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Veteriner doğum ve jinekoloji araştırmalarında kullanılan moleküler analizler için doku örnekleme, saklama ve taşıma yöntemleri

Year 2025, Volume: 96 Issue: 2, 153 - 164, 15.06.2025

Muhammed Albayrak , Ali Reha Ağaoğlu

https://doi.org/10.33188/vetheder.1640923

Abstract

Veteriner doğum ve jinekoloji alanında yapılan moleküler çalışmalar hem temel hem de klinik bilimler açısından büyük bir öneme sahiptir. Bu alanda gerçekleştirilen araştırmalar, fizyolojik süreçlerin moleküler mekanizmalarını aydınlatmak bakımından önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Yapılan bu çalışmaların başarısı, doku örneklerinin doğru bir şekilde ve araştırma hipotezine uygun olan fonksiyonel organ bölümünden alınması, muhafazası ve laboratuvara ulaştırılmasına bağlıdır. Alınan doku örneklerinin zarar görmeden muhafaza edilmesi ileride yapılacak olan moleküler analizlerin güvenilirliğini artırmakta ve elde edilen sonuçların doğruluğunu sağlamada belirleyici bir etken olmaktadır. Bu derlemede, veteriner doğum ve jinekoloji alanındaki moleküler çalışmalar için doku örneği alma yöntemleri, dokuların muhafaza yöntemleri, bu örneklerin laboratuvara ulaştırılması sürecine ilişkin bilgiler verilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca, bu süreçte örnek toplama ve taşıma aşamalarında karşılaşılan zorluklar, örneklerin taşınması sırasında dikkat edilmesi gereken hususlar ve laboratuvar sonuçlarının doğruluğunu sağlamak için alınması gereken önlemler de ele alınmıştır. Sonuç olarak bu makalede, araştırmaların kalitesi ve elde edilecek verilerin doğruluğu için örnek toplama, muhafaza ve taşınma protokollerinin titizlikle uygulanması gerekliliği üzerinde durulmuştur.

