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CHEMICAL PROFILE AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF IMPORTANT HONEY PLANTS THYMUS NUMMULARIUS M. BIEB. AND VACCINIUM MYRTILLUS L.

Year 2025, Volume: 25 Issue: 1, 32 - 42, 30.05.2025

Aslı Özkök , Ceren Özkul , Golshan Zare , Kadriye Sorkun

https://doi.org/10.31467/uluaricilik.1597080

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the chemical and antimicrobial activity of two taxa which are important nectar and pollen plants for honey bees. Thymus nummularius M. Bieb. and Vaccinium myrtillus L. which produced by local people of Anzer. For this purpose, chemical compounds scanned by GC–MS system and antimicrobial activities were tested against major oral pathogens including Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277, Streptococcus salivarius DSM 13084, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans ATCC 90028 by agar well diffusion and broth microdilution. Aldehydes, alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters, ketones, terpenes, fatty acids and esters, acetic acids and esters and other chemical components were detected in different percentages in both T. nummularius. and V. myrtillus plants. A total of 30 chemical components were detected in T. nummularius. while 26 chemical components were found in V. myrtillus. Carvacrol, lauryl acetate, and thymol were detected 20.34%, 6.31% and 3.36%, respectively at high levels in T. nummularius. On the other hand, diethyl succinate, hexanoic acid, lauryl acetate and benzoic acid were determined 12.68%, 11.29%, 10.89% and 10.16% respectively predominantly in V. myrtillus. As a result of antimicrobial activity of two taxa, V. myrtillus. exhibited more potent antimicrobial activity when compared to T. nummularius. Antimicrobial activity of V. myrtillus against viridans streptococci and C. albicans was promising and maybe used for the treatment of cariogenic microorganisms or oral Candidiasis in future studies. Antimicrobial activity of V. myrtillus against viridans streptococci and C. albicans was promising and maybe used for the treatment of cariogenic microorganisms or oral Candidiasis in future studies.

Keywords

Antimicrobial activity Chemical compounds Honey plants Thymus nummularius Vaccinium myrtillus

