Research Article
Silah Sistemlerinin Yapılar Üzerinde Yarattığı Tahribat ve Aşamalı Göçme Bağlantısı: Belgorod Oblastı Örneği
Abstract
Günümüzde yapılar hizmet ömürleri süresince beklenmedik yüklere maruz kalmaktadırlar. Literatürde aşamalı göçme olarak adlandırılan bu durum son yıllarda araştırmacıların ilgisini çekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, savaş sırasında ateşli silahların yapı üzerindeki etkileri ve bu etkilerin aşamalı göçme ile ilişkisi incelenmiştir. Rusya’nın sınır kenti olan Belgorod Oblastı örneği üzerinden yürütülen araştırmada, farklı türde ateşli silahlar ve mühimmatların konutlar, ticari binalar ve tarihi yapılar üzerindeki yıkıcı etkileri değerlendirildi. Veri toplama aşamasında, günlük olarak elde edilen veriler haftalığa çevrilmiştir. Araştırma, Belgorod bölgesindeki çeşitli köy ve şehirlerdeki yapıların, farklı türde saldırılara maruz kalma sıklığı ve bu saldırıların neden olduğu hasar türleri üzerine ayrıntılı veri sağlamaktadır. Analiz yönteminde, hasarlar yüzeysel hasardan tamamen yıkılmaya kadar sınıflandırılmış ve ateşli silah türleri ile yapı hasarı arasındaki sebep-sonuç ilişkisi değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular, yapıların savaş sırasında maruz kaldıkları hasar türlerine göre ciddi yapısal bozulmalara uğradığını ve aşamalı göçmenin nadiren de olsa tetiklendiğini göstermektedir. Gelecekteki çalışmaların, bu bulgular ışığında, yapıların özellikle cephe ve çatıda dayanıklılığını artıracak yeni tasarım ve inşaat tekniklerinin geliştirilmesine odaklanması önerilmektedir. Çalışmanın sonuçları, ateşli silahların ve modern savaş teknolojilerinin yapı üzerindeki aşamalı göçme etkilerini daha iyi anlamamıza ve ateşli silahların yapılar üzerindeki etkilerini anlamaya yardımcı olacak değerli bilgiler sunmaktadır.
References
- Abdelwahed, B. (2019). A review on building progressive collapse, survey and discussion. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 11, e00264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2019.e00264
- Alpusam. (2024). FPV Dronların Askerî Maksatlı Kullanımı: Genel Hususlar, FPV Dronların Muharebe Sahasına Girişi, Ankara, Türkiye. https://alpusam.com/uploads/fm/FPV_Dronlar%C4%B1n_Asker%C3%AE_Maksatl%C4%B1_Kullan%C4%B1m%C4%B1.pdf
- Anderson, D. (2023, December 21). Ukraine’s defense intelligence elevates reconnaissance capabilities with PD-2 UAV system. Military News. https://military.news/ukraine-s-defense-intelligence-elevates-reconnaissance-capabilities-with-pd-2-uav-system/
- Anlatilaninotesi. (2016, November 11). Rus mimarisinin gelenekleri: Köy evlerinin cepheleri ve oymacılık sanatı. Access date: 26.06.2024. https://anlatilaninotesi.com.tr/20161111/Rusya-mimar-ahsap-ev-1025757128.html
- Army Technology. (2021, November 17). PD-2 unmanned aerial system, Ukraine. Access date: 27.06.2024. https://www.army-technology.com/projects/pd-2-unmanned-aerial-system-ukraine/
- Ateş Can, S., & Bakır, K. E. (2021). İdeolojik bağlam: 1920’li yıllarda Sovyet konut mimarisi ve Narkomfin Komünal Konutu. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(2), 364-375. https://doi.org/10.29048/makufebed.926919
- Axe, D. (2023, November 16). Explosive drones are everywhere in Ukraine. So the infantry head underground, and erect screens. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2023/11/16/explosive-drones-are-everywhere-in-ukraine-so-the-infantry-head-underground-and-erect-screens/?sh=2310e5934b88
