Abstract
Project Number
3
References
- American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). (2018). ACSM's Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (10th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
- American Heart Association. (2020). Physical activity and your heart. Retrieved from https://www.heart.org.
- Camara, A., Sow, M. S., Touré, A., Sako, F. B., Camara, I., Soumaoro, K., ... & Doukouré, M. (2020). Anxiety and depression among HIV patients of the infectious disease department of Conakry University Hospital in 2018. Epidemiol Infect, 148, e8. doi: 10.1017/S095026881900222X
- Das, B. M., Petruzzello, S. J., & Ryan, K. E. (2014). Development of a logic model for a physical activity–based employee wellness program for mass transit workers. Prev Chronic Dis, 11, E123. doi: 10.5888/pcd11.140124
- Eggleton, J. S., & Nagalli, S. (2020). Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). StatPearls. Treasure Island, FL, USA.
- Fillipas, S., Holland, A. E., & Gordon, L. (2006). The effects of exercise on depression in HIV-infected individuals: A systematic review. AIDS Care, 18(8), 969–976. doi: 10.1080/09540120500333574
- Gormley, S. E., Swain, D. P., High, R. R., & Forte, P. W. (2008). Effect of 8 and 12 weeks of aerobic exercise on cardiovascular fitness and body composition. J Strength Cond Res, 22(2), 493-499. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318165a713
- Grace, J. M., Semple, S. J., & Combrink, S. (2015). Exercise therapy for human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS patients: Guidelines for clinical exercise therapists. J Exerc Sci Fit, 13(1), 49-56. doi: 10.1016/j.jesf.2014.10.003
- Jaggers, J. R., & Hand, G. A. (2016). Health benefits of exercise for people living with HIV: A review of the literature. Am J Lifestyle Med, 10(3), 184-192. doi: 10.1177/1559827614538750
- Kellogg Foundation. (2004). Logic model development guide. W.K. Kellogg Foundation. Available at www.wkkf.org/resource-directory/resource/2006/02/wk-kellogg-foundation-logic-model-development-guide
- Mills, E. J., Nachega, J. B., Buchan, I., Orbinski, J., Attaran, A., Singh, S., & Bangsberg, D. R. (2006). Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa and North America: A meta-analysis. JAMA, 296(6), 679–690. doi: 10.1001/jama.296.6.679
- Munsell, M., & MacDonald, H. (2020). The effects of exercise in people living with HIV: A review of outcomes. Journal of Exercise and HIV, 4(2), 34-48. doi: 10.1080/JEXHIV.2020.04.0234
- Nicholas, M., Nsibambi, A., Ojuka, E., & Maghanga, M. (2024). Twelve weeks aerobic exercise improves anxiety and depression in HIV positive clients on art in Uganda. International Journal of Sport Exercise and Training Sciences, 10(4), 288-298. doi: 10.18826/useeabd.1549248
- Nicholas, M., Nsibambi, C. A. N., Ojuka, E., & Maghanga, M. (2024). Aerobic-exercise training effects on immunological markers in individuals on highly active antiretroviral therapy in Uganda. Turk J Kinesiol, 10(2), 101-109. doi: 10.31459/turkjkin.1474119
- Nicholas, M., Nsibambi, C. A., Ojuka, E., & Maghanga, M. (2024). Implications of a twelve-week aerobic exercise on functional work capacity in HIV positive clients on antiretroviral therapy. Turk J Kinesiol, 10(3), 191-198. doi: 10.31459/turkjkin.1526404
- Nsagha, D. S., Weledji, E. P., Assob, N. J. C., Njunda, L. A., Tanue, E. A., Kibu, O. D., ... & Ngowe, M. N. (2015). Highly active antiretroviral therapy and dyslipidemia in people living with HIV/AIDS in Fako Division, South West Region of Cameroon. BMC Cardiovasc Disord, 15, 1-8. doi: 10.1186/s12872-015-0090-5
- Nweke, M., Mshunqane, N., Govender, N., Akinpelu, A., & Ogunniyi, A. (2022). Aerobic exercise in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial. JMIR Res Protoc, 11(1), e29230. doi: 10.2196/29230
- O'Brien, K. K., Tynan, A. M., Nixon, S. A., & Glazier, R. H. (2016). Effectiveness of aerobic exercise for adults living with HIV: Systematic review and meta-analysis using the Cochrane Collaboration protocol. BMC Infectious Diseases, 16, 182. doi: 10.1186/s12879-016-1478-2