Keywords

DNA RNA Doku örnekleme Doku saklama

References

  • Holtgrew-Bohling KJ. Laboratory Manual for Laboratory Procedures for Veterinary Technicians [E-Book]. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2024.
  • Abed FM, Dark MJ. Determining the utility of veterinary tissue archives for retrospective DNA analysis. PeerJ. 2016;4:e1996.
  • Nicoletti A, Pregel P, Starvaggi Cucuzza L, Cannizzo FT, Sereno A, Scaglione FE. Coping with tissue sampling in suboptimal conditions: comparison of different tissue preservation methods for histological and molecular analysis. Animals. 2021;11(3):649.
  • Khandoker MAMY, Atiqah NF, Ariani N. Effect of ovarian types and collection techniques on the number of follicles and the quality of cumulus-oocyte-complexes in cow. Bangladesh J Anim Sci. 2016;45(3):10-16.
  • Langbeen A, Jorssen EPA, Fransen E, Rodriguez APA, García MC, Leroy JLMR, et al. Characterization of freshly retrieved preantral follicles using a low-invasive, mechanical isolation method extended to different ruminant species. Zygote. 2015;23(5):683-94.
  • Sun B, Yeh J. Non-invasive and mechanism-based molecular assessment of endometrial receptivity during the window of implantation: current concepts and future prospective testing directions. Front Reprod Health. 2022;4:863173.
  • Fagundes NS, Rezende AL, Alvarenga PB, Magalhães LQ, Santos RM, Headley SA, et al. Proinflammatory gene expression relative to the collection technique of endometrial samples from cows with and without subclinical endometritis. J Dairy Sci. 2019;102(6):5511-7.
  • Niribili R, Jeyakumar S, Kumaresan A, Lavanya M, Sinha MK, Kausik M, et al. Prolonged follicular dominance is associated with dysregulated proteomic profile of the follicular fluid in Bos indicus cows. Theriogenology. 2024;213:34-42.
  • Seneda MM, Zangirolamo AF, Bergamo LZ, Morotti F. Follicular wave synchronization prior to ovum pick-up. Theriogenology. 2020;150:180-5.
  • Haziroglu R, Yardimci B, Aslan S, Yildirim MZ, Yumusak N, Beceriklisoy H, et al. Cytological evaluation of canine mammary tumours with fine needle aspiration biopsy technique. Rev Med Vet. 2010;5:212-8.
  • Sailasuta A, Ketpun D, Piyaviriyakul P, Theerawatanasirikul S, Theewasutrakul P, Rungsipipat A. The relevance of CD117-immunocytochemistry staining patterns to mutational exon-11 in c-kit detected by PCR from fine-needle aspirated canine mast cell tumor cells. Vet Med Int. 2014;2014:787498.
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  • Heil BA, Van Heule M, Thompson SK, Kearns TA, Oberhaus EL, King G, et al. Effect of sampling method on detection of the equine uterine microbiome during estrus. Vet Sci. 2023;10(11):644.
  • Huang F, Zhang LL, Niu P, Li XP, Wang XY, Wang J, et al. An observation of the microstructure of cervical mucus in cows during the proestrus, estrus, and metestrus stages and the impact on sperm penetration ability. Vet Sci. 2024;11(9):391.
  • Crowley-Nowick PA, Bell MC, Brockwell R, Edwards RP, Chen S, Partridge EE. Rectal immunization for induction of specific antibody in the genital tract of women. J Clin Immunol. 1997;17:370-9.
  • Rohan LC, Edwards RP, Kelly LA, Colenello KA, Bowman FP, Crowley-Nowick PA. Optimization of the weck-cel collection method for quantitation of cytokines in mucosal secretions. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2000;7:45-8.
  • Kasimanickam R, Duffield TF, Foster RA, Gartley CJ, Leslie KE, Walton JS. A comparison of the cytobrush and uterine lavage techniques to evaluate endometrial cytology in clinically normal postpartum dairy cows. Can Vet J. 2005;46:255-9.
  • Itze-Mayrhofer C, Brem G. Quantitative proteomic strategies to study reproduction in farm animals: female reproductive fluids. J Proteomics. 2020;225:103884.
  • De Boer MW, LeBlanc SJ, Dubuc J, Meier S, Heuwieser W, Arlt S. Invited review: systematic review of diagnostic tests for reproductive-tract infection and inflammation in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2014;97:3983-99.
  • Mogheiseh A, Derakhshandeh A, Heidarifar S, Bandariyan E. Direct endoscopic lavage and biopsy sampling and evaluation of uterine microflora in various stages of the canine estrous cycle. Vet Res Forum. 2020;11(1):89.
  • Thornton AE. The role of extracellular vesicles in immunomodulation during bovine pregnancy. 2024.
  • Kennedy AD, Ford L, Wittmann B, Conner J, Wulff J, Mitchell M, et al. Global biochemical analysis of plasma, serum and whole blood collected using various anticoagulant additives. PLoS One. 2021;16(4):e0249797.
  • Singh R, Ghuman SS, Pathak D, Singh N. The impact of intracervical hyaluronidase enzyme on cervical histomorphology in successfully detorted uterine torsion affected buffaloes. Buffalo Bull. 2023;42(3):373-82.
  • Henry RJ, Vaikuntam J, Jones DJ. The influence of midazolam and nitrous oxide on respiratory depression in laboratory rats. Pediatr Dent. 1996;18:281-6.