- Ball, M. (2024). UKRSPECSYSTEMS launches partner program. Unmanned Systems Technology. Access date: 27.06.2024. https://www.unmannedsystemstechnology.com/2021/09/ukrspecsystems-launches-partner-program/
- Baykartech. (2024). Bayraktar TB2. Baykar. Access date: 27.06.2024. https://baykartech.com/tr/uav/bayraktar-tb2/
- Borsari, F., & Davis, G. B. (2023, September 27). An urgent matter of drones. Center for European Policy Analysis. https://cepa.org/comprehensive-reports/an-urgent-matter-of-drones/
- Byfield, M., Mudalige, W., Morison, C., & Stoddart, E. (2014). A review of progressive collapse research and regulations. Structures and Buildings, 167(8), 447-456. https://doi.org/10.1680/stbu.12.00023
- Crumley, B. (2022, March 8). Ukraine’s mid-size punisher drone is living up to its name against Russian forces. DroneDJ. Access date: 27.06.2024. https://dronedj.com/2022/03/08/ukraines-mid-size-punisher-drone-is-living-up-to-its-name-against-russian-forces/
- Department of Defense (DoD). (2005). Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC): Design of buildings to resist progressive collapse (UFC 4-023-03). Washington, DC: Department of Defense.
- Erdil, B. (2021). İnsansız hava araçlarının kullanım alanları ile bu araçların Türkiye’nin yurtdışı operasyonlarındaki yeri ve önemi. Bölgesel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(2), 581-607
- Fan, J., Wu, Z., Liu, J., Wang, Y., Zheng, H., & Tee, K. F. (2023). Damage and failure of semi-rigid steel joints during progressive collapse. Structures, 58, 105632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2023.105632
- Farcaş, V. (2023). Saturation warfare: A Soviet doctrine reinvented in the Black Sea Region. Proceedings of the 3rd Edition of the International Conference, Perspectives of the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood. The European Union’s External Relations and the Global Order (EUXGLOB), Babeş-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca.
- Francioli, M., Petrini, F., Olmati, P., & Bontempi, F. (2021). Robustness of reinforced concrete frames against blast-induced progressive collapse. MDPI Vibration, 4(3), 722-742. https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration4030040
- General Services Administration (GSA). (2003). Progressive collapse analysis and design guidelines for new federal office buildings and major modernization projects. Washington, DC: General Services Administration.
- Google Earth. (2023). Google Earth (Version 7.3.4) [Software]. Google. https://earth.google.com
- Governor of Belgorod. (2024). Governor and Government of Belgorod, Belgorod Oblast (Russian: Белгоро́дская о́бласть).
- Interfax. (2019, June 15). Spectator-M1 UAV adopted by Armed Forces of Ukraine. Interfax, Ukraine News Agency. Access date: 27.06.2024. https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/594171.html
- Karar. (2023, January 14). Putinin paralı ordusunun vurulma anı saniye saniye kamerada: Türk İHA'sı gösterdi Ukrayna ordusu vurdu. Access date: 14.01.2023. https://www.karar.com/dunya-haberleri/putinin-parali-ordusunun-vurulma-ani-saniye-saniye-kamerada-turk-ihasi-1720991
- Kilicer, S. (2024). Zemin-yapı etkileşimi dikkate alınarak yapıların aşamalı göçme riskinin belirlenmesi. (PhD), Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Trabzon, Türkiye.