References

  • Aranega-Bou P, de la O Leyva M, Finiti I, García-Agustín P, González-Bosch C. Priming of plant resistance by natural compounds. Hexanoic acid as a model. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2014; 5(488) 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00488
  • Baser KHC, Kürkçüoglu M, Ermin N, Tümen G, Malyer H. Composition of the essential oil of Thymus pseudopulegioides Klokov et Des.-Shost from Turkey. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 1999; 11(1):86-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1999.9701080
  • Baytop T. Türkiyede Bitkiler ile Tedavi, Publishing house: Ankara Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, Istanbul, 1999.
  • Chu WK, Cheung SCM, Lau RAW, Benzie IFF. Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) in Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects. Benzie IFF, Wachtel-Galor S, editors. Boca Raton (FL): 2011. 2nd edition.CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, 2011.
  • Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 1999; 12(4):564-582. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.12.4.564
  • Dao CA, Patel KD, Neto CC. Phytochemicals from the fruit and foliage of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon)-potential benefits for human health. In Emerging trends in dietary components for preventing and combating disease (pp. 79-94). American Chemical Society, 2012.
  • Davis PH. Flora of Turkey and The East Aegean Islands, vol 6-7. Edinburgh University press, 1982.
  • Demirezen YY. Varroa destructor ile doğal enfeste bal arısı (Apis mellifera) kolonilerinde sentetik piretroid, organic asit ve esansiyel yağ asit etkinliğinin karşılaştırılması, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Aydın, 2019.
  • Elkıran O, Avşar C. Chemical composition and biological activities of the essential oil from the leaves of Vaccinium myrtillus L. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 2020; 49(1):91-96.
  • Erata H, Batan N, Abay G, Özdemir T. Anzer Vadisi ve Çevresinin Briyofit Florası (İkizdere, Rize). Anatolian Bryology, 2021;7(2):131-145. https://doi.org/10.26672/anatolianbryology.993644.
  • Ertas A, Boga M, Yilmaz MA, Yesil Y, Tel G, Temel H, Hasimi N, Gazioglu I, Ozturk M, Ugurlu, P. A detailed study on the chemical and biological profiles of essential oil and methanol extract of Thymus nummularius (Anzer tea): Rosmarinic acid. Industrial Crops and Products, 2015; 67:336-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.01.064.
  • Gerçek YC, Bayram S, Çelik S, Canlı D, Mavaldi MH, Boztas K, Bastürk FN, Kırkıncı S, Yesil Y, Kösesakal T, Öz GC, Bayram NE. Characterization of essential oil and wastewater from Thymus nummularius M. Bieb. and micromorphological examination of glandular trichomes. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 2022; 25(3):690-706. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2022.2107403.
  • Gül LB, Özdemir N, Gül O, Çon A. Evaluation of Thymus pseudopulegioides plant extracts for total phenolic contents, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. European Food Science and Engineering, 2022; 3(1):1-4. https://doi.org/10.55147/efse.1091864.
  • Günaydın M, Laghari AH, Bektaş E, Sökmen M. Sökmen A. Accumulation of phenolics in natural and micropropagated plantlets of Thymus pseudopulegioides Klokov & Des.-Shost. with their antioxidant potentials. Turkish Journal of Biology, 2017; 41(5):754-764. https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1704-9.
  • Güner A. Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler), Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi Yayınları, Istanbul, 2012.
  • Karakaş N, Okur ME, Sağır T, Uludağ D, Polat DÇ, Karadağ AE. Antioxidant activity and anti-cancer effects of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) fruit extract on gastric cancer, AGS cell line. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy Ankara, 2022; 46(3):781-792. https://doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.1069607.
  • Kowalczyk C, Kxzesmski P, Kura M, Szmigiel B, Blaszczyk J. Anthocyanins in medicine. Polish Journal of Pharmacology, 2003; 55(5):699-702.
  • Küçükbay FZ, Kuyumcu E, Azaz AD, Arabacı T, Yücetürk SÇ. Chemical composition of the essential oils of three Thymus taxa from Turkey with antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Records of Natural Products, 2014; 8(2):110-120. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12462/8546.
  • Lee SO, Han SM, Kim HM, Jeung SK, Choi JY, Kang IJ. Chemical components and antimicrobial effects of Corni fructus. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, 2006; 35(7):891-896. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2006.35.7.891.
  • Lukas B, Schmiderer C, Mitteregger U, Novak J. Arbutin in marjoram and oregano. Food Chemistry, 2010; 121(1):185-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.12.028.
  • Ozen T, Demirtas I. Antioxidative properties of Thymus pseudopulegioides: comparison of different extracts and essential oils. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 2015;18(2):496-506.https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2014.998719.
  • Özkök A, Sorkun K, Salih B. The Microscopic and GC-MS Analysis of Turkish Honeydew Pine Honey. Hacettepe Journal of Biology and Chemistry, 2016; 44(4):375-383.
  • Puupponen-Pimià R, Nohynek L, Alakomi HL, Oksman-Caldentey KM. The action of berry phenolics against human intestinal pathogens. Biofactors, 2005; 23(4):243-51. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.5520230410.
  • Seeram NP. Berry fruits: Compositional elements, biochemical activities, and the impact of their intake on human health, performance, and disease. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2008; 56(3):627-629. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf071988k.
  • Sezik E, Zor M, Yesilada E. Traditional medicine in Turkey II. Folk medicine in Kastamonu. International Journal of Pharmacognosy, 1992; 30(3):233-9. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209209054005.
  • Shah MD, Seelan JSS, Iqbal M. Phytochemical investigation and antioxidant activities of methanol extract, methanol fractions and essential oil of Dillenia suffruticosa leaves. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 2020; 13(9):7170-7182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.07.022.
  • Sunar S, Aksakal O, Yildirim N, Guleray A, Medine G, Sahin F (2009). Genetic diversity and relationships detected by FAME and RAPD analysis among Thymus species growing in eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Romanian Biotechnological Letters, 2009; 14(2):4313-4318.
  • Tammar S, Salem N, Bettaieb Rebey I, Sriti J, Hammami M, Khammassi S, Msaada K. Regional effect on essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of Thymus capitatus L. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 2018; 31(2):129-137. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2018.1539415.
  • Temiz A, Şener A, Tüylü Özkök A, Sorkun K, Salih B. Antibacterial activity of bee propolis samples from different geographical regions of Turkey against two foodborne pathogens, Salmonella enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes. Turkish Journal of Biology, 2011; 35(4):503-511. https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-0908-22.
  • Teodoro GR, Ellepola K, Seneviratne CJ, Koga-Ito CY. Potential use of phenolic acids as anti-Candida agents: A review. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2015; 6:1420. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01420.
  • Tepe B, Sarıkürkcü C, Berk Ş, Alim A, Akpulat HA. Chemical composition, radical scavenging and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Thymus boveii and Thymus hyemalis. Records of Natural Products, 2011; 5(3):208-220. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12809/4480.
  • Tutkun E. Arı Akarı (Varroa destructor) mücadelesinde timolün kullanılması, Arıcılık Araştırma Dergisi, 2016; 8(1): 1-5.
  • Upton R. Bilberry fruit Vaccinium myrtillus L. Standards of analysis, quality control, and therapeutics. Santa Cruz, CA: American Herbal Pharmacopoeia and therapeutic compendium, 2001.
  • Willis KJ. State of the World’s plants, Kew, London: England: Royal Botanic Gardens, 2017.
  • Zafra-Stone S, Taharat Y, Bagchi M, Chatterjee A, Vinson JA, Bagchi D. Berry anthocyanins as novel antioxidants in human health and disease prevention. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 2007; 51(6):675-683. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200700002.