  • Waxman C, Lind T. Blood sample collection and handling. In: Advanced Monitoring and Procedures for Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care. 2023. p. 699-715.
  • Kusmeirczyk JV, Kling M, Daclam SM. Rats and mice. Exotic Animal Laboratory Diagnosis. 2020;81.
  • Wood RD. Hematology of bovids. In: Schalm's Veterinary Hematology. 2022. p. 1004-11.
  • Wagener K, Gabler C, Drillich M. A review of the ongoing discussion about definition, diagnosis and pathomechanism of subclinical endometritis in dairy cows. Theriogenology. 2017;94:21-30.
  • Bonnett BN, Martin SW, Meek AH. Associations of clinical findings, bacteriological and histological results of endometrial biopsy with reproductive performance of postpartum dairy cows. Prev Vet Med. 1993;15:205-20.
  • Chapwanya A, Meade KG, Narciandi F, Stanley P, Mee J, Doherty ML. Endometrial biopsy: a valuable clinical and research tool in bovine reproduction. Theriogenology. 2010;73:988-94.
  • Rasmussen CD, Haugaard MM, Petersen MR, Nielsen JM, Pedersen HG, Bojesen AM. Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus isolates from equine infectious endometritis belong to a distinct genetic group. Vet Res. 2013;44:1-8.
  • Snider TA, Sepoy C, Holyoak GR. Equine endometrial biopsy reviewed: observation, interpretation, and application of histopathologic data. Theriogenology. 2011;75:1567-81.
  • Ağaoğlu AR, Korkmaz Ağaoğlu Ö, Aslan S, Kocamüftüoğlu M, Köker A, Çetin Y, et al. The effect of presynch-10 and ovsynch on some endometrial toll- and nod-like receptor gene expressions in repeat breeder cows. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2020;26(1):111-20.
  • Köhne M, Diel E, Packeiser EM, Böttcher D, Tönissen A, Unruh C, et al. Analysis of gene and protein expression in the endometrium for validation of an ex vivo model of the equine uterus using PCR, digital and visual histopathology. Theriogenology. 2024;221:38-46.
  • Thavaneetharajah P. Comparison of gene expression levels in embryo, endometrium and corpus luteum of dairy heifers and lactating dairy cows and manipulation of endometrial gene expression in-vitro [dissertation]. University of British Columbia; 2011.
  • Shpigel NY, Adler-Ashkenazy L, Scheinin S, Goshen T, Arazi A, Pasternak Z, et al. Characterization and identification of microbial communities in bovine necrotic vulvovaginitis. Tierarztl Praxis Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere. 2017;45(6):34-9.
  • Gebremedhn S, Gad A, Ishak GM, Menjivar NG, Gastal MO, Feugang JM, et al. Dynamics of extracellular vesicle-coupled microRNAs in equine follicular fluid associated with follicle selection and ovulation. Mol Hum Reprod. 2023;29(4):gaad009.
  • Pakdeesaneha T, Chankow K, Techarungchaikul S, Thongsima T, Kongtia M, Tharasanitt T. Comparison of fine-needle aspiration and core needle biopsy for the pre-operative diagnosis of canine and feline mammary gland tumours. Vet Comp Oncol. 2024;22:566-73.
  • Sontas BH, Yüzbaşıoğlu Öztürk G, Toydemir TFS, Arun SS, Ekici H. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of canine mammary gland tumours: a comparison between cytology and histopathology. Reprod Domest Anim. 2012;47:1225-30.
  • Kurita T, Tsuchiya S, Watarai Y, Yamamato Y, Harada Oİ, Yanagihara K, et al. Roles of fine-needle aspiration and core needle biopsy in the diagnosis of breast cancer. Breast Cancer. 2012;19(1):23-9.
  • Vimpeli SM, Saarenmaa I, Huhtala H, Soimakallio S. Large-core needle biopsy versus fine needle aspiration biopsy in solid breast lesions: comparison of costs and diagnostic value. Acta Radiol. 2008;49(8):863-9.
  • Karveliene B, Zilinskas H, Riskevicience V. Post-mortem examination of sows genital organs culled for reproductive disturbances and immunohistochemical studies on ERα and PR A receptors in the anoestral sows uterus. Reprod Domest Anim. 2007;42(3):275-81.
  • D'haeseleer M. Localization and distribution of estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors in the bovine ovary in relation to the cell dynamics [dissertation]. Ghent University; 2006.
  • Hughes CHK, Inskeep EK, Pate JL. Temporal changes in the corpus luteum during early pregnancy reveal regulation of pathways that enhance steroidogenesis and suppress luteolytic mechanisms. Biol Reprod. 2020;103(1):70-84.
  • Shomer NH, Allen-Worthington KH, Hickman DL, Jonnalagadda M, Newsome JT, Slate AR, et al. Review of rodent euthanasia methods. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2020;59(3):242-53.
  • Ault-Seay TB, Payton RR, Moorey SE, Pohler KG, Schrick FN, Shepherd EA, et al. Endometrial gene expression in response to lipopolysaccharide between estrous cycle phases and uterine horns in cattle. Front Anim Sci. 2022;3:939876.
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Tissue sampling, storage and transport methods for molecular analyses used in veterinary obstetrics and gynecology research

