Abstract
Yangın kaynaklı afetlerin tarihi yapılara verdiği zarar fiziksel hasarın yanı sıra kültürel miras kaybı gibi telafisi güç sonuçlar doğurabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, yangının tarihi yapı taşları üzerindeki etkileri laboratuvar ortamında incelenmiş, yangından zarar gören yapılara uygun restorasyon malzemelerinin seçimi için veriler elde edilmiştir. Eurocode 1 (2011) standartlarına uygun olarak 680 °C'ye kadar ısıtılmış dört farklı doğal yapı taşının kuru yoğunluk, özgül ağırlık, tek eksenli basınç dayanımı ve dolaylı çekme dayanımı gibi fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklerinde meydana gelen değişimler detaylı olarak incelenmiştir. Yapılan deneysel çalışmalar sonucunda, kuru yoğunluk değerlerinde belirgin bir değişim görülmezken, en fazla azalma Rize Andezitinde %6.5 olarak kaydedilmiştir. Özgül ağırlık değeri, yangınla oluşan yeni mineraller nedeniyle en fazla Erzurum Andezitinde %5.5 oranında artış göstermiştir. Trabzon Bazaltında boyuna dalga hızında %62, tek eksenli basınç dayanımında %56 ve dolaylı çekme dayanımında %64 oranında azalma tespit edilmiştir. SEM ile yapılan mikro-yapısal incelemeler, taşlarda oluşan kırıklar ve topaklanmaların bu kayıplara neden olduğunu doğrulamıştır. Isıl işlem sonrası küçük boşlukların kapanması yoğunluğu artırırken, büyük boşluklar ve çatlaklar azaltıcı etkide bulunmuş, bu da yoğunluk değerlerinde büyük bir değişim gözlenmemesine neden olmuştur. Çalışma sonucu elde edilen bulgular, yangın sonrası tarihi yapıların korunması için restorasyon stratejileri geliştirilmesine katkı sağlamaktadır.
Keywords
References
- ASTM, 1994. (American Society for Testing and Materials), Annual Book Of ASTM Srandarts Constuction: Soil and Rock, ASTM Publication.
- Atalar, C., and Ersoy, H. (2021). Yüksek Sıcaklıklara Maruz Kalan Kalkarenitlerin Fiziksel ve Dayanım Özelliklerindeki Değişimin Araştırılması. Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi, 45(1), 29-40.
- Becattini, V., Motmans, T., Zappone, A., Madonna, C., Haselbacher, A., and Steinfeld, A. (2017). Experimental investigation of the thermal and mechanical stability of rocks for high-temperature thermal-energy storage. Applied Energy, 203, 373-389.
- Chaki, S., Takarli, M., and Agbodjan, W. P. (2008). Influence of thermal damage on physical properties of a granite rock: porosity, permeability and ultrasonic wave evolutions. Construction and Building Materials, 22(7), 1456-1461.
- Chakrabarti, B., Yates, T., and Lewry, A. (1996). Effect of fire damage on natural stonework in buildings. Construction and Building Materials, 10(7), 539-544.
- Chen, Y. L., Ni, J., Shao, W., and Azzam, R. (2012). Experimental study on the influence of temperature on the mechanical properties of granite under uni-axial compression and fatigue loading. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 56, 62-66.
- Ersoy, H., Kolaylı, H., Karahan, M., Harputlu Karahan, H., and Sünnetci, M. O. (2019). Effect of thermal damage on mineralogical and strength properties of basic volcanic rocks exposed to high temperatures. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 78, 1515-1525.
- Eurocode, 2011. Eurocode 1: Actions on structures exposed to fire.
- Georgali, B., & Tsakiridis, P. E. (2005). Microstructure of fire-damaged concrete. A case study. Cement and Concrete composites, 27(2), 255-259.
- Horszczaruk, E., Sikora, P., Cendrowski, K., & Mijowska, E. (2017). The effect of elevated temperature on the properties of cement mortars containing nanosilica and heavyweight aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, 137, 420-431.
