Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Türkiye'nin Çevresel Dirençliliğinin Değerlendirilmesi: İklim Adaptasyonu ve Sürdürülebilirlik Üzerine Çok Kriterli Analiz

Year 2025, Volume: 59 Issue: 2, 415 - 430, 16.04.2025

Salih Özdemir , Nimet Elmacıoğlu

https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1572483

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’nin 2007-2019 dönemi çevresel dirençliliğini değerlendirerek ülkenin iklim zorluklarına karşı direnç ve uyum kapasitesini incelemek ve sürdürülebilir iklim politikalarına katkı sağlamaktır.
Yöntem: Çalışmada Türkiye’nin çevresel dirençliliğini değerlendirmek için EUROSTAT’dan elde edilen çevresel dirençlilik göstergeleri, Çok Kriterli Karar Verme (ÇKKV) yöntemlerinden veri odaklı MEREC ve COPRAS ile analiz edilmektedir. Ayrıca analizin tutarlılığını sağlamak amacıyla karşılaştırmalı analiz ve Borda yöntemi gerçekleştirilmektedir.
Bulgular: Analiz sonucunda elde edilen bulgulara göre Türkiye'nin çevresel dirençliliğinin belirleyici göstergeleri olarak ana biyolojik çeşitlilik alanları, enerji verimliliği ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının payı kriterleri belirlenmiştir. Performans sıralamaları dikkate alındığında ise Türkiye’nin çevresel dirençliliği son yıllarda iyileşme göstermiştir.
Özgünlük: Bu çalışma, Türkiye'nin çevresel dirençliliğine ilişkin kapsamlı bir genel bakış sunarak hem güçlü hem de zayıf yönlerini vurgulamaktadır. Bu bulgular, politika yapıcılar için Türkiye'nin çevresel dirençliliğini artırmayı hedefleyen müdahalelerin geliştirilmesine yönelik değerli bilgiler sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca çevresel dirençlilik yaklaşımının benimsemesi ülkenin iklim değişikliğini ele alan sürdürülebilir kalkınma politikalarını şekillendirmesine olanak tanımaktadır.