Önemli Bal Bitkileri Thymus nummularius M. Bieb. ve Vaccinium myrtillus L.’nin Kimyasal Profili ve Antimikrobiyal Aktivitesi

Year 2025, Volume: 25 Issue: 1, 32 - 42, 30.05.2025

Aslı Özkök , Ceren Özkul , Golshan Zare , Kadriye Sorkun

https://doi.org/10.31467/uluaricilik.1597080

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Anzer yöresi halkı tarafından üretilen ve bal arıları için önemli nektar ile polen kaynağı bitkiler olan Thymus nummularius M. Bieb. ve Vaccinium myrtillus L. adlı iki taksonun kimyasal ve antimikrobiyal aktivitesini belirlemektir. Bu amaçla, kimyasal bileşikler GC-MS sistemi ile taranmış ve antimikrobiyal aktiviteleri Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277, Streptococcus salivarius DSM 13084, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans ve Candida albicans ATCC 90028 dahil olmak üzere başlıca oral patojenlere karşı agar kuyu difüzyon ve sıvı mikrodilüsyon ile test edilmiştir. Aldehitler, alkoller, karboksilik asitler ve esterler, ketonlar, terpenler, yağ asitleri ve esterler, asetik asitler ve esterler ve diğer kimyasal bileşenler hem T. nummularius hem de V. myrtillus bitkilerinde farklı yüzdelerde tespit edilmiştir. T. nummularius'ta toplam 30 kimyasal bileşen tespit edilirken, V. myrtillus'ta 26 kimyasal bileşen tespit edilmiştir. Karvakrol, lauril asetat ve timol T. nummularius'ta sırasıyla %20,34, %6,31 ve %3,36 oranında yüksek seviyelerde tespit edilmiştir. Öte yandan, dietil süksinat, hekzanoik asit, lauril asetat ve benzoik asit V. myrtillus'ta baskın olarak sırasıyla %12,68, %11,29, %10,89 ve %10,16 oranlarında tespit edilmiştir. İki taksonun antimikrobiyal aktivitesinin bir sonucu olarak, V. myrtillus bitkisi T. nummularius ile karşılaştırıldığında daha güçlü antimikrobiyal aktivite göstermiştir. V. myrtillus'un özellikle viridans streptokoklara ve C. albicans'a karşı antimikrobiyal aktivitesinin olması ileriki çalışmalarda karyojenik mikroorganizmaların veya oral Kandidiyazis'in tedavisinde kullanılabilme potansiyeli olduğunu göstermektedir.