- Kılıç, A., 2010a, Ateşi Tutan Eller-Ateş Kahramanları, Teknik Yayıncılık Grubu, İstanbul, p. 93-144.
- Kılıç, Ö. (2006). The influence of high temperatures on limestone P-wave velocity and Schmidt hammer strength. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 43(6), 980-986.
- Koçak, Y. (2013). Yığma duvarlarda kayma dayanımının artırılması amacı ile farklı bağlantı elemanı uygulamaları. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Aksaray Üniversitesi, Aksaray.
- Kültür Envanteri, (2024). “Ayasofya Camii, Trabzon”. Erişim adresi: https://kulturenvanteri.com/yer/?p=4484.
- Kültür Envanteri, (2024). “Emirler Camii, Gümüşhane”. Erişim adresi: https://kulturenvanteri.com/yer/?p=225902.
- Kültür Envanteri. (2024). “Musapaşa Camii, Ortahisar”. Erişim adresi: https://kulturenvanteri.com/yer/?p=13959.
- Narmanlı, F. (2021). Giresun Merkez Camilerinden Tezyinat Örnekleri (Kale, Kapu ve Hacı Mittat Camileri). İdrak Dini Araştırmalar Dergisi, 1(1), 147-172.
- Ozguven, A., and Ozcelik, Y. (2013). Investigation of some property changes of natural building stones exposed to fire and high heat. Construction and Building Materials, 38, 813-821.
- Pachta, V., Triantafyllaki, S., & Stefanidou, M. (2018). Performance of lime-based mortars at elevated temperatures. Construction and Building Materials, 189, 576-584.
- Stefanidou, M., Pachta, V., Konopissi, S., Karkadelidou, F., & Papayianni, I. (2014). Analysis and characterization of hydraulic mortars from ancient cisterns and baths in Greece. Materials and structures, 47, 571-580.
- Sun, Q., Lü, C., Cao, L., Li, W., Geng, J., and Zhang, W. (2016). Thermal properties of sandstone after treatment at high temperature. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 85, 60-66.
- Van Hees, R. P. J., Binda, L., Papayianni, I., & Toumbakari, E. (2004). Characterisation and damage analysis of old mortars. Materials and structures, 37(9), 644-648.
- Zhang, W., Sun, Q., Hao, S., and Wang, B. (2016). Experimental study on the thermal damage characteristics of limestone and underlying mechanism. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 49, 2999-3008.
Abstract
Fire-related disasters can cause irreparable consequences beyond physical damage, such as the loss of cultural heritage. In this study, the effects of fire on historical building stones were investigated under laboratory conditions, and data were obtained to select appropriate restoration materials for firedamaged structures. The physical and mechanical changes in four different types of natural building stones, heated up to 680 °C in accordance with Eurocode 1 (2011) standards, were thoroughly examined in terms of dry density, specific gravity, uniaxial compressive strength, and indirect tensile strength. Experimental results showed no significant change in dry density values, with the highest decrease recorded in Rize Andesite at 6.5%. Due to the formation of new minerals induced by fire, specific gravity exhibited the highest increase of 5.5% in Erzurum Andesite. In Trabzon Basalt, reductions of 62% in longitudinal wave velocity, 56% in uniaxial compressive strength, and 64% in indirect tensile strength were observed. Microstructural analyses using SEM confirmed that fractures and agglomerations in the stones contributed to these losses. While the closure of small voids after thermal treatment increased density, larger voids and cracks had a diminishing effect, leading to minimal overall changes in density values. The findings of this study contribute to the development of restoration strategies for the preservation of historical structures affected by fire.
Keywords
References
- ASTM, 1994. (American Society for Testing and Materials), Annual Book Of ASTM Srandarts Constuction: Soil and Rock, ASTM Publication.
- Atalar, C., and Ersoy, H. (2021). Yüksek Sıcaklıklara Maruz Kalan Kalkarenitlerin Fiziksel ve Dayanım Özelliklerindeki Değişimin Araştırılması. Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi, 45(1), 29-40.
- Becattini, V., Motmans, T., Zappone, A., Madonna, C., Haselbacher, A., and Steinfeld, A. (2017). Experimental investigation of the thermal and mechanical stability of rocks for high-temperature thermal-energy storage. Applied Energy, 203, 373-389.