Year 2025, Volume: 96 Issue: 2, 153 - 164, 15.06.2025

Muhammed Albayrak , Ali Reha Ağaoğlu

https://doi.org/10.33188/vetheder.1640923

Abstract

Molecular studies conducted in the field of veterinary obstetrics and gynecology hold significant importance for both basic and clinical sciences. Research in this area plays a crucial role in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying physiological processes. The success of these studies depends on the accurate collection of tissue samples from the functionally relevant sections of organs that align with the research hypothesis, as well as on their proper preservation and timely transportation to the laboratory. Preserving tissue samples without any damage not only enhances the reliability of subsequent molecular analyses but also serves as a key factor in ensuring the accuracy of the results obtained. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the methods employed for tissue sample collection, the techniques used for tissue preservation, and the processes involved in transporting these samples to the laboratory for molecular studies in veterinary obstetrics and gynecology. In addition, the review discusses the challenges encountered during the collection and transportation stages, highlights the critical considerations that must be addressed during sample transfer, and outlines the necessary precautions to ensure the precision of laboratory results. In conclusion, this paper emphasizes the imperative need for the rigorous implementation of protocols regarding sample collection, preservation, and transportation to safeguard the quality of the research and the accuracy of the data produced.

Keywords

DNA RNA Tissue sampling Tissue storage

References

  • Holtgrew-Bohling KJ. Laboratory Manual for Laboratory Procedures for Veterinary Technicians [E-Book]. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2024.
  • Abed FM, Dark MJ. Determining the utility of veterinary tissue archives for retrospective DNA analysis. PeerJ. 2016;4:e1996.
  • Nicoletti A, Pregel P, Starvaggi Cucuzza L, Cannizzo FT, Sereno A, Scaglione FE. Coping with tissue sampling in suboptimal conditions: comparison of different tissue preservation methods for histological and molecular analysis. Animals. 2021;11(3):649.
  • Khandoker MAMY, Atiqah NF, Ariani N. Effect of ovarian types and collection techniques on the number of follicles and the quality of cumulus-oocyte-complexes in cow. Bangladesh J Anim Sci. 2016;45(3):10-16.
  • Langbeen A, Jorssen EPA, Fransen E, Rodriguez APA, García MC, Leroy JLMR, et al. Characterization of freshly retrieved preantral follicles using a low-invasive, mechanical isolation method extended to different ruminant species. Zygote. 2015;23(5):683-94.
  • Sun B, Yeh J. Non-invasive and mechanism-based molecular assessment of endometrial receptivity during the window of implantation: current concepts and future prospective testing directions. Front Reprod Health. 2022;4:863173.
  • Fagundes NS, Rezende AL, Alvarenga PB, Magalhães LQ, Santos RM, Headley SA, et al. Proinflammatory gene expression relative to the collection technique of endometrial samples from cows with and without subclinical endometritis. J Dairy Sci. 2019;102(6):5511-7.
  • Niribili R, Jeyakumar S, Kumaresan A, Lavanya M, Sinha MK, Kausik M, et al. Prolonged follicular dominance is associated with dysregulated proteomic profile of the follicular fluid in Bos indicus cows. Theriogenology. 2024;213:34-42.
  • Seneda MM, Zangirolamo AF, Bergamo LZ, Morotti F. Follicular wave synchronization prior to ovum pick-up. Theriogenology. 2020;150:180-5.
  • Haziroglu R, Yardimci B, Aslan S, Yildirim MZ, Yumusak N, Beceriklisoy H, et al. Cytological evaluation of canine mammary tumours with fine needle aspiration biopsy technique. Rev Med Vet. 2010;5:212-8.
  • Sailasuta A, Ketpun D, Piyaviriyakul P, Theerawatanasirikul S, Theewasutrakul P, Rungsipipat A. The relevance of CD117-immunocytochemistry staining patterns to mutational exon-11 in c-kit detected by PCR from fine-needle aspirated canine mast cell tumor cells. Vet Med Int. 2014;2014:787498.
  • Abdel-Tawab TM. Biochemical and molecular studies on tramadol-mediated pituitary-gonadal axis and ovarian dysfunctions in adult female albino rats. EJZ. 2016;174(4083):1-24.
