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Effects of Pharmaceuticals Used Against COVID-19 on HDAC Activity and Inflammation in Cell Line Obtained from a Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Patient

Year 2025, Volume: 30 Issue: 1, 1 - 12, 29.04.2025

Hande Akalan

https://doi.org/10.53433/yyufbed.1592435

Abstract

Different doses of various drugs were used in the treatment of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that affected the whole world. Since these drugs are not directly related to COVID-19, it was very important to elucidate their effects. Studies have shown that COVID-19 is closely related to colorectal cancer. Our study examines the effects of Lopinavir/ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine, favipiravir, and oseltamivir, as well as their active ingredients used during COVID-19 treatment, on the histone deacetylase enzyme (HDAC) in colorectal cancer cells. Thus, it is aimed to provide a different perspective on the relationship between pandemic and colorectal cancer. In this study, the effects of the applied drugs on cell viability were evaluated with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) analysis, acridine orange/propidium iodide (AO/PI) staining and histone deacetylase enzyme activity was evaluated in colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (Caco-2) with HDAC assay. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the inflammatory effects on the cells due to the application were assessed based on the expression levels of interleukin 10 (IL-10), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Experimental groups showed continued cell viability, and an increase in HDAC enzyme activity was observed. This increase was found to effectively influence the IL-6 expression, which is believed to enhance inflammation.

Keywords

Favipiravir HDAC Hydroxychloroquine Lopinavir/ritonavir Oseltamivir Valproic acid

