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Violent Non-State Actors in the Age of Globalization

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 26 - 43, 05.06.2025

Çiğdem Görgün Akgül , Musa Akgül

Abstract

This study analyses the impact of globalization on the rise of violent non-state actors (VNSAs) and their role in current conflicts. It argues that globalization has fundamentally altered the nature of wars by facilitating VNSAs and reshaping the international security landscape. While the globalization process provides VNSAs with access to transnational networks, financing and influence, the immediate factors, particularly in the Middle East, such as state failure, territorial claims and regional rivalry contribute to this phenomenon. Thereby, VNSAs increase transnational security threats and challenge traditional state authority. On the other hand, globalization has transformed conflict dynamics and VNSAs have taken part in new forms of alliances. In this way, the relations between states and VNSAs have become more prevalent and more complicated in the post-Cold War era. To support its arguments, this study primarily relies on academic literature, empirical case examples, reports, and statistical data from conflict databases. It provides insights into the growing effect of VNSAs on global security and their engagement with state actors and makes a contribution to contemporary international relations and security studies.

Keywords

Transnational Threats Violent Non-State Actors New Wars Alliances

References

  • Aliyev, H. (2017). Precipitating State Failure: Do Civil Wars And Violent Non-State Actors Create Failed States? Third World Quarterly, 38 (9), 1973-1989.
  • Anzalone, C. (2016). The Resilience Of Al-Shabaab. CTC Sentinel, 9 (4), 13-20.
  • Aydınlı, E. (2008). Before Jihadists There Were Anarchists: A Failed Case Of Transnational Violence. Studies In Conflict And Terrorism, 31 (10), 903–923.
  • Aydınlı, E. (2010). Emerging Transnational (In)Security Governance: A Statist-Transnationalist Approach. London: Routledge.
  • Aydınlı, E. (2012). Globalization, Security, And The Nation State: Paradigms In Transition. Albany: State University Of New York Press.
  • Aydınlı, E. (2015). Assessing Violent Nonstate Actorness In Global Politics: A Framework For Analysis. Cambridge Review Of International Affairs, 28 (3), 424–444.
  • Aydınlı, E. (2016). Violent Non-State Actors: From Anarchists To Jihadists. New York: Routledge.
  • Berti, B. (2016). What’s In A Name? Re-Conceptualizing Non-State Armed Groups In The Middle East. Palgrave Communications.
  • Byman, D. (2005). Deadly Connections – States That Sponsor Terrorism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Charountaki, M. (2018). State And Non-State Interactions In International Relations: An Alternative Theoretical Outlook. British Journal Of Middle Eastern Studies, 45 (4), 528-542.
  • Clark, I. (2008). Globalization And The Post-Cold War Order. In Baylis, J., Smith, S., & Owens, P. The Globalization Of World Politics: An Introduction To International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Collier, P. & Sambanis, N. (2002). Understanding Civil War: A New Agenda. Journal Of Conflict Resolution, 46 (1), 3-12.
  • Comolli, V. (2015). Boko Haram: Nigeria’s Islamist Insurgency. Oxford University Press.
  • Creveld, M. V. (1991). The Transformation Of War. New York: The Free Press.
  • Dallas-Feeney, C. P. (2019, May 28). Violent Non-State Actors In The Middle East: Origins And Goals. E-International Relations.
  • Dutka, D. L. (2006). Violent Non-State Actors In World Politics: Their Formation, Actions, And Effects. Dissertation. The Pennsylvania State University.
  • Fair, C. C. (2019). In Their Own Words: Understanding Lashkar-E-Tayyaba. Oxford University Press.
  • Fearon, J., & D. Laitin. (2003). Ethnicity, Insurgency, And Civil War. American Political Science Review, 97 (1), 75–90.