Keywords

Çevresel Dirençlilik MEREC COPRAS İklim Değişikliği Türkiye

References

  • Avrupa Komisyonu. (2024a). “Strategic Foresight”, https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/strategic-planning_en, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2024).
  • Avrupa Komisyonu. (2024b). “Share of Renewable Energy in Gross Final Energy Consumption”, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/sdg_07_40_esmsip2.htm, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2024).
  • Batty, M. (2008). “The Size, Scale, and Shape of Cities”, Science, 319(5864), 769-771. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1151419
  • Borden, K.A., Schmidtlein, M.C., Emrich, C.T., Piegorsch, W.W. ve Cutter, S.L. (2007). “Vulnerability of US Cities to Environmental Hazards”, Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 4(2), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.2202/1547-7355.1279
  • Chadha, R.K., Papadopoulos, G.A. ve Karanci, A.N. (2007). “Disasters Due to Natural Hazards”, Natural Hazards, 40(3), 501-502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-006-9010-4
  • Connolly, J.J. (2019). “From Jacobs to the Just City: A Foundation for Challenging the Green Planning Orthodoxy”, Cities, 91, 64-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.05.011
  • Değirmenci, R., Akşan, G.N., Hadımlıoğlu, S. ve Yılmaz, B. (2022). “İklim Değişikliğine Karşı Dirençli Kent/Şehir Uygulamaları: Denizli Örneği”, Çevre Şehir ve İklim Dergisi, 1(2), 203-224.
  • Dudley, N. (2024). “Protected Areas Helping Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals”, https://www.protectedplanet.net/en/news-and-stories/protected-areas-helping-achieve-the-sustainable-development-goals, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2024).
  • Dünya Bankası. (2022). “Country Climate and Development Report”, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/80bdfcf8-73b1-42b3-b107- 1629f64a1f0c/content, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2024).
  • Dünya Bankası. (2024). “Climate Change Action Plan 2021-2025”, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/ee8a5cd7-ed72-542d-918b-d72e07f96c79, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2024).
  • Giulia, D. (2023). “Implementing Urban Resilience in Urban Planning: A Comprehensive Framework for Urban Resilience Evaluation”, Sustainable Cities and Society, 104821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.104821
  • Guitouni, A. ve Martel, J. M. (1998). “Tentative Guidelines to Help Choosing An Appropriate MCDA Method”, European Journal of Operational Research, 109(2), 501-521. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(98)00073-3
  • Hannah, L. (2008). “Protected Areas and Climate Change”, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1134(1), 201-212. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1439.009
  • IEA (International Energy Agency), (2021). “Turkey 2021, IEA, Paris”, https://www.iea.org/reports/turkey-2021, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.07.2024).
  • IEA (International Energy Agency), (2024a). “Climate Resilience Policy”, https://www.iea.org/articles/turkiye-climate-resilience-policy-indicator, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2024).
  • IEA (International Energy Agency), (2024b). “Energy System of Türkiye”, https://www.iea.org/countries/turkiye, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.07.2024).
  • IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), (2022). “Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation And Vulnerability”, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2024).
  • Karahan, M., Yıldırım, Z. ve Yıldırım, T. (2025). “Comparative Analysis of Turkey’s Environmental Performance with Eastern European Countries According to International EPI 2022 Data”, Green Technologies and Sustainability, 3(1), 100116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.grets.2024.100116
  • Keshavarz-Ghorabaee, M., Amiri, M., Zavadskas, E. K., Turskis, Z. ve Antucheviciene, J. (2021). “Determination of Objective Weights Using A New Method Based on the Removal Effects of Criteria (MEREC)”, Symmetry, 13(4), 525. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13040525
  • Lee, H.C. ve Chang, C.T. (2018). “Comparative Analysis of MCDM Methods for Ranking Renewable Energy Sources in Taiwan”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 92, 883-896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.05.007
  • Li, D., Yang, W. ve Huang, R. (2023). “The Multidimensional Differences and Driving Forces of Ecological Environment Resilience in China”, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 98, 106954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2022.106954
  • Liu, L., Lei, Y., Zhuang, M. ve Ding, S. (2022). “The Impact of Climate Change on Urban Resilience in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region”, Science of the Total Environment, 827, 154157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154157
  • Mayunga, J.S. (2007). “Understanding and Applying the Concept of Community Disaster Resilience: A Capital-Based Approach”, Summer Academy for Social Vulnerability and Resilience Building, 1(1), 1-16.
  • Moghim, S. ve Garna, R. K. (2019). “Countries' Classification by Environmental Resilience”, Journal of Environmental Management, 230, 345-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.090
  • Mohanrasu, S. S., Janani, K. ve Rakkiyappan, R. (2024). “A COPRAS-based Approach to Multi-Label Feature Selection for Text Classification”, Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 222, 3-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matcom.2023.07.022
  • Osman, T. (2021). “A Framework for Cities and Environmental Resilience Assessment of Local Governments”, Cities, 118, 103372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103372
  • Ozdemir, S. (2024). “Unveiling Environmental Resilience: A Data-Driven Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach”, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 108, 107607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2024.107607
  • Roy, B. ve Słowiński, R. (2013). “Questions Guiding the Choice of A Multicriteria Decision Aiding Method”, EURO Journal on Decision Processes, 1(1-2), 69-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40070-013-0004-7
  • Sadler, A., Ranger, N., Fankhauser, S., Marotta, F. ve O’Callaghan, B. (2024). “The Impact of COVID-19 Fiscal Spending on Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience”, Nature Sustainability, 7(3), 270-281. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-024-01269-y
  • Scafetta, N. (2024). “Impacts and Risks of “Realistic” Global Warming Projections for the 21st Century”, Geoscience Frontiers, 15(2), 101774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2023.101774
  • Şen, Ö.L. (2013). “A Holistic View of Climate Change and Its Impacts in Turkey”, https://ipc.sabanciuniv.edu/Content/Images/CKeditorImages/20200327-01035961.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2024).
  • Seriño, M.N.V. (2018). “Diversification of Nonhydro Renewable Energy Sources in Developing Countries”, Energy, Ecology and Environment, 3(6), 317-329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-018-0106-y
  • Sharifi, A. (2016). “A Critical Review of Selected Tools for Assessing Community Resilience”, Ecological Indicators, 69, 629-647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.05.023 UCAR (University Corporation for Atmospheric Research), (2024). “Predictions of Future Global Climate”, https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/climate-change-impacts/predictions-future-global-climate, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2024).
  • UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change), (2023). “Adaptation and Resilience. United Nations Climate Change”, https://unfccc.int/topics/adaptation-and-resilience/the-big-picture/introduction, (Erişim Tarihi: 09.04.2024).
  • Wang, J.J., Jing, Y.Y., Zhang, C.F. ve Zhao, J.H. (2009). “Review on Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Aid in Sustainable Energy Decision-Making”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(9), 2263-2278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.06.021
  • Wang, L. ve Li, G. (2024). “The Impact of Sustainable Development Planning on Urban Ecological Resilience in Resource-Based Cities: Evidence from China”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(8), 12245-12256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-31847-8
  • Wu, W.W. (2011). “Beyond Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Ranking Using DEA, GST, ANN and Borda Count”, Expert Systems with Applications, 38(10), 12974-12982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2011.04.096
  • Zavadskas, E.K. ve Podvezko, V. (2016). “Integrated Determination of Objective Criteria Weights in MCDM”, International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making, 15(02), 267-283. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219622016500036
  • Zavadskas, E.K. ve Turskis, Z. (2011). “Mangultiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) Methods in Economics: An Overview”, Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 17(2), 397-427. https://doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2011.593291
  • Zavadskas, E.K., Kaklauskas, A. ve Šarka, V. (1994). “The New Method of Multicriteria Complex Proportional Assessment of Projects”, Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 1(3), 131-139.
  • Zhu, S., Li, D. ve Feng, H. (2019). “Is Smart City Resilient? Evidence from China”, Sustainable Cities and Society, 50, 101636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101636
  • Zurek, M., Ingram, J., Sanderson Bellamy, A., Goold, C., Lyon, C., Alexander, P., Barnes, A., Bebber, D.P., Breeze, T.D., Bruce, A., Collins, L.M., Davies, J., Dıherty, B., Ensor, J., Franco, S.C., Gatto, A., Hess, T., Lamprinopoulou, C., Liu, L., Merkle, M., Norton, L., Oliver, T., Ollerton, J., Potts, S., Reed, M.S.., Sutcliffe, C. ve Withers, P. J. (2022). “Food System Resilience: Concepts, Issues, and Challenges”, Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 47(1), 511-534. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-112320-050744