References

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  • Al-Quteimat, O. M., Amer, A. M. (2020). The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on cancer patients. American Journal of Clinical Oncology, 43, 452-455. https://doi.org/10.1097/COC.0000000000000712
  • Cai, Q., Yang, M., Liu, D., Chen, J., Shu, D., Xia, J., Liao, X., Gu, Y., Cai, Q.,Yang, Y., Shen, C., Li, X., Peng, L., Huang, D., Zhang, J., Zhang, S.,Wang, F., Liu, J., Chen, L., Chen, S., Wang, Z., Zhang, Z., Cao, R., Zhong, W., Liu, Y., & Liu, L. (2020). Experimental treatment with favipiravir for COVID-19: an open-label control study. Engineering, 6(10), 1192-1198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2020.03.007
  • Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
  • Cvetkovic, R. S., & Goa, K. L. (2003). Lopinavir/ritonavir: a review of its use in the management of HIV infection. Review Drugs, 63(8), 769-802. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200363080-00004
  • Gallinari, P., Marco, S., Jones, P., Pallaoro, M. & Steinkühler. C. (2007). HDACs, histone deacetylation and gene transcription: from molecular biology to cancer therapeutics. Cell Research, 17, 195-211. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.cr.7310149
  • Gao, J., Tian, Z., & Yang, X. (2020). Breakthrough: chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies. Bioscience Trends, 14(1), 72-73. https://doi.org/10.5582/bst.2020.01047
  • Gautret, P., Lagier, J. C., Parola, P., Hoang, V. T., Meddeb, L., Mailhe, M., Doudier, B., Courjon, J., Giordanengo, V., Vieira, V. E., Dupont, H. T., Honoré, S., Colson, P., Chabrière, E., La Scola, B., Rolain, J. M., Brouqui, P., & Raoult, D. (2020). Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label nonrandomized clinical trial. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 56, 105949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949
  • Guzelel, G., Akalan, H., Bilgen, T., & Yasar Sirin, D. (2024). Investigation of the effects of piperlongumine and doxorubicin combined treatment on cell death via PTEN in HeLa cells. Yuzuncu Yil University Journal of the Institute of Natural & Applied Sciences, 29(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.53433/yyufbed.1258515
  • Hassanipour, S., Arab-Zozani, M., Amani, B., Heidarzad, F., Fathalipour, M., & Martinez-de-Hoyo, R. (2021). The efficacy and safety of favipiravir in treatment of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 11022. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90551-6
  • Hu, Q., Greene, C. S., & Heller, E. A. (2020). Specific histon modifications associate with alternative exon selection during mammalian development. Nucleic Acids Research, 48(9), 4709-4724. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaa248
  • Jordan, P. C., Stevens, S. K., & Deval, J. (2018). Nucleosides for the treatment of respiratory RNA virus infections. Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy, 26. https://doi.org/10.1177/2040206618764483
  • Kany, S., Vollrath, J. T., & Relja, B. (2019). Cytokines in inflammatory disease. International Journal of Molecular Science, 20(23), 6008. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20236008
  • Khangura, R. K., Bali, A., Jaggi, A. S., & Singh, N. (2017). Histone acetylation and histone deacetylation in neuropathic pain: An unresolved puzzle?. European Journal of Pharmacology, 795, 36-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.12.001
  • Kaya, Y. E., Akalan, H., Yilmaz, I., Karaaslan, N., Yasar Sırın, D., & Ozbek, H. (2020). Evaluation of the expression and proliferation of degenerative markers in primary cell cultures obtained from human intervertebral disc tissue. Annals of Medical Research, 27(3), 711-6. https://doi.org/10.5455/annalsmedres.2020.02.171
  • Kaya, Y. E., Yilmaz, I., Albayrak, M., Yilmaz, O. F., & Yasar Sirin, D. (2024). The effect of favipiravir on histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzyme activity in administered to human primary chondrocyte cultures and an evaluation of its relationship with inflammation. Experimental Biomedical Research, 7(4), 255-267. https://doi.org/10.30714/j-ebr.2024.228
  • Kucukoglu, K. (2013). Acetylation of histones and histone deacetylase inhibitors: Review. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Literature Pharmacy Sciences, 2(2), 55-73.
  • Kulkarni, V. S., Alagarsamy V., Solomon V. R., Jose P. A., & Murugesan, S. (2023). Drug repurposing: an effective tool in modern drug discovery. Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry, 49(2), 157-166. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1068162023020139
  • Li, G., & De Clercq, E. (2020). Therapeutic options for the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov). Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 19(3), 149-150. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41573-020-00016-0
  • Page, J., Hinshaw, D., & Mckay, B. (2021). In hunt for Covid-19 origin, patient zero points to second Wuhan Market – The man with the first confirmed infection of the new coronavirus told the WHO team that his parents had shopped there. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-hunt-for-covid-19-origin-patient-zero-points-to-second-wuhan-market-11614335404
  • Roostaee, A., Guezguez, A., Beauséjour, M., Simoneau, A., Vachon, P. H., Levy, E., & Beaulieu, J. F. (2015). Histone deacetylase inhibition ımpairs normal intestinal cell proliferation and promotes specific gene expression. Journal of Cell Biochemistry, 116(11), 2695-2708. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.25274
  • Sanders, J. M., Monogue, M. L., Jodlowski T. Z., & Cutrell, J. B. (2020). Pharmacologic treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review. JAMA, 323(18), 1824-1836. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6019
  • Shiraki, K., & Daikoku, T. (2020). Favipiravir, an anti-influenza drug against life-threatening RNA virus infections. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 209, 107512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107512
  • Shiraki, K., Sato, N., Sakai, K., Matsumoto, S., Kaszynski, R. H., & Takemoto, M. (2022). Antiviral therapy for COVID-19: Derivation of optimal strategy based on past antiviral and favipiravir experiences. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 235, 108121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108121
  • Singh, A. K., Bishayee, A., & Pandey, A. K. (2018). Targeting histone deacetylases with natural and synthetic agents: An emerging anticancer strategy. Nutrients, 10(6), 731. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10060731
  • Song, Y., Huang, T., Pan, H., Du, A., Wu, T., Lan, J., Zhou, X., Lv, Y., Xue, S., & Yuan, K. (2023). The influence of COVID-19 on colorectal cancer was investigated using bioinformatics and systems biology techniques. Frontiers in Medicine, 30(10), 1169562. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1169562
  • Swift, R., & Feast, L. (2021). Fujifilm's Avigan shows no significant benefit on COVID-19 mortality: study. Reuters. Tokyo. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-fujifilm-avigan/fujifilms-avigan-shows-no-significant-benefit-on-covid-19-mortality-study-idUSKBN2AI0SK/
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  • Tsai, C. H., Li, C. H., Liao, P. L., Chang, Y. W., Cheng, Y. W., & Kang, J. J. (2020). Aza-PBHA, a potent histone deacetylase inhibitor, inhibits human gastric-cancer cell migration via pkcα-mediated AHR-HDAC interactions. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research, 1867(2), 118564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118564
  • Vitkus, S. V., Hanifin, S. A., & McGee, D. W. (1998). Factors affecting Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cell interleukin-6 secretion. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology – Animal, 34(8), 660-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11626-996-0017-7
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  • Yao, T. T., Qian, J. D., Zhu, W. Y., Wang, Y., & Wang, G. Q. (2020). A systematic review of lopinavir therapy for SARS coronavirus and MERS coronavirus-A possible reference for coronavirus disease-19 treatment option. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(6), 556-563. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25729
  • Young, B. E., Ong, S. W. X., Kalimuddin, S., Low, J. G., Tan, S. Y., Loh, J., Ng, O. T., Marimuthu, K., Ang, L. W., Mak, T. M., Lau, S. K., Anderson, D. E., Chan, K. S., Tan, T. Y., Ng, T. Y., Cui, L., Said, Z., Kurupatham, L., Chen, M. I., Chan, M., Vasoo, S., Wang, L. F., Tan, B. H., Lin, R. T. P., Lee, V. J. M., Leo, Y. S., Lye, D. C., & Singapore 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak Research Team. (2020). Epidemiologic features and clinical course of patients ınfected with SARS-cov-2 in Singapore. JAMA, 323(15), 1488-1494. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.3204
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COVID-19’a Karşı Kullanılan Farmasötiklerin Kolorektal Adenokarsinom Hastasından Elde Edilen Hücre Dizisinde HDAC Aktivitesi ve Enflamasyon Üzerindeki Etkileri

