09h,86t/data=!3m7!1e1!3m5!1s2IKjGBEv4KPa3di9meRb9g!2e0!5s20180501T000000!7i16384!8i8192?entry=ttu
  • Google Map. (n.d.g.). [Google Map, Marienplatz -1 ]. Retrieved September 18, 2023, from https://www.google.com/maps/@48.1371011,11.5755353,3a,90y,30.99h,110.14t/data=!3m8!1e1!3m6!1sAF1QipPNRKYsTPvCHsHV7JryVg2cciY_PTuVYpUhlkh_!2e10!3e11!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipPNRKYs
  • Google Map. (n.d.h). [Google Map Marienplatz-2]. Retrieved September 18, 2023, from https://www.google.com/maps/@48.1371545,11.5759945,3a,90y,332.42h,85.27t/data=!3m7!1e1!3m5!1sAF1QipPPToP5MdCbhu2pjuj49lVhdyaqxMZme2MuvuZk!2e10!3e11!7i7680!8i3840?hl=tr&entry=ttu
  • Google Map. (n.d.h.). [Google Map Marienplatz-2]. Retrieved September 18, 2023, from https://www.google.com/maps/@48.1371545,11.5759945,3a,90y,332.42h,85.27t/data=!3m7!1e1!3m5!1sAF1QipPPToP5MdCbhu2pjuj49lVhdyaqxMZme2MuvuZk!2e10!3e11!7i7680!8i3840?hl=tr&entry=ttu , (Ziyaret tarihi :18 Eylül 2023)
  • Google Map. (n.d.ı.). Google Map. Marienplatz-3]. Retrieved September 18, 2023, from ]https://www.google.com/maps/@48.1371127,11.5756039,3a,52.6y,252.8h,97.23t/data=!3m8!1e1!3m6!1sAF1QipNaRtWoqOH-J08YII5KxRbR4a6z9cfrOMlgGNHj!2e10!3e11!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipNaRtWoqOH-J08YII5KxRbR4a6z9cfrOMlgGNHj%3Dw203-h100-k-
  • Google Map. (n.d.j.). [Google Map , Marienplatz-4]. Retrieved September 18, 2023, from https://www.google.com/maps/@48.1371012,11.5756652,3a,90y,1.68h,89.99t/data=!3m8!1e1!3m6!1sAF1QipOrGB45krOP015IZPfwOYMQe5kk5KAW6voUN5Ce!2e10!3e11!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipOrGB45krOP015IZPfwOYMQe5kk5KAW6voUN5Ce%3Dw203-h100-k-no-p
  • Gökgür, P. (2017). Kamusal mekânın değişimini ve dönüşümünü etkileyen faktörler. In H. S. Çelikyay (Ed.), Kamusal mekanların mekan organizasyonu (pp. 1-17). Bartın Üniversitesi Press.
  • Greene, S. (1992). Cityshape: Communication and evaluating community design. Journal of the American Planning Association,, 2(58), pp. 177-189. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/01944369208975792
  • Gustafson Porter+Bowman. (2007). Old Market Square. Retrieved October 19, 2023, from https://www.gp-b.com/old-market-square
  • Gürallar, N. (2009). Kamu - kamusal alan - kamu yapıları - kamusal mekân: Modernite öncesi ve sonrası için bir terminoloji tartışması. Mimarlık Dergisi, 350, pp. 52-55. Retrieved from http://www.mimarlikdergisi.com/index.cfm?sayfa=mimarlik&DergiSayi=364&RecID=
  • Hansen, M. (2004). Yirmi yılın ardından Negt ve Kluge’un kamusal mekan tecrübesi: Değişken karışımlar ve genişlemiş alanlar. In M. Özbek (Ed.), Kamusal mekan (pp. 141-177). Hill Press.