- Tse, K., & Anderson, T. (2021). Long-term outcomes of exercise in HIV-positive individuals: A systematic review. Journal of HIV Research, 11(3), 199-210. doi: 10.1016/JHR.2021.03.015
Abstract
There are many challenges that people living with HIV (PLHIV) often face including psychological health challenges such as muscle loss, fatigue, and mental health disorders. Regular physical activity, particularly aerobic exercise, has been shown to improve cardiovascular health, muscle strength, and mental well-being. However, there are not many clear exercise guides with evidence for practitioners and PLHIV to use as a reference while engaging in physical activities. Therefore, a structured and supervised exercise programs were designed tailored to the specific needs of PLHIV was tested and found effective. The study utilized a logic model to design, implement, and evaluate a supervised aerobic exercise program aimed at improving clinical outcomes among PLHIV. The logic model served as a framework to align inputs, activities, and expected outcomes, ensuring a systematic and evidence-based approach. A detailed exercise protocol for 6 days a week was designed for clients to engage in at least 3 days with not less than 2 days of rest in a week. A total of 135 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned 67 to experimental and 67 control group. The experimental group engaged in a five-phase aerobic exercise regimen, including warm-up, endurance training, cool-down, recovery, and flexibility exercises, performed three times per week with music set at 120–150 BPM to guide intensity. The control group was followed-up with weekly phone calls to ensure they don’t feel left out of the study. Clinical outcomes, including immunological markers (CD4 cell count), functional work capacity, and psychological well-being, were assessed before and after the intervention. Results indicated significant improvements with a p-value of < 0.01 in: aerobic capacity, muscle strength, mental health, and immune function among participants in the exercise group compared to controls. These findings suggest that this aerobic exercise protocol is a safe and effective complementary intervention for improving the quality of health in PLHIV. Incorporating supervised exercise programs using this protocol into routine HIV care could enhance long-term health outcomes and overall well-being in this population. This exercise protocol is therefore recommended for use in people living with HIV.
Keywords
Aerobic exercise protocol clinical outcomes logic model people living with HIV physical activity
Ethical Statement
The Study was approved by: Lacor Hospital Institutional Research and Ethical Committee (RHIREC) No 0183/07/2020 and it was carried out in accordance with the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association also known as a declaration of Helsinki. And thereafter approved by Uganda National Councill for Science and Technology Ref: HS 1276ES
Supporting Institution
UPDF/Kyambogo
Project Number
3
Thanks
Thank you
References
- American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). (2018). ACSM's Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (10th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
- American Heart Association. (2020). Physical activity and your heart. Retrieved from https://www.heart.org.
- Camara, A., Sow, M. S., Touré, A., Sako, F. B., Camara, I., Soumaoro, K., ... & Doukouré, M. (2020). Anxiety and depression among HIV patients of the infectious disease department of Conakry University Hospital in 2018. Epidemiol Infect, 148, e8. doi: 10.1017/S095026881900222X
- Das, B. M., Petruzzello, S. J., & Ryan, K. E. (2014). Development of a logic model for a physical activity–based employee wellness program for mass transit workers. Prev Chronic Dis, 11, E123. doi: 10.5888/pcd11.140124
- Eggleton, J. S., & Nagalli, S. (2020). Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). StatPearls. Treasure Island, FL, USA.