Year 2025, Volume: 30 Issue: 1, 1 - 12, 29.04.2025

Hande Akalan

https://doi.org/10.53433/yyufbed.1592435

Abstract

Koronavirüs Hastalığı 2019 (COVID-19) pandemisinin tedavisinde çeşitli ilaçların farklı dozları kullanıldı. Bu ilaçlar doğrudan COVID-19 ile ilişkili olmadığından oluşturacakları etkilerin aydınlatılması oldukça önem taşımaktaydı. Yapılan araştırmalarla COVID-19'un kolorektal kanser ile yakından ilişkili olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Gerçekleştirdiğimiz çalışmada kolorektal kanser hücre soyunda (Caco-2), COVID-19 tedavisinde kullanılan lopinavir/ritonavir, hidroksiklorokin, favipiravir, oseltamivir ilaç ve etken maddelerinin histon deasetilaz enzimi (HDAC) üzerindeki etkinlikleri ve enflamasyona katkıları araştırılmıştır. Böylece pandeminin kolorektal kanserle ilişkisine farklı bir bakış açısı kazandırmış olmak hedeflenmiştir. Bu çalışmada, uygulanan etken maddelerin Caco-2 hücrelerinin hücre canlılığı üzerindeki etkileri; 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromid (MTT) analizi, akridin turuncusu/propidyum iyodür (AO/PI) boyaması kullanılarak belirlendi ve histon deasetilaz enzim aktivitesi HDAC testi ile saptandı. Ayrıca enflamatuvar etki, enzim bağlantılı immünosorbent testi (ELISA) kullanılarak interlökin 10 (IL-10), interlökin 6 (IL-6) ve tümör nekroz faktörü alfa (TNF-α) ekspresyon seviyelerinde meydana gelen değişiklere göre değerlendirildi. Uygulama yapılan gruplarda hücre canlılığı devam ederken, HDAC enzim aktivitesinde artış meydana geldi. Bu artışın IL-6 ekspresyonu üzerinde etkili olduğu gösterilerek enflamasyona neden olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