- Kim, J., & Kim, T. (2009). Assessment of progressive collapse-resisting capacity of steel moment frames. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 65, 169-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2008.03.020
- Kim, D-J., Son, H-J., Yi, Y., & Hong, S-G. (2019). Generalized finite element formulation for efficient first-order plastic hinge analysis. Advances in Mechanical Engineering. 11(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/1687814019836366
- Marjanishvili, S. M. (2004). Progressive analysis procedure for progressive collapse. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 18(2), 79-85. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(2004)18:2(79)
- Militarnyi. (2023, October 12). FPV drones: weapons that changed the modern war - Militarnyi. Acces date: 08.06.2024. https://militarnyi.com/en/articles/fpv-drones-weapons-that-changed-the-modern-war/
- Movilla Vega, D. (2020). Housing and revolution: From the Dom-Kommuna to the transitional type of experimental house (1926–30). Architectural Histories, 8(1), 2. http://doi.org/10.5334/ah.264
- Novostroev. (2019, March 14). Doma-serii-ii-18-9. Access date: 26.06.2024. https://novostroev.ru/other/doma-serii-ii-18-9/
- Ozgan, K., Kiliçer, S., & Daloğlu, A. T. (2023). Soil-structure interaction effect on the resistance of a steel frame against progressive collapse using linear static and nonlinear dynamic procedures. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 37(1). https://doi.org/10.1061/JPCFEV.CFENG-4181
- Prawdom. (2024). ПРАВДОМ - правда о каждом доме. Access date: 26.11.2024. https://prawdom.ru/
- Rickli, J. M. & Mantellassi, F. (2024). The war in Ukraine: Reality check for emerging technologies and the future of warfare. Geneva Papers. https://www.gcsp.ch/sites/default/files/2024-12/geneva-paper-34-24.pdf
- Savunmasanayist. (2021a, May 14). Leleka-100 IHA Ukrayna ordusunun kullanımına sunuldu. SavunmaSanayiST.com. https://www.savunmasanayist.com/leleka-100-iha-ukrayna-ordusu-kullanim/
- Savunmasanayist. (2021b, October 20). Aksungur IHA envantere girdi. SavunmaSanayiST.com. https://www.savunmasanayist.com/aksungur-iha-envantere-girdi/
- SavunmaTR. (2024, Kasım 25). Türkiye'nin insansız hava araçları. https://www.savunmatr.com/turkiyenin-insansiz-hava-araclari/
- Sayer, J. (2020, September 10). The winding saga of the restoration of the Narkomfin, an icon of Soviet constructivism. Arch Daily. Access date: 26.06.2024. https://www.archdaily.com/947148/the-winding-saga-of-the-restoration-of-the-narkomfin-an-icon-of-soviet-constructivism
- Stephen, D., Lam, D., Forth, J., Ye, J., & Tsavdaridis, K. D. (2019). An evaluation of modelling approaches and column removal time on progressive collapse of building. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 153, 243-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2018.07.019
- Tahmilci, F. (2007). Analysis of blast loading effect on regular steel building structures. (MSc), Middle East Technical University, Institute of Natural and Applied Science, Ankara, Türkiye.
- Ukrspecexpor. (2024). Aviation equipment and weapons. Kiev, Ukraine. Access date: 04.05.2024 https://www.ukrspecexport.com/en/catalog/aviation-equipment
- Venni. (2024). Brutalizm nedir. Access date: 26.06.2024. https://venni.com.tr/brutalizm-nedir
- Weng, J., Lee, C. K., Tan, K. H., & Lim, N. S. (2016). Damage assessment for reinforced concrete frames subject to progressive collapse. Engineering Structures, 149, 147-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.07.038
- Wikipedia. (2024). Ukrspecsystems PD-2. Access date: 27.06.2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PD-2
- Yiğit, E., Yazar, I. & Karakoç, T. H. (2018). İnsansız hava araçları (İHA)‘nın kapsamlı sınıflandırması ve gelecek perspektifi. Sürdürülebilir Havacılık Araştırmaları Dergisi. 3(1), 10-19.