  • Gause, F. G. (2014). Beyond Sectarianism. The New Middle East Cold War. Analysis Paper No: 11. Washington DC: Brooking Institution.
  • Geneva Call’s Conference Report On Armed Non-State Actors And Protection Of Internally Displaced People. (2011, March 23–24). Geneva.
  • Giustozzi, A. (2019). The Taliban At War, 2001–2018. Oxford University Press.
  • Goldstein, J. S. (2011). Winning The War On War: The Decline Of Armed Conflict Worldwide. New York: Dutton/Penguin.
  • Halliday, F. (2001). The Romance Of Non-State Actors In World Politics. London And New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Held, D., Mcgrew, A., Goldblatt, D., & Perraton, J. (1999). Global Transformations: Politics, Economics And Culture. Palgrave Macmillan, London.
  • Hock, D. (1995). The Chaordic Organization: Out Of Control And Into Order, World Business Academy Perspectives, 9 (1), 5-18.
  • Holzscheiter, A. (2005). Discourse As Capability: Non-State Actors’ Capital In Global Governance. Millennium, 33 (3), 723-746.
  • Huntington, S. (1996). The Clash Of Civilizations And The Remaking Of A New World Order. New York, NY: Simon And Schuster.
  • Ikenberry, G. J. (2010). The Liberal International Order And Its Discontents. Milennium Journal Of International Studies, 38 (3), 509-521.
  • Jabareen, J. (2015). The Emerging Islamic State: Terror, Territoriality, And The Agenda Of Social Transformation. Geoforum, 58, 52–55.
  • Josselin, D., & W. Wallace. (2001). Non-State Actors In World Politics. London: Palgrave.
  • Kaldor, M. (1999). New Wars And Old Wars: Organized Violence In A Global Era. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Kaldor, M. (2001). New And Old Wars: Organized Violence In A Global Age. Oxford: Polity Press.
  • Kaldor, M. (2003). Global Civil Society: An Answer To War. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Kaldor, M. (2005). Old Wars, Cold Wars, New Wars, And The War On Terror, International Politics, 42 (4), 491-498.
  • Kaldor, M, (2010). Inconclusive Wars: Is Clausewitz Still Relevant In These Global Times?, Global Policy, 1 (3), 271-281.
  • Kaldor, M. (2012). New And Old Wars: Organized Violence In A Global Era. Cambridge: Polity Press
  • Kaldor, M. (2013). In Defence Of New Wars. Stability: International Journal Of Security And Development, 2 (1), 1-16.
  • Kasfir, N. (2010). Domestic Anarchy, Security Dilemmas, And Violent Predation: Causes Of Failure. In When States Fail: Causes And Consequences. Ed. By. R. Rotberg, 53–77. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Kausch, K. (2017). State And Non-State Alliances In The Middle East. Istituto Affari Internazionali. Brussels: German Marshall Fund.
  • Keohane, R. O., & Nye, J. S. (1977). Power And Interdependence: World Politics In Transition. Little, Brown.
  • Kıras, J. D. (2008). Terrorism And Globalization. In The Globalization Of World Politics: An Introduction To International Relations. Ed. By. Baylis, J., Smith, S., & Owens, P. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Krasner, D. S. (1995). Compromising Westphalia. International Security, 20 (3), 115-151.
  • Krause, K., & Milliken, J. (2009). Introduction: The Challenge Of Non-State Armed Groups. Contemporary Security Policy, 30 (2), 202–220.
  • Mcgrew, A. (2008). Globalization And Global Politics. In The Globalization Of World Politics: An Introduction To International Relations. Ed. By. Baylis, J., Smith, S., & Owens, P. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Mearsheimer, J. J. (2001). The Tragedy Of Great Power Politics. W.W. Norton.
  • Mello, P. A. (2010). In Search Of New Wars: The Debate About A Transformation Of War, European Journal Of International Relations, 16 (2), 1-13.
  • Mulaj, K. (2014). Violent Non-State Actors In World Politics. London: Hurst & Company.
  • Mumford, A. (2013). Proxy Warfare And The Future Of Conflict. The RUSI Journal, 158 (2), 40-46.
  • Munck, R. (2009). Globalization And The Limits Of Current Security Paradigms. In Rethinking Insecurity, War And Violence Beyond Savage Globalization? Edited By James, Paul And Grenfell, Damian. London: Routledge, 33-43.