Favipiravir HDAC Hidroksiklorokin Lopinavir/ritonavir Oseltamivir Valproik asit

References

  • Agrawal, S., Goel, A. D., & Gupta, N. (2020). Emerging prophylaxis strategies against COVID-19. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease, 90(1). https://doi.org/10.4081/monaldi.2020.1289
  • Al-Quteimat, O. M., Amer, A. M. (2020). The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on cancer patients. American Journal of Clinical Oncology, 43, 452-455. https://doi.org/10.1097/COC.0000000000000712
  • Cai, Q., Yang, M., Liu, D., Chen, J., Shu, D., Xia, J., Liao, X., Gu, Y., Cai, Q.,Yang, Y., Shen, C., Li, X., Peng, L., Huang, D., Zhang, J., Zhang, S.,Wang, F., Liu, J., Chen, L., Chen, S., Wang, Z., Zhang, Z., Cao, R., Zhong, W., Liu, Y., & Liu, L. (2020). Experimental treatment with favipiravir for COVID-19: an open-label control study. Engineering, 6(10), 1192-1198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2020.03.007
  • Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
  • Cvetkovic, R. S., & Goa, K. L. (2003). Lopinavir/ritonavir: a review of its use in the management of HIV infection. Review Drugs, 63(8), 769-802. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200363080-00004
  • Gallinari, P., Marco, S., Jones, P., Pallaoro, M. & Steinkühler. C. (2007). HDACs, histone deacetylation and gene transcription: from molecular biology to cancer therapeutics. Cell Research, 17, 195-211. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.cr.7310149
  • Gao, J., Tian, Z., & Yang, X. (2020). Breakthrough: chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies. Bioscience Trends, 14(1), 72-73. https://doi.org/10.5582/bst.2020.01047
  • Gautret, P., Lagier, J. C., Parola, P., Hoang, V. T., Meddeb, L., Mailhe, M., Doudier, B., Courjon, J., Giordanengo, V., Vieira, V. E., Dupont, H. T., Honoré, S., Colson, P., Chabrière, E., La Scola, B., Rolain, J. M., Brouqui, P., & Raoult, D. (2020). Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label nonrandomized clinical trial. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 56, 105949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949
  • Guzelel, G., Akalan, H., Bilgen, T., & Yasar Sirin, D. (2024). Investigation of the effects of piperlongumine and doxorubicin combined treatment on cell death via PTEN in HeLa cells. Yuzuncu Yil University Journal of the Institute of Natural & Applied Sciences, 29(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.53433/yyufbed.1258515
  • Hassanipour, S., Arab-Zozani, M., Amani, B., Heidarzad, F., Fathalipour, M., & Martinez-de-Hoyo, R. (2021). The efficacy and safety of favipiravir in treatment of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 11022. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90551-6
  • Hu, Q., Greene, C. S., & Heller, E. A. (2020). Specific histon modifications associate with alternative exon selection during mammalian development. Nucleic Acids Research, 48(9), 4709-4724. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaa248
  • Jordan, P. C., Stevens, S. K., & Deval, J. (2018). Nucleosides for the treatment of respiratory RNA virus infections. Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy, 26. https://doi.org/10.1177/2040206618764483
  • Kany, S., Vollrath, J. T., & Relja, B. (2019). Cytokines in inflammatory disease. International Journal of Molecular Science, 20(23), 6008. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20236008
  • Khangura, R. K., Bali, A., Jaggi, A. S., & Singh, N. (2017). Histone acetylation and histone deacetylation in neuropathic pain: An unresolved puzzle?. European Journal of Pharmacology, 795, 36-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.12.001
  • Kaya, Y. E., Akalan, H., Yilmaz, I., Karaaslan, N., Yasar Sırın, D., & Ozbek, H. (2020). Evaluation of the expression and proliferation of degenerative markers in primary cell cultures obtained from human intervertebral disc tissue. Annals of Medical Research, 27(3), 711-6. https://doi.org/10.5455/annalsmedres.2020.02.171
  • Kaya, Y. E., Yilmaz, I., Albayrak, M., Yilmaz, O. F., & Yasar Sirin, D. (2024). The effect of favipiravir on histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzyme activity in administered to human primary chondrocyte cultures and an evaluation of its relationship with inflammation. Experimental Biomedical Research, 7(4), 255-267. https://doi.org/10.30714/j-ebr.2024.228
  • Kucukoglu, K. (2013). Acetylation of histones and histone deacetylase inhibitors: Review. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Literature Pharmacy Sciences, 2(2), 55-73.
  • Kulkarni, V. S., Alagarsamy V., Solomon V. R., Jose P. A., & Murugesan, S. (2023). Drug repurposing: an effective tool in modern drug discovery. Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry, 49(2), 157-166. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1068162023020139
  • Li, G., & De Clercq, E. (2020). Therapeutic options for the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov). Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 19(3), 149-150. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41573-020-00016-0