  • Heil BA, Van Heule M, Thompson SK, Kearns TA, Oberhaus EL, King G, et al. Effect of sampling method on detection of the equine uterine microbiome during estrus. Vet Sci. 2023;10(11):644.
  • Huang F, Zhang LL, Niu P, Li XP, Wang XY, Wang J, et al. An observation of the microstructure of cervical mucus in cows during the proestrus, estrus, and metestrus stages and the impact on sperm penetration ability. Vet Sci. 2024;11(9):391.
  • Crowley-Nowick PA, Bell MC, Brockwell R, Edwards RP, Chen S, Partridge EE. Rectal immunization for induction of specific antibody in the genital tract of women. J Clin Immunol. 1997;17:370-9.
  • Rohan LC, Edwards RP, Kelly LA, Colenello KA, Bowman FP, Crowley-Nowick PA. Optimization of the weck-cel collection method for quantitation of cytokines in mucosal secretions. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2000;7:45-8.
  • Kasimanickam R, Duffield TF, Foster RA, Gartley CJ, Leslie KE, Walton JS. A comparison of the cytobrush and uterine lavage techniques to evaluate endometrial cytology in clinically normal postpartum dairy cows. Can Vet J. 2005;46:255-9.
  • Itze-Mayrhofer C, Brem G. Quantitative proteomic strategies to study reproduction in farm animals: female reproductive fluids. J Proteomics. 2020;225:103884.
  • De Boer MW, LeBlanc SJ, Dubuc J, Meier S, Heuwieser W, Arlt S. Invited review: systematic review of diagnostic tests for reproductive-tract infection and inflammation in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2014;97:3983-99.
  • Mogheiseh A, Derakhshandeh A, Heidarifar S, Bandariyan E. Direct endoscopic lavage and biopsy sampling and evaluation of uterine microflora in various stages of the canine estrous cycle. Vet Res Forum. 2020;11(1):89.
  • Thornton AE. The role of extracellular vesicles in immunomodulation during bovine pregnancy. 2024.
  • Kennedy AD, Ford L, Wittmann B, Conner J, Wulff J, Mitchell M, et al. Global biochemical analysis of plasma, serum and whole blood collected using various anticoagulant additives. PLoS One. 2021;16(4):e0249797.
  • Singh R, Ghuman SS, Pathak D, Singh N. The impact of intracervical hyaluronidase enzyme on cervical histomorphology in successfully detorted uterine torsion affected buffaloes. Buffalo Bull. 2023;42(3):373-82.
  • Henry RJ, Vaikuntam J, Jones DJ. The influence of midazolam and nitrous oxide on respiratory depression in laboratory rats. Pediatr Dent. 1996;18:281-6.
  • Waxman C, Lind T. Blood sample collection and handling. In: Advanced Monitoring and Procedures for Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care. 2023. p. 699-715.
  • Kusmeirczyk JV, Kling M, Daclam SM. Rats and mice. Exotic Animal Laboratory Diagnosis. 2020;81.
  • Wood RD. Hematology of bovids. In: Schalm's Veterinary Hematology. 2022. p. 1004-11.
  • Wagener K, Gabler C, Drillich M. A review of the ongoing discussion about definition, diagnosis and pathomechanism of subclinical endometritis in dairy cows. Theriogenology. 2017;94:21-30.
  • Bonnett BN, Martin SW, Meek AH. Associations of clinical findings, bacteriological and histological results of endometrial biopsy with reproductive performance of postpartum dairy cows. Prev Vet Med. 1993;15:205-20.
  • Chapwanya A, Meade KG, Narciandi F, Stanley P, Mee J, Doherty ML. Endometrial biopsy: a valuable clinical and research tool in bovine reproduction. Theriogenology. 2010;73:988-94.
  • Rasmussen CD, Haugaard MM, Petersen MR, Nielsen JM, Pedersen HG, Bojesen AM. Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus isolates from equine infectious endometritis belong to a distinct genetic group. Vet Res. 2013;44:1-8.
  • Snider TA, Sepoy C, Holyoak GR. Equine endometrial biopsy reviewed: observation, interpretation, and application of histopathologic data. Theriogenology. 2011;75:1567-81.
  • Ağaoğlu AR, Korkmaz Ağaoğlu Ö, Aslan S, Kocamüftüoğlu M, Köker A, Çetin Y, et al. The effect of presynch-10 and ovsynch on some endometrial toll- and nod-like receptor gene expressions in repeat breeder cows. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2020;26(1):111-20.