Keywords

Antimikrobiyal aktivite Kimyasal bileşenler Ballı bitkiler Thymus nummularius Vaccinium myrtillus

References

  • Aranega-Bou P, de la O Leyva M, Finiti I, García-Agustín P, González-Bosch C. Priming of plant resistance by natural compounds. Hexanoic acid as a model. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2014; 5(488) 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00488
  • Baser KHC, Kürkçüoglu M, Ermin N, Tümen G, Malyer H. Composition of the essential oil of Thymus pseudopulegioides Klokov et Des.-Shost from Turkey. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 1999; 11(1):86-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1999.9701080
  • Baytop T. Türkiyede Bitkiler ile Tedavi, Publishing house: Ankara Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, Istanbul, 1999.
  • Chu WK, Cheung SCM, Lau RAW, Benzie IFF. Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) in Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects. Benzie IFF, Wachtel-Galor S, editors. Boca Raton (FL): 2011. 2nd edition.CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, 2011.
  • Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 1999; 12(4):564-582. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.12.4.564
  • Dao CA, Patel KD, Neto CC. Phytochemicals from the fruit and foliage of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon)-potential benefits for human health. In Emerging trends in dietary components for preventing and combating disease (pp. 79-94). American Chemical Society, 2012.
  • Davis PH. Flora of Turkey and The East Aegean Islands, vol 6-7. Edinburgh University press, 1982.
  • Demirezen YY. Varroa destructor ile doğal enfeste bal arısı (Apis mellifera) kolonilerinde sentetik piretroid, organic asit ve esansiyel yağ asit etkinliğinin karşılaştırılması, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Aydın, 2019.
  • Elkıran O, Avşar C. Chemical composition and biological activities of the essential oil from the leaves of Vaccinium myrtillus L. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 2020; 49(1):91-96.
  • Erata H, Batan N, Abay G, Özdemir T. Anzer Vadisi ve Çevresinin Briyofit Florası (İkizdere, Rize). Anatolian Bryology, 2021;7(2):131-145. https://doi.org/10.26672/anatolianbryology.993644.
  • Ertas A, Boga M, Yilmaz MA, Yesil Y, Tel G, Temel H, Hasimi N, Gazioglu I, Ozturk M, Ugurlu, P. A detailed study on the chemical and biological profiles of essential oil and methanol extract of Thymus nummularius (Anzer tea): Rosmarinic acid. Industrial Crops and Products, 2015; 67:336-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.01.064.
  • Gerçek YC, Bayram S, Çelik S, Canlı D, Mavaldi MH, Boztas K, Bastürk FN, Kırkıncı S, Yesil Y, Kösesakal T, Öz GC, Bayram NE. Characterization of essential oil and wastewater from Thymus nummularius M. Bieb. and micromorphological examination of glandular trichomes. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 2022; 25(3):690-706. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2022.2107403.
  • Gül LB, Özdemir N, Gül O, Çon A. Evaluation of Thymus pseudopulegioides plant extracts for total phenolic contents, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. European Food Science and Engineering, 2022; 3(1):1-4. https://doi.org/10.55147/efse.1091864.
  • Günaydın M, Laghari AH, Bektaş E, Sökmen M. Sökmen A. Accumulation of phenolics in natural and micropropagated plantlets of Thymus pseudopulegioides Klokov & Des.-Shost. with their antioxidant potentials. Turkish Journal of Biology, 2017; 41(5):754-764. https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-1704-9.
  • Güner A. Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler), Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi Yayınları, Istanbul, 2012.
  • Karakaş N, Okur ME, Sağır T, Uludağ D, Polat DÇ, Karadağ AE. Antioxidant activity and anti-cancer effects of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) fruit extract on gastric cancer, AGS cell line. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy Ankara, 2022; 46(3):781-792. https://doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.1069607.
  • Kowalczyk C, Kxzesmski P, Kura M, Szmigiel B, Blaszczyk J. Anthocyanins in medicine. Polish Journal of Pharmacology, 2003; 55(5):699-702.
  • Küçükbay FZ, Kuyumcu E, Azaz AD, Arabacı T, Yücetürk SÇ. Chemical composition of the essential oils of three Thymus taxa from Turkey with antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Records of Natural Products, 2014; 8(2):110-120. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12462/8546.