Assessing Türkiye's Environmental Resilience: A Multi-Criteria Analysis on Climate Adaptation and Sustainability

Year 2025, Volume: 59 Issue: 2, 415 - 430, 16.04.2025

Salih Özdemir , Nimet Elmacıoğlu

https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1572483

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of this study is to assess Türkiye's environmental resilience over the period 2007-2019, providing insights into the country's capacity to withstand and adapt to climate challenges, and to contribute to the development of sustainable climate policies.
Methodology: In this study, environmental resilience indicators obtained from EUROSTAT are analyzed using data-driven MEREC and COPRAS, which are among the Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) methods, to assess Türkiye’s environmental resilience. Additionally, a comparative analysis and the Borda method are employed to ensure the consistency of the analysis.
Findings: The findings of the analysis indicate that key biodiversity areas, energy efficiency, and the share of renewable energy sources have been identified as the primary indicators of Türkiye's environmental resilience. Performance rankings reveal that Türkiye's environmental resilience has shown improvement in recent years.
Originality: This study provides a comprehensive overview of Türkiye's environmental resilience, highlighting both its strengths and weaknesses. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers in developing interventions aimed at enhancing Türkiye's environmental resilience. Furthermore, the adoption of an environmental resilience approach enables the country to shape sustainable development policies that address climate change.