  • Köhne M, Diel E, Packeiser EM, Böttcher D, Tönissen A, Unruh C, et al. Analysis of gene and protein expression in the endometrium for validation of an ex vivo model of the equine uterus using PCR, digital and visual histopathology. Theriogenology. 2024;221:38-46.
  • Thavaneetharajah P. Comparison of gene expression levels in embryo, endometrium and corpus luteum of dairy heifers and lactating dairy cows and manipulation of endometrial gene expression in-vitro [dissertation]. University of British Columbia; 2011.
  • Shpigel NY, Adler-Ashkenazy L, Scheinin S, Goshen T, Arazi A, Pasternak Z, et al. Characterization and identification of microbial communities in bovine necrotic vulvovaginitis. Tierarztl Praxis Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere. 2017;45(6):34-9.
  • Gebremedhn S, Gad A, Ishak GM, Menjivar NG, Gastal MO, Feugang JM, et al. Dynamics of extracellular vesicle-coupled microRNAs in equine follicular fluid associated with follicle selection and ovulation. Mol Hum Reprod. 2023;29(4):gaad009.
  • Pakdeesaneha T, Chankow K, Techarungchaikul S, Thongsima T, Kongtia M, Tharasanitt T. Comparison of fine-needle aspiration and core needle biopsy for the pre-operative diagnosis of canine and feline mammary gland tumours. Vet Comp Oncol. 2024;22:566-73.
  • Sontas BH, Yüzbaşıoğlu Öztürk G, Toydemir TFS, Arun SS, Ekici H. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of canine mammary gland tumours: a comparison between cytology and histopathology. Reprod Domest Anim. 2012;47:1225-30.
  • Kurita T, Tsuchiya S, Watarai Y, Yamamato Y, Harada Oİ, Yanagihara K, et al. Roles of fine-needle aspiration and core needle biopsy in the diagnosis of breast cancer. Breast Cancer. 2012;19(1):23-9.
  • Vimpeli SM, Saarenmaa I, Huhtala H, Soimakallio S. Large-core needle biopsy versus fine needle aspiration biopsy in solid breast lesions: comparison of costs and diagnostic value. Acta Radiol. 2008;49(8):863-9.
  • Karveliene B, Zilinskas H, Riskevicience V. Post-mortem examination of sows genital organs culled for reproductive disturbances and immunohistochemical studies on ERα and PR A receptors in the anoestral sows uterus. Reprod Domest Anim. 2007;42(3):275-81.
  • D'haeseleer M. Localization and distribution of estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors in the bovine ovary in relation to the cell dynamics [dissertation]. Ghent University; 2006.
  • Hughes CHK, Inskeep EK, Pate JL. Temporal changes in the corpus luteum during early pregnancy reveal regulation of pathways that enhance steroidogenesis and suppress luteolytic mechanisms. Biol Reprod. 2020;103(1):70-84.
  • Shomer NH, Allen-Worthington KH, Hickman DL, Jonnalagadda M, Newsome JT, Slate AR, et al. Review of rodent euthanasia methods. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2020;59(3):242-53.
  • Ault-Seay TB, Payton RR, Moorey SE, Pohler KG, Schrick FN, Shepherd EA, et al. Endometrial gene expression in response to lipopolysaccharide between estrous cycle phases and uterine horns in cattle. Front Anim Sci. 2022;3:939876.
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There are 66 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Veterinary Obstetrics and Gynecology
Journal Section INVITED PAPER / REVIEW
Authors

Muhammed Albayrak 0009-0006-1758-1042

Ali Reha Ağaoğlu 0000-0002-6545-8800

Early Pub Date June 13, 2025
Publication Date June 15, 2025
Submission Date February 16, 2025
Acceptance Date March 19, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 96 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver Albayrak M, Ağaoğlu AR. Veteriner doğum ve jinekoloji araştırmalarında kullanılan moleküler analizler için doku örnekleme, saklama ve taşıma yöntemleri. Vet Hekim Der Derg. 2025;96(2):153-64.
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Veteriner Hekimler Derneği Dergisi (Journal of Turkish Veterinary Medical Society) is an open access publication, and the journal’s publication model is based on Budapest Access Initiative (BOAI) declaration. All published content is licensed under a Creative Commons CC BY-NC 4.0 license, available online and free of charge. Authors retain the copyright of their published work in Veteriner Hekimler Derneği Dergisi (Journal of Turkish Veterinary Medical Society). 

Veteriner Hekimler Derneği / Turkish Veterinary Medical Society