- Yuzbasi, J. (2024). Experimental verification of full‐scale silo structure demolition: Investigating successive column removal with finite element method and progressive collapse simulation through blast load. Structural Concrete, 25(6), 4408-4427. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.202400017
- Yuzbasi, J., & Arslan, H. M. (2019). An investigation on the methods used in modeling the progressive collapse mechanism of structures and simulating demolition processes. 5th International Congress on Engineering, Architecture, and Design (pp.853-858). İstanbul, Türkiye.
The Impact of Weapon Systems on Structural Damage and Progressive Collapse: A Case Study of Belgorod Oblast
Abstract
Structures are exposed to unexpected loads throughout their service life nowadays. This phenomenon, referred to as progressive collapse in the literature, has attracted the attention of researchers in recent years. This study examines the effects of firearms on buildings during wartime and their relationship with progressive collapse. Conducted using the example of Belgorod Oblast, a border city in Russia, the research evaluates the destructive impacts of various types of firearms and ammunition on residential buildings, commercial buildings, and historical structures. During the data collection phase, the data obtained daily was converted into weekly data. The research provides detailed data on the frequency of structures exposed in various villages and cities in the Belgorod region to different types of attacks and the types of damage caused by these attacks. In the analysis method, damages were classified from superficial damage to complete destruction, and the cause-effect relationship between firearm types and building damage was evaluated. The findings indicate that buildings suffer significant structural deterioration due to the types of damage sustained during wartime, and progressive collapse is rarely triggered. It is suggested that future studies focus on developing new design and construction techniques to enhance the durability of buildings, especially in the façade and roof, in light of these findings. The results of the study provide valuable information that will help us better understand the effects of firearms and modern warfare technologies on progressive collapse and the impacts of firearms on buildings.
References
- Abdelwahed, B. (2019). A review on building progressive collapse, survey and discussion. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 11, e00264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2019.e00264
- Alpusam. (2024). FPV Dronların Askerî Maksatlı Kullanımı: Genel Hususlar, FPV Dronların Muharebe Sahasına Girişi, Ankara, Türkiye. https://alpusam.com/uploads/fm/FPV_Dronlar%C4%B1n_Asker%C3%AE_Maksatl%C4%B1_Kullan%C4%B1m%C4%B1.pdf
- Anderson, D. (2023, December 21). Ukraine’s defense intelligence elevates reconnaissance capabilities with PD-2 UAV system. Military News. https://military.news/ukraine-s-defense-intelligence-elevates-reconnaissance-capabilities-with-pd-2-uav-system/
- Anlatilaninotesi. (2016, November 11). Rus mimarisinin gelenekleri: Köy evlerinin cepheleri ve oymacılık sanatı. Access date: 26.06.2024. https://anlatilaninotesi.com.tr/20161111/Rusya-mimar-ahsap-ev-1025757128.html
- Army Technology. (2021, November 17). PD-2 unmanned aerial system, Ukraine. Access date: 27.06.2024. https://www.army-technology.com/projects/pd-2-unmanned-aerial-system-ukraine/
- Ateş Can, S., & Bakır, K. E. (2021). İdeolojik bağlam: 1920’li yıllarda Sovyet konut mimarisi ve Narkomfin Komünal Konutu. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(2), 364-375. https://doi.org/10.29048/makufebed.926919
- Axe, D. (2023, November 16). Explosive drones are everywhere in Ukraine. So the infantry head underground, and erect screens. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2023/11/16/explosive-drones-are-everywhere-in-ukraine-so-the-infantry-head-underground-and-erect-screens/?sh=2310e5934b88
- Ball, M. (2024). UKRSPECSYSTEMS launches partner program. Unmanned Systems Technology. Access date: 27.06.2024. https://www.unmannedsystemstechnology.com/2021/09/ukrspecsystems-launches-partner-program/
- Baykartech. (2024). Bayraktar TB2. Baykar. Access date: 27.06.2024. https://baykartech.com/tr/uav/bayraktar-tb2/
- Borsari, F., & Davis, G. B. (2023, September 27). An urgent matter of drones. Center for European Policy Analysis. https://cepa.org/comprehensive-reports/an-urgent-matter-of-drones/
- Byfield, M., Mudalige, W., Morison, C., & Stoddart, E. (2014). A review of progressive collapse research and regulations. Structures and Buildings, 167(8), 447-456. https://doi.org/10.1680/stbu.12.00023
- Crumley, B. (2022, March 8). Ukraine’s mid-size punisher drone is living up to its name against Russian forces. DroneDJ. Access date: 27.06.2024. https://dronedj.com/2022/03/08/ukraines-mid-size-punisher-drone-is-living-up-to-its-name-against-russian-forces/
- Department of Defense (DoD). (2005). Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC): Design of buildings to resist progressive collapse (UFC 4-023-03). Washington, DC: Department of Defense.