  • Harrouk, C. (2020, April 3). Shift architecture urbanism creates hyperlocal micro markets that operate during COVID-19 shutdowns. ArchDaily. Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/936856/shift-architecture-urbanism-creates-hyperlocal-micro-markets-that-operate-during
  • HM Government. (2020). COVID-19 secure: safer public places –urban centres and green spaces. Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5fa31272d3bf7f03acd139fc/201102_PDF_ready_CO_updates_Guidanc
  • Ilusión con precauciones en los puestos tradicionales de la Plaza Mayor. (2020). TeleMadrid. Retrieved August 28, 2023, from https://www.telemadrid.es/navidad-en-telemadrid/Navidad-puestos-tradicionales-Plaza-Mayor-9-2291560832--20201130123147.html
  • In Your Pocket Karakow. (n.d.). Retrieved November 5, 2023, from https://www.inyourpocket.com/krakow/town-hall-tower_17118v#&gid=1&pid=5
  • İnceoğlu, M. (2007). Kentsel açık mekânların kalite açısından değerlendirilmesine yönelik bir yaklaşım: İstanbul meydanlarının incelenmesi (Publication No: 213542). [Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi.National Thesis Center].
  • International Paralympic Committee. (2022, September 12). Paralympic Day to take over Place de la Bastille on October 8. . Retrieved from https://www.paralympic.org/news/paralympic-day-take-over-place-de-la-bastille-october-8,
  • Jackaman, K. (2021). Open Space At Trafalgar Square London, City Of Westminster (Report No: 21/11109/LIPN). City of Westminister Licencing sub-comitte report. Retrieved from Open Space at Trafalgar Square WC2N 5DS.pdf
  • Juan, A., & Mınaya, J. (2018). Cesped in Plaza Mayor by SPY. Metalocus. Retrieved August 27, 2023, from https://www.metalocus.es/en/news/cesped-plaza-mayor-spy
  • Kahraman, D. (2014). İnsan ihtiyaçları ve mekansal elverişlilik kavramları perspektifinde yaşanılırlık olgusu ve mekansal kalite. Planlama, 24(2), pp. 74-84. https://doi.org/10.5505/planlama.2014.29591
  • Katz, M. (2011). A Boulevard in Moscow vs a Boulevard in Copenhagen. LiveJournal,. Retrieved September 28, 2023, from https://maxkatz2.livejournal.com/,
  • Keiding, M. (n.d.). Metro Radhuspladsen. Arkitekten. Retrieved September 27, 2023, from https://arkitektforeningen.dk/arkitekten/metro-radhuspladsen/
  • Knight Foundation. (2021). Knight report: Public spaces that put residents first were more equitable and thrived during the pandemic. Knight Foundation. Retrieved from https://knightfoundation.org/press/releases/knight-report-public-spaces-that-put-residents-first-were-more-equitable-and-thrived-during-the-pandemic/
  • Kodra, R. (2018). Square Dance: Skanderbeg Square and TID Tower in Tirana, Albania, by 51N4E. The Architectural Review,. Retrieved October 30, 2023, from https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/square-dance-skanderbeg-square-and-tid-tower-in-tirana-albania-by-51n4e
  • Krakow Direct . (n.d.). Krakow map in PDF. Retrieved October 5, 2023, from https://krakowdirect.com/krakow-map/
  • Krakow Info. (n.d.). Driving in Krakow. Retrieved October 5, 2023, from http://www.krakow-info.com/driving.htm
  • Krakow Travel. (n.d.a). Main Market Square. Retrieved October 8, 2023, from https://krakow.travel/en/55-krakow-rynek-glowny
  • Krakow.travel. (n.d.b.). Sukiennice. Retrieved October 6, 2023, from https://krakow.travel/54-krakow-sukiennice
  • Krakow4u.pl. (n.d.a). Retrieved October 7, 2023, from http://www.krakow4u.pl/inne/rynek_glowny/html_foto/rynek_glowny_087.html
  • Krakow4u.pl. (n.d.b.). Retrieved October 7, 2023, from http://www.krakow4u.pl/inne/rynek_glowny/html_foto/rynek_glowny_086.html
  • Krakow4u.pl. (n.d.c.). Retrieved October 8, 2023, from http://www.krakow4u.pl/inne/rynek_glowny/html_foto/rynek_glowny_081.html
  • Landezine. (2016). Old Market Square, Nottingham. Retrieved October 19, 2023, from https://www.gp-b.com/old-market-square
  • Lang, J. (1994). Urban Design: The American experience. Jon Wiley &Sons Inc. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=Rp8ISlY4DBsC&printsec=frontcover&hl=tr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
  • Legeby, A., Koch, D., Duarte, F., Heine, C., Benson, T., Fugiglando, U., & Ratt, C. (2022). New urban habits in Stockholm following COVID-19. Urban Studies, 60 (8) 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/004209802110706.