- Chaki, S., Takarli, M., and Agbodjan, W. P. (2008). Influence of thermal damage on physical properties of a granite rock: porosity, permeability and ultrasonic wave evolutions. Construction and Building Materials, 22(7), 1456-1461.
- Chakrabarti, B., Yates, T., and Lewry, A. (1996). Effect of fire damage on natural stonework in buildings. Construction and Building Materials, 10(7), 539-544.
- Chen, Y. L., Ni, J., Shao, W., and Azzam, R. (2012). Experimental study on the influence of temperature on the mechanical properties of granite under uni-axial compression and fatigue loading. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 56, 62-66.
- Ersoy, H., Kolaylı, H., Karahan, M., Harputlu Karahan, H., and Sünnetci, M. O. (2019). Effect of thermal damage on mineralogical and strength properties of basic volcanic rocks exposed to high temperatures. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 78, 1515-1525.
- Eurocode, 2011. Eurocode 1: Actions on structures exposed to fire.
- Georgali, B., & Tsakiridis, P. E. (2005). Microstructure of fire-damaged concrete. A case study. Cement and Concrete composites, 27(2), 255-259.
- Horszczaruk, E., Sikora, P., Cendrowski, K., & Mijowska, E. (2017). The effect of elevated temperature on the properties of cement mortars containing nanosilica and heavyweight aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, 137, 420-431.
- Kılıç, A., 2010a, Ateşi Tutan Eller-Ateş Kahramanları, Teknik Yayıncılık Grubu, İstanbul, p. 93-144.
- Kılıç, Ö. (2006). The influence of high temperatures on limestone P-wave velocity and Schmidt hammer strength. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 43(6), 980-986.
- Koçak, Y. (2013). Yığma duvarlarda kayma dayanımının artırılması amacı ile farklı bağlantı elemanı uygulamaları. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Aksaray Üniversitesi, Aksaray.
- Kültür Envanteri, (2024). “Ayasofya Camii, Trabzon”. Erişim adresi: https://kulturenvanteri.com/yer/?p=4484.
- Kültür Envanteri, (2024). “Emirler Camii, Gümüşhane”. Erişim adresi: https://kulturenvanteri.com/yer/?p=225902.
- Kültür Envanteri. (2024). “Musapaşa Camii, Ortahisar”. Erişim adresi: https://kulturenvanteri.com/yer/?p=13959.
- Narmanlı, F. (2021). Giresun Merkez Camilerinden Tezyinat Örnekleri (Kale, Kapu ve Hacı Mittat Camileri). İdrak Dini Araştırmalar Dergisi, 1(1), 147-172.
- Ozguven, A., and Ozcelik, Y. (2013). Investigation of some property changes of natural building stones exposed to fire and high heat. Construction and Building Materials, 38, 813-821.
- Pachta, V., Triantafyllaki, S., & Stefanidou, M. (2018). Performance of lime-based mortars at elevated temperatures. Construction and Building Materials, 189, 576-584.
- Stefanidou, M., Pachta, V., Konopissi, S., Karkadelidou, F., & Papayianni, I. (2014). Analysis and characterization of hydraulic mortars from ancient cisterns and baths in Greece. Materials and structures, 47, 571-580.
- Sun, Q., Lü, C., Cao, L., Li, W., Geng, J., and Zhang, W. (2016). Thermal properties of sandstone after treatment at high temperature. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 85, 60-66.
- Van Hees, R. P. J., Binda, L., Papayianni, I., & Toumbakari, E. (2004). Characterisation and damage analysis of old mortars. Materials and structures, 37(9), 644-648.
- Zhang, W., Sun, Q., Hao, S., and Wang, B. (2016). Experimental study on the thermal damage characteristics of limestone and underlying mechanism. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 49, 2999-3008.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Civil Engineering (Other) |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | July 30, 2025 |
| Publication Date | August 20, 2025 |
| Submission Date | March 12, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | May 25, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 30 Issue: 2 |
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