- Erdil, B. (2021). İnsansız hava araçlarının kullanım alanları ile bu araçların Türkiye’nin yurtdışı operasyonlarındaki yeri ve önemi. Bölgesel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(2), 581-607
- Fan, J., Wu, Z., Liu, J., Wang, Y., Zheng, H., & Tee, K. F. (2023). Damage and failure of semi-rigid steel joints during progressive collapse. Structures, 58, 105632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2023.105632
- Farcaş, V. (2023). Saturation warfare: A Soviet doctrine reinvented in the Black Sea Region. Proceedings of the 3rd Edition of the International Conference, Perspectives of the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood. The European Union’s External Relations and the Global Order (EUXGLOB), Babeş-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca.
- Francioli, M., Petrini, F., Olmati, P., & Bontempi, F. (2021). Robustness of reinforced concrete frames against blast-induced progressive collapse. MDPI Vibration, 4(3), 722-742. https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration4030040
- General Services Administration (GSA). (2003). Progressive collapse analysis and design guidelines for new federal office buildings and major modernization projects. Washington, DC: General Services Administration.
- Google Earth. (2023). Google Earth (Version 7.3.4) [Software]. Google. https://earth.google.com
- Governor of Belgorod. (2024). Governor and Government of Belgorod, Belgorod Oblast (Russian: Белгоро́дская о́бласть).
- Interfax. (2019, June 15). Spectator-M1 UAV adopted by Armed Forces of Ukraine. Interfax, Ukraine News Agency. Access date: 27.06.2024. https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/594171.html
- Karar. (2023, January 14). Putinin paralı ordusunun vurulma anı saniye saniye kamerada: Türk İHA'sı gösterdi Ukrayna ordusu vurdu. Access date: 14.01.2023. https://www.karar.com/dunya-haberleri/putinin-parali-ordusunun-vurulma-ani-saniye-saniye-kamerada-turk-ihasi-1720991
- Kilicer, S. (2024). Zemin-yapı etkileşimi dikkate alınarak yapıların aşamalı göçme riskinin belirlenmesi. (PhD), Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Trabzon, Türkiye.