  • Lussiana, M. (2021). What to do in Kraków, for Everyone from Art Lovers to History Buffs. The Telegraph. Retrieved October 8, 2023, from https://www.pps.org/places/rynek-glowny-main-square
  • Lynch, K. (1981). A theory of good city form. The MIT Press.
  • Madrid Official Tourism Website. (n.d.). Plaza Mayor Christmas Market. Retrieved August 22, August 22, 2023, from https://www.esmadrid.com/en/whats-on/plaza-mayor-christmas-market
  • Mairie de Paris. (2015). Réinventons nos Places Séminaire. Retrieved September 5, 5 Eylül 2023, from Mairie de Paris, Brochure_seminaire_places_29mai2015_0
  • Marienplatz: the heart of Munich. (n.d.). Retrieved September 13, 2023, from Simply Munich: https://www.munich.travel/en/pois/urban-districts/marienplatz#/.
  • Mayor of London. (n.d.). Visiting Trafalgar Square. Retrieved from https://www.london.gov.uk/who-we-are/city-halls-buildings-and-squares/trafalgar-square/visiting-trafalgar-square
  • Mouratidis, K. (2021b). How COVID-19 reshaped quality of life in cities: A synthesis and implications for urban planning. Land Use Policy, 111, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105772
  • Muenchen.de. (n.d.). Marienplatz in Munich's old town with the New City Hall. Retrieved September 13, 2023, from https://www.muenchen.de/en/sights/attractions/marienplatz-munichs-old-town
  • Nasar, J. L. (1989). Perception, cognition and evaluation of urban places. In A. Irwin, & E. Zube (Eds.), Public places and spaces: Human behavior and environment (pp. 31-56). Plenum Press.
  • Nepravishta, F. (2019). Square Rehabilitation And Modernization On The Inner City of Tirana. In A. Capestro (Ed.), Piazze Minori Nel Centro Storico Di Firenze Atti Del Convegno İnternazionale, (pp. 94-109). Italy.
  • Norgaard, H. (2018). Metro-Hegn Forsvinder: Der skal plantes skov på Rådhuspladsen. Kosmopol. Retrieved September 27, 2023, from Https://Www.Tv2kosmopol.Dk/Kobenhavn/Metro-Hegn-Forsvinder-Der-Skal-Plantes-Skov-Pa-Radhuspladsen
  • Nottingham City Centre 'Pop-Up' Outdoor Dining Area Announced. (2020). ITVX. . Retrieved October 23, 2023, from https://www.itv.com/news/central/2020-07-28/nottingham-city-centre-pop-up-outdoor-dining-area-announced
  • Nottingham Trent University Alumni Community. (2021, April 1). Retrieved October 24, 2023, from https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10159799176173755&set=a.178586973754
  • Nottingham’s Old Market Square. (2020). West Bridgeford Wire. Retrieved October 23, 2023, from https://westbridgfordwire.com/pictures-nottinghams-old-market-square-prepares-for-alfresco-dining-experience/
  • Nottinghamshire. (n.d.). whats on old market square outdoor dining area summer. Retrieved October 23, 2023, from https://www.visit-nottinghamshire.co.uk/whats-on/old-market-square-outdoor-dining-area-summer-2020-p802011
  • Oldenburg, R. (. (1999). The great good place: Cafes, coffee shops, book stores, bars, hair salons, and other hangouts at the heart of a community. Da Capo Press.