  • Napoleoni, L. (2005). Terror Incorporated: Tracing The Dollars Behind The Terror Networks. Penguin.
  • Ohmae, K. (1995). The Borderless World: Power And Strategy In An Interdependent Economy. New York: Harper Business.
  • Oktav, O. Z., Dal, E. P., & Kursun, A. M. (2018). Violent Non-State Actors And The Syrian Civil War: The ISIS And YPG Cases. New York: Springer.
  • Otis, J. (2014). The FARC And Colombia’s Illegal Drug Trade. Wilson Center.
  • Pearlstein, R. M. (2004). Fatal Future? The Transnational Terrorism And The New Global Disorder. Austin: University Of Texas Press.
  • Pettersson, T., Högbladth, S. & Öberg, M. (2019). Organized Violence, 1989–2018 And Peace Agreements. Journal Of Peace Research, 56 (4), 589-603.
  • Pierman, G. (2015). The Grand Strategy Of Nonstate Actors: Theory And Implications. Journal Of Strategic Security, 8 (4), 69–78.
  • Robertson, R. (1995). Glocalization: Time-Space And Homogeneity-Heterogeneity. In Global Modernities. Ed. By. Featherstone, M., Lash, S. And Robertson, R. London: Sage Publications, 25-44.
  • Rondeaux, C. & Sterman, D. (2019). Twenty-First Century Proxy Warfare: Confronting Strategic Innovation In A Multipolar World Since The 2011 NATO Intervention. Arizona: New America.
  • Rosenau, J. N. (1997). Along The Domestic-Foreign Frontier: Exploring Governance In A Turbulent World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Rotberg, R. (2010). When States Fail: Causes And Consequences. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Schneckener, U. (2006). Fragile Statehood, Non-State Armed Actors And Security Governance. In A. Bryden & M. Caparini (Eds.). Private Actors And Security Governance (23–40). Münster: LIT.
  • Sheehan, M. (2008). The Changing Character Of War. In Baylis, J., Smith, S., & Owens, P. The Globalization Of World Politics: An Introduction To International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Slaughter, A-M. (2005). A New World Order. Princeton University Press.
  • Strand, H., Rustad, S. A., Urdal, H. & Nygard, H. M. (2019). Trends In Armed Conflict, 1946-2018. Oslo: PRIO Conflict Trends.
  • Szayna, S. T., Watts, S., O’Mahony, A., Frederick, B. & Kavanagh, K. (2017). What Are The Trends In Armed Conflicts, And What Do They Mean For U.S. Defense Policy? Santa Monica: RAND.
  • The Centre For The Study Of Civil War At The Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO).
  • Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) At The Department Of Peace And Conflict Research, Uppsala University.
  • Valensi, C. (2015). Non-State Actors: A Theoretical Limitation In A Changing Middle East. Military And Strategic Affairs, 7 (1), 59–78.
  • Vinci, A. (2008). Anarchy, Failed States, And Armed Groups: Reconsidering Conventional Analysis. International Studies Quarterly, 52 (2), 295-314.
  • Vollaard, H. (2009). The Logic Of Political Territoriality. Geopolitics, 14 (4), 687–706.
  • Waever, O. (1996). The Rise And Fall Of The Inter-Paradigm Debate. In S. Smith, K. Booth, & M. Zalewski (Eds.), International Theory: Positivism And Beyond (149-185). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Walt, S. M. (1987) The Origins Of Alliances, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory Of International Politics. Mcgraw-Hill.
  • Wight, C. (2006). Agents, Structures And International Relations: Politics As Ontology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Williams, P. (2008). Violent Non-State Actors And National And International Security. International Relations And Security Network.
  • Yeşiltaş, M. & Kardaş, T. (2018). Non-State Armed Actors In The Middle East: Geopolitics, Ideology, And Strategy. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Zhidkova, T. (2015). Globalization And The Emergence Of Violent Non-State Actors: The Case Of Human Trafficking. New Global Studies, 9 (1), 1-25.