- Fillipas, S., Holland, A. E., & Gordon, L. (2006). The effects of exercise on depression in HIV-infected individuals: A systematic review. AIDS Care, 18(8), 969–976. doi: 10.1080/09540120500333574
- Gormley, S. E., Swain, D. P., High, R. R., & Forte, P. W. (2008). Effect of 8 and 12 weeks of aerobic exercise on cardiovascular fitness and body composition. J Strength Cond Res, 22(2), 493-499. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318165a713
- Grace, J. M., Semple, S. J., & Combrink, S. (2015). Exercise therapy for human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS patients: Guidelines for clinical exercise therapists. J Exerc Sci Fit, 13(1), 49-56. doi: 10.1016/j.jesf.2014.10.003
- Jaggers, J. R., & Hand, G. A. (2016). Health benefits of exercise for people living with HIV: A review of the literature. Am J Lifestyle Med, 10(3), 184-192. doi: 10.1177/1559827614538750
- Kellogg Foundation. (2004). Logic model development guide. W.K. Kellogg Foundation. Available at www.wkkf.org/resource-directory/resource/2006/02/wk-kellogg-foundation-logic-model-development-guide
- Mills, E. J., Nachega, J. B., Buchan, I., Orbinski, J., Attaran, A., Singh, S., & Bangsberg, D. R. (2006). Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa and North America: A meta-analysis. JAMA, 296(6), 679–690. doi: 10.1001/jama.296.6.679
- Munsell, M., & MacDonald, H. (2020). The effects of exercise in people living with HIV: A review of outcomes. Journal of Exercise and HIV, 4(2), 34-48. doi: 10.1080/JEXHIV.2020.04.0234
- Nicholas, M., Nsibambi, A., Ojuka, E., & Maghanga, M. (2024). Twelve weeks aerobic exercise improves anxiety and depression in HIV positive clients on art in Uganda. International Journal of Sport Exercise and Training Sciences, 10(4), 288-298. doi: 10.18826/useeabd.1549248
- Nicholas, M., Nsibambi, C. A. N., Ojuka, E., & Maghanga, M. (2024). Aerobic-exercise training effects on immunological markers in individuals on highly active antiretroviral therapy in Uganda. Turk J Kinesiol, 10(2), 101-109. doi: 10.31459/turkjkin.1474119
- Nicholas, M., Nsibambi, C. A., Ojuka, E., & Maghanga, M. (2024). Implications of a twelve-week aerobic exercise on functional work capacity in HIV positive clients on antiretroviral therapy. Turk J Kinesiol, 10(3), 191-198. doi: 10.31459/turkjkin.1526404
- Nsagha, D. S., Weledji, E. P., Assob, N. J. C., Njunda, L. A., Tanue, E. A., Kibu, O. D., ... & Ngowe, M. N. (2015). Highly active antiretroviral therapy and dyslipidemia in people living with HIV/AIDS in Fako Division, South West Region of Cameroon. BMC Cardiovasc Disord, 15, 1-8. doi: 10.1186/s12872-015-0090-5
- Nweke, M., Mshunqane, N., Govender, N., Akinpelu, A., & Ogunniyi, A. (2022). Aerobic exercise in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial. JMIR Res Protoc, 11(1), e29230. doi: 10.2196/29230
- O'Brien, K. K., Tynan, A. M., Nixon, S. A., & Glazier, R. H. (2016). Effectiveness of aerobic exercise for adults living with HIV: Systematic review and meta-analysis using the Cochrane Collaboration protocol. BMC Infectious Diseases, 16, 182. doi: 10.1186/s12879-016-1478-2
- Tse, K., & Anderson, T. (2021). Long-term outcomes of exercise in HIV-positive individuals: A systematic review. Journal of HIV Research, 11(3), 199-210. doi: 10.1016/JHR.2021.03.015
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Exercise Physiology |
| Journal Section | Review Articles |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | 3 |
| Publication Date | June 30, 2025 |
| Submission Date | March 17, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | June 26, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 11 Issue: 3 |