  • Oliver, H., & Apperly, E. (2023). Where to stay in Munich: Your Essential Guide to the Best Areas. Time Out. Retrieved September 17, 2023, from https://www.timeout.com/munich/hotels/where-to-stay-munich
  • Open Street Map . (n.d.ı). [Open Street Map, Map Of George Square]. Retrieved October 13, 2023, from https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=18/55.86117/-4.25041&layers=H
  • Open Street Map. (n.d.a). Open Steet Map of Plaza Mayor Place. Retrieved August 25, 2023, from https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=18/40.41535/-3.70767&layers=TN
  • Open Street Map. (n.d.b.). Pedestrian map of Plaza Mayor and surroundings. Retrieved 27 27, 2023, from https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=18/40.41542/-3.70779&layers=N
  • Open Street Map. (n.d.c.). [Open Street Map, Maf Nothingam Old Market Square]. Retrieved October 22, 2023, from https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=17/52.95330/-1.14974&layers=P
  • Open Street Map. (n.d.d.). [Open Street Map, Map Nothingam Old Market Square Attainability]. Retrieved 2 August 2023 2, 2023, from https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=17/52.95330/-1.14974&layers=T
  • Open Street Map. (n.d.e.). Retrieved September 15, 2023, from https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=16/48.1381/11.5744&layers=O
  • Open Street Map. (n.d.f.). [Open Street Map, Map of Alexanderiaplatz]. Retrieved September 8, 2023, from https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=16/52.5216/13.4143&layers=C.
  • Open Street Map. (n.d.h.). [Open Street Map, Map of Radhuspladsen Square]. Retrieved September 27, 2023, from https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=16/55.6762/12.5649&layers=C
  • Open Street Map. (n.d.i). [Open Street Map, Map of Skandenberg Square. Retrieved October 30, 2023, from https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=16/41.3282/19.8189&layers=H
  • Open Street Map. (n.d.j). [OpenStreet Map, Map of Alexanderplatz]. Retrieved September 8, 2023, from https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=16/52.5216/13.4143&layers=C
  • OpenStreetMap. (n.d.). [Open street map, map of Trafalgar Square]. Retrieved August 10, 2023, from https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=17/51.50795/-0.12957&layers=ON
  • O'Sullivan, F. (2016). More Trees, Fewer Cars for the Central Squares of Paris. Bloomberg (Ziyaret tarihi: 30 Ağustos. Retrieved August 30, 2023, from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-04-01/paris-s-famous-public-squares-will-get-a-pedestrian-friendly-makeover
  • Ourplace Glasgow. (n.d.). Retrieved October 12, 2023, from https://www.ourplaceglasgow.com/get-involved/george-square
  • Paris. (2019). Bastille : un nouveau sens de circulation pour la place. Retrieved September 2, 2023, from https://www.paris.fr/pages/bastille-un-nouveau-sens-de-circulation-pour-la-place-6851
  • Paris. (2021, January 21). La nouvelle place de la Bastille se dévoile. Retrieved August 30, 2023, from https://www.paris.fr/pages/bientot-une-nouvelle-place-de-la-bastille-6093
  • Paris. (n.d.). Retrieved September 3, 2023, from Paris.n.d. https://www.paris.fr/pages/la-proprete-239
  • Paris Pieton. (n.d.). Retrieved September 1, 2023, from https://capgeo.sig.paris.fr/Apps/ParisPieton/
  • Perez, B. (2016). Berolınahaus at Alexanderplatz By Peter Behrens. Retrieved September 8, 2023, from Metalocus: https://www.metalocus.es/en/news/berolinahaus-alexanderplatz-peter-behrens