Küreselleşme Çağında Şiddet İçeren Devlet Dışı Aktörler

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 26 - 43, 05.06.2025

Çiğdem Görgün Akgül , Musa Akgül

Abstract

Bu çalışma, küreselleşmenin devlet dışı silahlı aktörlerin (DDSA) yükselişine ve onların mevcut çatışmalardaki rolüne etkisini analiz etmektedir. Küreselleşme, bu aktörlerin yükselişine zemin hazırlayarak uluslararası güvenlik ortamını yeniden şekillendirmekte ve savaşların doğasını değiştirmektedir. Bu süreç ayrıca DDSA’ların ulusötesi ağlara, finansmana ve nüfuza erişimine fırsat sağlamaktadır. Ortadoğu’daki devletlerin başarısızlığı, toprak talepleri ve bölgesel rekabet gibi faktörler de bu olguya katkıda bulunmaktadır. Böylece DDSA’lar, ulusötesi güvenlik tehditlerini arttırmakta ve geleneksel devlet otoritesine meydan okumaktadır. Öte yandan küreselleşme, çatışma dinamiklerini dönüştürmüştür ve DDSA’lar yeni ittifak biçimlerinde yer almıştır. Bu sebeple Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde devletler ve DDSA’lar arasındaki ilişkiler daha yaygın ve karmaşık hale gelmiştir. Bu çalışma, argümanlarını desteklemek için akademik literatürden, ampirik vaka örneklerinden, raporlardan ve çatışma veri tabanlarından elde edilen istatistiksel verilerden yararlanmaktadır. DDSA’ların küresel güvenlik üzerindeki artan etkisine ve onların devletlerle olan ilişkilerine dair bir kavrayış, güncel uluslararası ilişkiler ve güvenlik çalışmalarına katkıda bulunacaktır.