Keywords

Environmental Resilience MEREC COPRAS Climate Change Türkiye

References

  • Avrupa Komisyonu. (2024a). “Strategic Foresight”, https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/strategic-planning_en, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2024).
  • Avrupa Komisyonu. (2024b). “Share of Renewable Energy in Gross Final Energy Consumption”, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/metadata/en/sdg_07_40_esmsip2.htm, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2024).
  • Batty, M. (2008). “The Size, Scale, and Shape of Cities”, Science, 319(5864), 769-771. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1151419
  • Borden, K.A., Schmidtlein, M.C., Emrich, C.T., Piegorsch, W.W. ve Cutter, S.L. (2007). “Vulnerability of US Cities to Environmental Hazards”, Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 4(2), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.2202/1547-7355.1279
  • Chadha, R.K., Papadopoulos, G.A. ve Karanci, A.N. (2007). “Disasters Due to Natural Hazards”, Natural Hazards, 40(3), 501-502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-006-9010-4
  • Connolly, J.J. (2019). “From Jacobs to the Just City: A Foundation for Challenging the Green Planning Orthodoxy”, Cities, 91, 64-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.05.011
  • Değirmenci, R., Akşan, G.N., Hadımlıoğlu, S. ve Yılmaz, B. (2022). “İklim Değişikliğine Karşı Dirençli Kent/Şehir Uygulamaları: Denizli Örneği”, Çevre Şehir ve İklim Dergisi, 1(2), 203-224.
  • Dudley, N. (2024). “Protected Areas Helping Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals”, https://www.protectedplanet.net/en/news-and-stories/protected-areas-helping-achieve-the-sustainable-development-goals, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2024).
  • Dünya Bankası. (2022). “Country Climate and Development Report”, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/80bdfcf8-73b1-42b3-b107- 1629f64a1f0c/content, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2024).
  • Dünya Bankası. (2024). “Climate Change Action Plan 2021-2025”, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/ee8a5cd7-ed72-542d-918b-d72e07f96c79, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2024).
  • Giulia, D. (2023). “Implementing Urban Resilience in Urban Planning: A Comprehensive Framework for Urban Resilience Evaluation”, Sustainable Cities and Society, 104821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.104821
  • Guitouni, A. ve Martel, J. M. (1998). “Tentative Guidelines to Help Choosing An Appropriate MCDA Method”, European Journal of Operational Research, 109(2), 501-521. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(98)00073-3
  • Hannah, L. (2008). “Protected Areas and Climate Change”, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1134(1), 201-212. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1439.009
  • IEA (International Energy Agency), (2021). “Turkey 2021, IEA, Paris”, https://www.iea.org/reports/turkey-2021, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.07.2024).
  • IEA (International Energy Agency), (2024a). “Climate Resilience Policy”, https://www.iea.org/articles/turkiye-climate-resilience-policy-indicator, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2024).
  • IEA (International Energy Agency), (2024b). “Energy System of Türkiye”, https://www.iea.org/countries/turkiye, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.07.2024).
  • IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), (2022). “Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation And Vulnerability”, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2024).
  • Karahan, M., Yıldırım, Z. ve Yıldırım, T. (2025). “Comparative Analysis of Turkey’s Environmental Performance with Eastern European Countries According to International EPI 2022 Data”, Green Technologies and Sustainability, 3(1), 100116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.grets.2024.100116
  • Keshavarz-Ghorabaee, M., Amiri, M., Zavadskas, E. K., Turskis, Z. ve Antucheviciene, J. (2021). “Determination of Objective Weights Using A New Method Based on the Removal Effects of Criteria (MEREC)”, Symmetry, 13(4), 525. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13040525
  • Lee, H.C. ve Chang, C.T. (2018). “Comparative Analysis of MCDM Methods for Ranking Renewable Energy Sources in Taiwan”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 92, 883-896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.05.007
  • Li, D., Yang, W. ve Huang, R. (2023). “The Multidimensional Differences and Driving Forces of Ecological Environment Resilience in China”, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 98, 106954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2022.106954
  • Liu, L., Lei, Y., Zhuang, M. ve Ding, S. (2022). “The Impact of Climate Change on Urban Resilience in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region”, Science of the Total Environment, 827, 154157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154157
  • Mayunga, J.S. (2007). “Understanding and Applying the Concept of Community Disaster Resilience: A Capital-Based Approach”, Summer Academy for Social Vulnerability and Resilience Building, 1(1), 1-16.
  • Moghim, S. ve Garna, R. K. (2019). “Countries' Classification by Environmental Resilience”, Journal of Environmental Management, 230, 345-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.090
  • Mohanrasu, S. S., Janani, K. ve Rakkiyappan, R. (2024). “A COPRAS-based Approach to Multi-Label Feature Selection for Text Classification”, Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 222, 3-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matcom.2023.07.022