  • Pietsch, C. (2022). Der Alexanderplatz İst Einer Der Hässlichsten Orte Der Hauptstadt“. Berliner-Kurier. Retrieved September 11, 2023, from https://www.berliner-kurier.de/kolumnen/der-alexanderplatz-ist-einer-der-haesslichsten-orte-der-hauptstadt-li.282325
  • Pintos, P. (2019). kanderbeg Square / 51N4E. Archdaily. Retrieved November 1, 2023, from https://www.archdaily.com/911980/skanderbeg-square-51n4e
  • Place.de.la.Bastille.Every.Day. (2021). Retrieved September 4, 2023, from https://www.instagram.com/p/CXqvLlwqW5U/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==
  • Plaza Mayor Bus Route Map. (n.d.). Retrieved August 26, 2023, from https://www.aytoburgos.es/mapabuses.pdf
  • Polona pl. (n.d.). edestrianisation. Retrieved October 7, 2023, from https://polona.pl/item-view/
  • PPS. (2009). What makes a successful place? Project for Public Spaces. Retrieved from https://www.pps.org/article/grplacefeat
  • Public Space. (2017). Renovation of Skanderbeg Square. Retrieved October 30, 2023, from https://www.publicspace.org/works/-/project/k056-skanderbeg-square
  • Rapoport, A. (1990). The meaning of the built environment: a nonverbal communication approach. The University of Arizona Press.
  • ReGlasgow. (2020). MILES Of City Centre Road Space To Become People-Friendly — Including One-Third Of Street Parking Bays. Retrieved October 12, 2023, from https://www.reglasgow.com/miles-of-city-centre-road-space-to -become-people-friendly-including-one-third-of-street-parking-bays/
  • Reglasgow. (n.d.). IN Pictures — The ‘New Normal’ For The Roads Around George Square. Retrieved October 12, 2023, from https://www.reglasgow.com/in-pictures-the-new-normal-for-the-roads-around-george-square/
  • reGlasgow-x. (2021). Retrieved October 13, 2023, from https://twitter.com/reglasgow_web/status/1384961441921392644?s=48&t=2d-W-r8HtF9U45TtFkSTaw
  • Senatsverwaltung fürStadtentwicklung, Bauen und Wohne. (n.d.). Alexanderplatz. Retrieved September 7, 2023, from https://www.berlin.de/sen/stadtentwicklung/staedtebau/berliner-mitte/alexanderplatz/
  • Sennett, R. (2010). Kamusal İnsanın çöküşü. (S. Durak, & Y. Abdullah, Trans.) Ayrıntı Press.
  • Sepe, M. (2021). COVID 19 Pandemic and public spaces: Improving quality and flexibility for healthier places. Urban Design International, 26, pp. 159-173. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1057/s41289-021-00153-x
  • Shehu, B. (2018). the Square, the Power, the Citizenship. Public Space. Retrieved October 30, 2023, from https://www.publicspace.org/multimedia/-/post/the-square-the-power-the-citizenship
  • Skanderbeg Square Tirana. (n.d.). Retrieved October 30, 2023, from Expats in Albania: https://expatsinalbania.com/living-in-albania/tirana/kids-entertainment
  • SkyScraper City . (n.d.). City Circle + Harbour Line (M3+M4) | Metro. Retrieved September 27, 2023. , from https://www.skyscrapercity.com/threads/city-circle-harbour-line-m3-m4-metro.992675/page-120
  • Space Syntax . (n.d.). Trafalgar Square, A World square for all. Retrieved August 12, 2023, from https://spacesyntax.com/project/trafalgar-square from https://spacesyntax.com/project/trafalgar-square/
  • SpY. (2017). 400th Anniversary of Madrid Plaza Mayor. Retrieved August 26, 2023, from https://spy-urbanart.com/work/cesped/
  • Sullivan, H. S. (1953). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. Norton Press.