Keywords

Ulusötesi Tehditler Devlet Dışı Silahlı Aktörler Yeni Savaşlar İttifaklar

References

  • Aliyev, H. (2017). Precipitating State Failure: Do Civil Wars And Violent Non-State Actors Create Failed States? Third World Quarterly, 38 (9), 1973-1989.
  • Anzalone, C. (2016). The Resilience Of Al-Shabaab. CTC Sentinel, 9 (4), 13-20.
  • Aydınlı, E. (2008). Before Jihadists There Were Anarchists: A Failed Case Of Transnational Violence. Studies In Conflict And Terrorism, 31 (10), 903–923.
  • Aydınlı, E. (2010). Emerging Transnational (In)Security Governance: A Statist-Transnationalist Approach. London: Routledge.
  • Aydınlı, E. (2012). Globalization, Security, And The Nation State: Paradigms In Transition. Albany: State University Of New York Press.
  • Aydınlı, E. (2015). Assessing Violent Nonstate Actorness In Global Politics: A Framework For Analysis. Cambridge Review Of International Affairs, 28 (3), 424–444.
  • Aydınlı, E. (2016). Violent Non-State Actors: From Anarchists To Jihadists. New York: Routledge.
  • Berti, B. (2016). What’s In A Name? Re-Conceptualizing Non-State Armed Groups In The Middle East. Palgrave Communications.
  • Byman, D. (2005). Deadly Connections – States That Sponsor Terrorism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Charountaki, M. (2018). State And Non-State Interactions In International Relations: An Alternative Theoretical Outlook. British Journal Of Middle Eastern Studies, 45 (4), 528-542.
  • Clark, I. (2008). Globalization And The Post-Cold War Order. In Baylis, J., Smith, S., & Owens, P. The Globalization Of World Politics: An Introduction To International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Collier, P. & Sambanis, N. (2002). Understanding Civil War: A New Agenda. Journal Of Conflict Resolution, 46 (1), 3-12.
  • Comolli, V. (2015). Boko Haram: Nigeria’s Islamist Insurgency. Oxford University Press.
  • Creveld, M. V. (1991). The Transformation Of War. New York: The Free Press.
  • Dallas-Feeney, C. P. (2019, May 28). Violent Non-State Actors In The Middle East: Origins And Goals. E-International Relations.
  • Dutka, D. L. (2006). Violent Non-State Actors In World Politics: Their Formation, Actions, And Effects. Dissertation. The Pennsylvania State University.
  • Fair, C. C. (2019). In Their Own Words: Understanding Lashkar-E-Tayyaba. Oxford University Press.
  • Fearon, J., & D. Laitin. (2003). Ethnicity, Insurgency, And Civil War. American Political Science Review, 97 (1), 75–90.
  • Gause, F. G. (2014). Beyond Sectarianism. The New Middle East Cold War. Analysis Paper No: 11. Washington DC: Brooking Institution.
  • Geneva Call’s Conference Report On Armed Non-State Actors And Protection Of Internally Displaced People. (2011, March 23–24). Geneva.
  • Giustozzi, A. (2019). The Taliban At War, 2001–2018. Oxford University Press.
  • Goldstein, J. S. (2011). Winning The War On War: The Decline Of Armed Conflict Worldwide. New York: Dutton/Penguin.
  • Halliday, F. (2001). The Romance Of Non-State Actors In World Politics. London And New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Held, D., Mcgrew, A., Goldblatt, D., & Perraton, J. (1999). Global Transformations: Politics, Economics And Culture. Palgrave Macmillan, London.
  • Hock, D. (1995). The Chaordic Organization: Out Of Control And Into Order, World Business Academy Perspectives, 9 (1), 5-18.
  • Holzscheiter, A. (2005). Discourse As Capability: Non-State Actors’ Capital In Global Governance. Millennium, 33 (3), 723-746.
  • Huntington, S. (1996). The Clash Of Civilizations And The Remaking Of A New World Order. New York, NY: Simon And Schuster.
  • Ikenberry, G. J. (2010). The Liberal International Order And Its Discontents. Milennium Journal Of International Studies, 38 (3), 509-521.
  • Jabareen, J. (2015). The Emerging Islamic State: Terror, Territoriality, And The Agenda Of Social Transformation. Geoforum, 58, 52–55.
  • Josselin, D., & W. Wallace. (2001). Non-State Actors In World Politics. London: Palgrave.
  • Kaldor, M. (1999). New Wars And Old Wars: Organized Violence In A Global Era. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Kaldor, M. (2001). New And Old Wars: Organized Violence In A Global Age. Oxford: Polity Press.
  • Kaldor, M. (2003). Global Civil Society: An Answer To War. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Kaldor, M. (2005). Old Wars, Cold Wars, New Wars, And The War On Terror, International Politics, 42 (4), 491-498.
  • Kaldor, M, (2010). Inconclusive Wars: Is Clausewitz Still Relevant In These Global Times?, Global Policy, 1 (3), 271-281.
  • Kaldor, M. (2012). New And Old Wars: Organized Violence In A Global Era. Cambridge: Polity Press
  • Kaldor, M. (2013). In Defence Of New Wars. Stability: International Journal Of Security And Development, 2 (1), 1-16.
  • Kasfir, N. (2010). Domestic Anarchy, Security Dilemmas, And Violent Predation: Causes Of Failure. In When States Fail: Causes And Consequences. Ed. By. R. Rotberg, 53–77. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Kausch, K. (2017). State And Non-State Alliances In The Middle East. Istituto Affari Internazionali. Brussels: German Marshall Fund.
  • Keohane, R. O., & Nye, J. S. (1977). Power And Interdependence: World Politics In Transition. Little, Brown.
  • Kıras, J. D. (2008). Terrorism And Globalization. In The Globalization Of World Politics: An Introduction To International Relations. Ed. By. Baylis, J., Smith, S., & Owens, P. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Krasner, D. S. (1995). Compromising Westphalia. International Security, 20 (3), 115-151.