- Kim, J., & Kim, T. (2009). Assessment of progressive collapse-resisting capacity of steel moment frames. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 65, 169-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2008.03.020
- Kim, D-J., Son, H-J., Yi, Y., & Hong, S-G. (2019). Generalized finite element formulation for efficient first-order plastic hinge analysis. Advances in Mechanical Engineering. 11(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/1687814019836366
- Marjanishvili, S. M. (2004). Progressive analysis procedure for progressive collapse. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 18(2), 79-85. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(2004)18:2(79)
- Militarnyi. (2023, October 12). FPV drones: weapons that changed the modern war - Militarnyi. Acces date: 08.06.2024. https://militarnyi.com/en/articles/fpv-drones-weapons-that-changed-the-modern-war/
- Movilla Vega, D. (2020). Housing and revolution: From the Dom-Kommuna to the transitional type of experimental house (1926–30). Architectural Histories, 8(1), 2. http://doi.org/10.5334/ah.264
- Novostroev. (2019, March 14). Doma-serii-ii-18-9. Access date: 26.06.2024. https://novostroev.ru/other/doma-serii-ii-18-9/
- Ozgan, K., Kiliçer, S., & Daloğlu, A. T. (2023). Soil-structure interaction effect on the resistance of a steel frame against progressive collapse using linear static and nonlinear dynamic procedures. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 37(1). https://doi.org/10.1061/JPCFEV.CFENG-4181
- Prawdom. (2024). ПРАВДОМ - правда о каждом доме. Access date: 26.11.2024. https://prawdom.ru/
- Rickli, J. M. & Mantellassi, F. (2024). The war in Ukraine: Reality check for emerging technologies and the future of warfare. Geneva Papers. https://www.gcsp.ch/sites/default/files/2024-12/geneva-paper-34-24.pdf
- Savunmasanayist. (2021a, May 14). Leleka-100 IHA Ukrayna ordusunun kullanımına sunuldu. SavunmaSanayiST.com. https://www.savunmasanayist.com/leleka-100-iha-ukrayna-ordusu-kullanim/
- Savunmasanayist. (2021b, October 20). Aksungur IHA envantere girdi. SavunmaSanayiST.com. https://www.savunmasanayist.com/aksungur-iha-envantere-girdi/
- SavunmaTR. (2024, Kasım 25). Türkiye'nin insansız hava araçları. https://www.savunmatr.com/turkiyenin-insansiz-hava-araclari/
- Sayer, J. (2020, September 10). The winding saga of the restoration of the Narkomfin, an icon of Soviet constructivism. Arch Daily. Access date: 26.06.2024. https://www.archdaily.com/947148/the-winding-saga-of-the-restoration-of-the-narkomfin-an-icon-of-soviet-constructivism
- Stephen, D., Lam, D., Forth, J., Ye, J., & Tsavdaridis, K. D. (2019). An evaluation of modelling approaches and column removal time on progressive collapse of building. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 153, 243-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2018.07.019
- Tahmilci, F. (2007). Analysis of blast loading effect on regular steel building structures. (MSc), Middle East Technical University, Institute of Natural and Applied Science, Ankara, Türkiye.
- Ukrspecexpor. (2024). Aviation equipment and weapons. Kiev, Ukraine. Access date: 04.05.2024 https://www.ukrspecexport.com/en/catalog/aviation-equipment
- Venni. (2024). Brutalizm nedir. Access date: 26.06.2024. https://venni.com.tr/brutalizm-nedir
- Weng, J., Lee, C. K., Tan, K. H., & Lim, N. S. (2016). Damage assessment for reinforced concrete frames subject to progressive collapse. Engineering Structures, 149, 147-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.07.038
- Wikipedia. (2024). Ukrspecsystems PD-2. Access date: 27.06.2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PD-2
- Yiğit, E., Yazar, I. & Karakoç, T. H. (2018). İnsansız hava araçları (İHA)‘nın kapsamlı sınıflandırması ve gelecek perspektifi. Sürdürülebilir Havacılık Araştırmaları Dergisi. 3(1), 10-19.
- Yuzbasi, J. (2024). Experimental verification of full‐scale silo structure demolition: Investigating successive column removal with finite element method and progressive collapse simulation through blast load. Structural Concrete, 25(6), 4408-4427. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.202400017
- Yuzbasi, J., & Arslan, H. M. (2019). An investigation on the methods used in modeling the progressive collapse mechanism of structures and simulating demolition processes. 5th International Congress on Engineering, Architecture, and Design (pp.853-858). İstanbul, Türkiye.
There are 45 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Reinforced Concrete Buildings, Complex Civil Systems, Structural Engineering, Civil Engineering (Other) |
| Journal Section | Engineering and Architecture / Mühendislik ve Mimarlık |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | April 29, 2025 |
| Submission Date | July 7, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | December 4, 2024 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 30 Issue: 1 |