  • The Bartlett School of Planning UCL , & Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. (2004). Living places: Caring for quality. Queen’s Printer and Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Retrieved from https://matthew-carmona.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/odpm_urbpol_02
  • The Ministry of Local Government and Modernization. (2019). Network of public spaces ideas, an idea handbook, ideas strategies examples. Retrieved from https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/c6fc38d76d374e77ae5b1d8dcdbbd92a/kmd_public-spaces_innmat_eng_org.pdf
  • Tonnelat, S. (2010). The Sociology of urban public spaces. In W. Hongyang, S. Michel, & Z. Guofang (Eds.), Territorial evolution and planning solution: Experiences from China and France, Paris (pp. 1-10). Atlantis Press. Retrieved from http://stephane.tonnelat.free.fr/Welcome_files/SFURP-Tonnelat-published.pdf
  • UN-Habitat. (2015). Global public space toolkit from global principles to local policies and practice. United Nations Human Settlements Programme. Retrieved from https://unhabitat.org/global-public-space-toolkit-from-global-principles-to-local-policies-and-practice
  • UN-Habitat. (2020). UN-Habitat key message on COVID-19 and public space- COVID-19 responce. United Nations Human Settlements Programme. Retrieved from https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2020/05/unh_covid-19_ps_key_message.pdf
  • Van der Voort, T., & Van Wegen, H. (2005). Architecture in use: An Introduction to the programming, design and evalution of buildings. Architectural Press.
  • Vegies Catering Campain. (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2023., from https://www.veggies.org.uk/venue/old-market-square/.
  • Visit.Tirana. (2022). Retrieved October 30, 2023, from .http://www.visit-tirana.com/it/notizie/view/430/What_to_do_in_Tirana_in_December_2022
  • Weber, M. (2010). Şehir- Modern kentin oluşumu. (M. Ceylan, Trans.) Yarın Press.
  • Wenande, C. (2016). Final Plan For New City Hall Square Revealed. CPH Post. Retrieved September 27, 2023, from https://cphpost.dk/2016-11-23/news/final-plan-for-new-city-hall-square-revealed/
  • WES LandscapeArchitecture. (n.d.). Alexanderplatz. Retrieved September 11, 2023, from https://www.world-architects.com/en/wes-landschaftsarchitektur-hamburg/project/alexanderplatz
  • William, K., & Green, S. (2001). Literature review of public space and local environments for the crosscutting review, final report. Oxford Centre for Sustainable Development Oxford Brookes University. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/4173632/Literature_Review_of_Public_Space_and_Local_Environments_for_the_Cross_Cutting_Review
  • Xie, J., Luo, S., Furuya, K., & Sun, D. (2020). Urban parks as green buffers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability, 12 (17), p. 6751. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12176751
  • Yüksel, N. (2022). Pandeminin kamusal alan tasarım ilkelerine etkilerinin araştırılması: Kadıköy-Beşiktaş-Üsküdar meydanları örnekleri (Publication No: 749929). [Unpublished master’s dissertation, İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi. National Thesis Center].
  • Zeppelin. (n.d.). Skanderbeg Square, Tirana. h. Retrieved October 31, 2023, from ttps://e-zeppelin.ro/en/skanderbeg-square-tirana/, (Ziyaret tarihi: 31 Ekim 2023).
There are 159 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Urban Analysis and Development
Journal Section RESEARCH ARTICLES
Authors

Merve Türk 0009-0006-0270-1689

Mehtap Özbayraktar 0000-0003-4460-4968

Early Pub Date June 30, 2025
Publication Date July 1, 2025
Submission Date April 11, 2025
Acceptance Date June 30, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 15 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Türk, M., & Özbayraktar, M. (2025). PROPOSAL FOR QUALITY PARAMETERS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF SQUARES AFFECTED AND CHANGED BY THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC. Turkish Online Journal of Design Art and Communication, 15(3), 984-1013. https://doi.org/10.7456/tojdac.1674107


All site content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Common Attribution Licence. (CC-BY-NC 4.0)

by-nc.png