  • Krause, K., & Milliken, J. (2009). Introduction: The Challenge Of Non-State Armed Groups. Contemporary Security Policy, 30 (2), 202–220.
  • Mcgrew, A. (2008). Globalization And Global Politics. In The Globalization Of World Politics: An Introduction To International Relations. Ed. By. Baylis, J., Smith, S., & Owens, P. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Mearsheimer, J. J. (2001). The Tragedy Of Great Power Politics. W.W. Norton.
  • Mello, P. A. (2010). In Search Of New Wars: The Debate About A Transformation Of War, European Journal Of International Relations, 16 (2), 1-13.
  • Mulaj, K. (2014). Violent Non-State Actors In World Politics. London: Hurst & Company.
  • Mumford, A. (2013). Proxy Warfare And The Future Of Conflict. The RUSI Journal, 158 (2), 40-46.
  • Munck, R. (2009). Globalization And The Limits Of Current Security Paradigms. In Rethinking Insecurity, War And Violence Beyond Savage Globalization? Edited By James, Paul And Grenfell, Damian. London: Routledge, 33-43.
  • Napoleoni, L. (2005). Terror Incorporated: Tracing The Dollars Behind The Terror Networks. Penguin.
  • Ohmae, K. (1995). The Borderless World: Power And Strategy In An Interdependent Economy. New York: Harper Business.
  • Oktav, O. Z., Dal, E. P., & Kursun, A. M. (2018). Violent Non-State Actors And The Syrian Civil War: The ISIS And YPG Cases. New York: Springer.
  • Otis, J. (2014). The FARC And Colombia’s Illegal Drug Trade. Wilson Center.
  • Pearlstein, R. M. (2004). Fatal Future? The Transnational Terrorism And The New Global Disorder. Austin: University Of Texas Press.
  • Pettersson, T., Högbladth, S. & Öberg, M. (2019). Organized Violence, 1989–2018 And Peace Agreements. Journal Of Peace Research, 56 (4), 589-603.
  • Pierman, G. (2015). The Grand Strategy Of Nonstate Actors: Theory And Implications. Journal Of Strategic Security, 8 (4), 69–78.
  • Robertson, R. (1995). Glocalization: Time-Space And Homogeneity-Heterogeneity. In Global Modernities. Ed. By. Featherstone, M., Lash, S. And Robertson, R. London: Sage Publications, 25-44.
  • Rondeaux, C. & Sterman, D. (2019). Twenty-First Century Proxy Warfare: Confronting Strategic Innovation In A Multipolar World Since The 2011 NATO Intervention. Arizona: New America.
  • Rosenau, J. N. (1997). Along The Domestic-Foreign Frontier: Exploring Governance In A Turbulent World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Rotberg, R. (2010). When States Fail: Causes And Consequences. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Schneckener, U. (2006). Fragile Statehood, Non-State Armed Actors And Security Governance. In A. Bryden & M. Caparini (Eds.). Private Actors And Security Governance (23–40). Münster: LIT.
  • Sheehan, M. (2008). The Changing Character Of War. In Baylis, J., Smith, S., & Owens, P. The Globalization Of World Politics: An Introduction To International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Slaughter, A-M. (2005). A New World Order. Princeton University Press.
  • Strand, H., Rustad, S. A., Urdal, H. & Nygard, H. M. (2019). Trends In Armed Conflict, 1946-2018. Oslo: PRIO Conflict Trends.
  • Szayna, S. T., Watts, S., O’Mahony, A., Frederick, B. & Kavanagh, K. (2017). What Are The Trends In Armed Conflicts, And What Do They Mean For U.S. Defense Policy? Santa Monica: RAND.
  • The Centre For The Study Of Civil War At The Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO).
  • Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) At The Department Of Peace And Conflict Research, Uppsala University.
  • Valensi, C. (2015). Non-State Actors: A Theoretical Limitation In A Changing Middle East. Military And Strategic Affairs, 7 (1), 59–78.
  • Vinci, A. (2008). Anarchy, Failed States, And Armed Groups: Reconsidering Conventional Analysis. International Studies Quarterly, 52 (2), 295-314.
  • Vollaard, H. (2009). The Logic Of Political Territoriality. Geopolitics, 14 (4), 687–706.
  • Waever, O. (1996). The Rise And Fall Of The Inter-Paradigm Debate. In S. Smith, K. Booth, & M. Zalewski (Eds.), International Theory: Positivism And Beyond (149-185). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Walt, S. M. (1987) The Origins Of Alliances, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory Of International Politics. Mcgraw-Hill.
  • Wight, C. (2006). Agents, Structures And International Relations: Politics As Ontology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Williams, P. (2008). Violent Non-State Actors And National And International Security. International Relations And Security Network.
  • Yeşiltaş, M. & Kardaş, T. (2018). Non-State Armed Actors In The Middle East: Geopolitics, Ideology, And Strategy. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Zhidkova, T. (2015). Globalization And The Emergence Of Violent Non-State Actors: The Case Of Human Trafficking. New Global Studies, 9 (1), 1-25.
There are 76 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects International Politics
Journal Section Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1
Authors

Çiğdem Görgün Akgül 0000-0002-7586-6218

Musa Akgül 0000-0002-5248-3054

Publication Date June 5, 2025
Submission Date March 7, 2025
Acceptance Date March 21, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Görgün Akgül, Ç., & Akgül, M. (2025). Violent Non-State Actors in the Age of Globalization. Ünye İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1), 26-43.