  • Lee SO, Han SM, Kim HM, Jeung SK, Choi JY, Kang IJ. Chemical components and antimicrobial effects of Corni fructus. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, 2006; 35(7):891-896. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2006.35.7.891.
  • Lukas B, Schmiderer C, Mitteregger U, Novak J. Arbutin in marjoram and oregano. Food Chemistry, 2010; 121(1):185-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.12.028.
  • Ozen T, Demirtas I. Antioxidative properties of Thymus pseudopulegioides: comparison of different extracts and essential oils. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 2015;18(2):496-506.https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2014.998719.
  • Özkök A, Sorkun K, Salih B. The Microscopic and GC-MS Analysis of Turkish Honeydew Pine Honey. Hacettepe Journal of Biology and Chemistry, 2016; 44(4):375-383.
  • Puupponen-Pimià R, Nohynek L, Alakomi HL, Oksman-Caldentey KM. The action of berry phenolics against human intestinal pathogens. Biofactors, 2005; 23(4):243-51. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.5520230410.
  • Seeram NP. Berry fruits: Compositional elements, biochemical activities, and the impact of their intake on human health, performance, and disease. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2008; 56(3):627-629. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf071988k.
  • Sezik E, Zor M, Yesilada E. Traditional medicine in Turkey II. Folk medicine in Kastamonu. International Journal of Pharmacognosy, 1992; 30(3):233-9. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209209054005.
  • Shah MD, Seelan JSS, Iqbal M. Phytochemical investigation and antioxidant activities of methanol extract, methanol fractions and essential oil of Dillenia suffruticosa leaves. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 2020; 13(9):7170-7182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.07.022.
  • Sunar S, Aksakal O, Yildirim N, Guleray A, Medine G, Sahin F (2009). Genetic diversity and relationships detected by FAME and RAPD analysis among Thymus species growing in eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. Romanian Biotechnological Letters, 2009; 14(2):4313-4318.
  • Tammar S, Salem N, Bettaieb Rebey I, Sriti J, Hammami M, Khammassi S, Msaada K. Regional effect on essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of Thymus capitatus L. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 2018; 31(2):129-137. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2018.1539415.
  • Temiz A, Şener A, Tüylü Özkök A, Sorkun K, Salih B. Antibacterial activity of bee propolis samples from different geographical regions of Turkey against two foodborne pathogens, Salmonella enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes. Turkish Journal of Biology, 2011; 35(4):503-511. https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-0908-22.
  • Teodoro GR, Ellepola K, Seneviratne CJ, Koga-Ito CY. Potential use of phenolic acids as anti-Candida agents: A review. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2015; 6:1420. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01420.
  • Tepe B, Sarıkürkcü C, Berk Ş, Alim A, Akpulat HA. Chemical composition, radical scavenging and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Thymus boveii and Thymus hyemalis. Records of Natural Products, 2011; 5(3):208-220. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12809/4480.
  • Tutkun E. Arı Akarı (Varroa destructor) mücadelesinde timolün kullanılması, Arıcılık Araştırma Dergisi, 2016; 8(1): 1-5.
  • Upton R. Bilberry fruit Vaccinium myrtillus L. Standards of analysis, quality control, and therapeutics. Santa Cruz, CA: American Herbal Pharmacopoeia and therapeutic compendium, 2001.
  • Willis KJ. State of the World’s plants, Kew, London: England: Royal Botanic Gardens, 2017.
  • Zafra-Stone S, Taharat Y, Bagchi M, Chatterjee A, Vinson JA, Bagchi D. Berry anthocyanins as novel antioxidants in human health and disease prevention. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 2007; 51(6):675-683. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200700002.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Ecology (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Aslı Özkök 0000-0002-7336-2892

Ceren Özkul 0000-0002-0921-5863

Golshan Zare 0000-0002-5972-5191

Kadriye Sorkun 0000-0003-3224-7748

Early Pub Date May 26, 2025
Publication Date May 30, 2025
Submission Date December 6, 2024
Acceptance Date February 4, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 25 Issue: 1

Cite

Vancouver Özkök A, Özkul C, Zare G, Sorkun K. CHEMICAL PROFILE AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF IMPORTANT HONEY PLANTS THYMUS NUMMULARIUS M. BIEB. AND VACCINIUM MYRTILLUS L. U. Arı. D.-U. Bee J. 2025;25(1):32-4.
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