  • Osman, T. (2021). “A Framework for Cities and Environmental Resilience Assessment of Local Governments”, Cities, 118, 103372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103372
  • Ozdemir, S. (2024). “Unveiling Environmental Resilience: A Data-Driven Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach”, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 108, 107607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2024.107607
  • Roy, B. ve Słowiński, R. (2013). “Questions Guiding the Choice of A Multicriteria Decision Aiding Method”, EURO Journal on Decision Processes, 1(1-2), 69-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40070-013-0004-7
  • Sadler, A., Ranger, N., Fankhauser, S., Marotta, F. ve O’Callaghan, B. (2024). “The Impact of COVID-19 Fiscal Spending on Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience”, Nature Sustainability, 7(3), 270-281. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-024-01269-y
  • Scafetta, N. (2024). “Impacts and Risks of “Realistic” Global Warming Projections for the 21st Century”, Geoscience Frontiers, 15(2), 101774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2023.101774
  • Şen, Ö.L. (2013). “A Holistic View of Climate Change and Its Impacts in Turkey”, https://ipc.sabanciuniv.edu/Content/Images/CKeditorImages/20200327-01035961.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2024).
  • Seriño, M.N.V. (2018). “Diversification of Nonhydro Renewable Energy Sources in Developing Countries”, Energy, Ecology and Environment, 3(6), 317-329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-018-0106-y
  • Sharifi, A. (2016). “A Critical Review of Selected Tools for Assessing Community Resilience”, Ecological Indicators, 69, 629-647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.05.023 UCAR (University Corporation for Atmospheric Research), (2024). “Predictions of Future Global Climate”, https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/climate-change-impacts/predictions-future-global-climate, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.04.2024).
  • UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change), (2023). “Adaptation and Resilience. United Nations Climate Change”, https://unfccc.int/topics/adaptation-and-resilience/the-big-picture/introduction, (Erişim Tarihi: 09.04.2024).
  • Wang, J.J., Jing, Y.Y., Zhang, C.F. ve Zhao, J.H. (2009). “Review on Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Aid in Sustainable Energy Decision-Making”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(9), 2263-2278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.06.021
  • Wang, L. ve Li, G. (2024). “The Impact of Sustainable Development Planning on Urban Ecological Resilience in Resource-Based Cities: Evidence from China”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(8), 12245-12256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-31847-8
  • Wu, W.W. (2011). “Beyond Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Ranking Using DEA, GST, ANN and Borda Count”, Expert Systems with Applications, 38(10), 12974-12982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2011.04.096
  • Zavadskas, E.K. ve Podvezko, V. (2016). “Integrated Determination of Objective Criteria Weights in MCDM”, International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making, 15(02), 267-283. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219622016500036
  • Zavadskas, E.K. ve Turskis, Z. (2011). “Mangultiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) Methods in Economics: An Overview”, Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 17(2), 397-427. https://doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2011.593291
  • Zavadskas, E.K., Kaklauskas, A. ve Šarka, V. (1994). “The New Method of Multicriteria Complex Proportional Assessment of Projects”, Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 1(3), 131-139.
  • Zhu, S., Li, D. ve Feng, H. (2019). “Is Smart City Resilient? Evidence from China”, Sustainable Cities and Society, 50, 101636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101636
  • Zurek, M., Ingram, J., Sanderson Bellamy, A., Goold, C., Lyon, C., Alexander, P., Barnes, A., Bebber, D.P., Breeze, T.D., Bruce, A., Collins, L.M., Davies, J., Dıherty, B., Ensor, J., Franco, S.C., Gatto, A., Hess, T., Lamprinopoulou, C., Liu, L., Merkle, M., Norton, L., Oliver, T., Ollerton, J., Potts, S., Reed, M.S.., Sutcliffe, C. ve Withers, P. J. (2022). “Food System Resilience: Concepts, Issues, and Challenges”, Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 47(1), 511-534. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-112320-050744
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sustainable Development, Multiple Criteria Decision Making
Journal Section Araştırma Makalesi
Authors

Salih Özdemir 0000-0002-9583-4379

Nimet Elmacıoğlu 0000-0003-0008-5182

Publication Date April 16, 2025
Submission Date October 23, 2024
Acceptance Date March 18, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 59 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Özdemir, S., & Elmacıoğlu, N. (2025). Türkiye’nin Çevresel Dirençliliğinin Değerlendirilmesi: İklim Adaptasyonu ve Sürdürülebilirlik Üzerine Çok Kriterli Analiz. Verimlilik Dergisi, 59(2), 415-430. https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1572483
 Download Cover Image

23139       23140          29293

22408 Journal of Productivity is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0)