  • Page, J., Hinshaw, D., & Mckay, B. (2021). In hunt for Covid-19 origin, patient zero points to second Wuhan Market – The man with the first confirmed infection of the new coronavirus told the WHO team that his parents had shopped there. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-hunt-for-covid-19-origin-patient-zero-points-to-second-wuhan-market-11614335404
  • Roostaee, A., Guezguez, A., Beauséjour, M., Simoneau, A., Vachon, P. H., Levy, E., & Beaulieu, J. F. (2015). Histone deacetylase inhibition ımpairs normal intestinal cell proliferation and promotes specific gene expression. Journal of Cell Biochemistry, 116(11), 2695-2708. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.25274
  • Sanders, J. M., Monogue, M. L., Jodlowski T. Z., & Cutrell, J. B. (2020). Pharmacologic treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review. JAMA, 323(18), 1824-1836. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6019
  • Shiraki, K., & Daikoku, T. (2020). Favipiravir, an anti-influenza drug against life-threatening RNA virus infections. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 209, 107512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107512
  • Shiraki, K., Sato, N., Sakai, K., Matsumoto, S., Kaszynski, R. H., & Takemoto, M. (2022). Antiviral therapy for COVID-19: Derivation of optimal strategy based on past antiviral and favipiravir experiences. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 235, 108121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108121
  • Singh, A. K., Bishayee, A., & Pandey, A. K. (2018). Targeting histone deacetylases with natural and synthetic agents: An emerging anticancer strategy. Nutrients, 10(6), 731. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10060731
  • Song, Y., Huang, T., Pan, H., Du, A., Wu, T., Lan, J., Zhou, X., Lv, Y., Xue, S., & Yuan, K. (2023). The influence of COVID-19 on colorectal cancer was investigated using bioinformatics and systems biology techniques. Frontiers in Medicine, 30(10), 1169562. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1169562
  • Swift, R., & Feast, L. (2021). Fujifilm's Avigan shows no significant benefit on COVID-19 mortality: study. Reuters. Tokyo. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-fujifilm-avigan/fujifilms-avigan-shows-no-significant-benefit-on-covid-19-mortality-study-idUSKBN2AI0SK/
  • Terzioglu Bebitoglu, B., Oğuz, E., Hodzic, A., Hatiboğlu, N., & Kam, O. (2020). Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine: pharmacological view of an old drug currently used in COVID-19 treatment. Anadolu Kliniği Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 25-1. https://doi.org/10.21673/anadoluklin.735826
  • Tsai, C. H., Li, C. H., Liao, P. L., Chang, Y. W., Cheng, Y. W., & Kang, J. J. (2020). Aza-PBHA, a potent histone deacetylase inhibitor, inhibits human gastric-cancer cell migration via pkcα-mediated AHR-HDAC interactions. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research, 1867(2), 118564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118564
  • Vitkus, S. V., Hanifin, S. A., & McGee, D. W. (1998). Factors affecting Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cell interleukin-6 secretion. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology – Animal, 34(8), 660-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11626-996-0017-7
  • Wang, M., Cao, R., Zhang, L., Yang, X., Liu, J., Xu, M., Shi, Z., Hu. Z., Zhong, W., & Xiao, G. (2020). Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) in vitro. Cell Research, 30, 269-271. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0
  • Yao, T. T., Qian, J. D., Zhu, W. Y., Wang, Y., & Wang, G. Q. (2020). A systematic review of lopinavir therapy for SARS coronavirus and MERS coronavirus-A possible reference for coronavirus disease-19 treatment option. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(6), 556-563. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25729
  • Young, B. E., Ong, S. W. X., Kalimuddin, S., Low, J. G., Tan, S. Y., Loh, J., Ng, O. T., Marimuthu, K., Ang, L. W., Mak, T. M., Lau, S. K., Anderson, D. E., Chan, K. S., Tan, T. Y., Ng, T. Y., Cui, L., Said, Z., Kurupatham, L., Chen, M. I., Chan, M., Vasoo, S., Wang, L. F., Tan, B. H., Lin, R. T. P., Lee, V. J. M., Leo, Y. S., Lye, D. C., & Singapore 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak Research Team. (2020). Epidemiologic features and clinical course of patients ınfected with SARS-cov-2 in Singapore. JAMA, 323(15), 1488-1494. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.3204
  • Yousefi, H., Mashouri, L., Okpechi, S. C., Alahari, N., & Alahari, S. K. (2021). Repurposing existing drugs for the treatment of COVID-19/SARS-cov-2 infection: a review describing drug mechanisms of action. Biochemical Pharmacology, 13, 114296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114296
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There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Epigenetics, Animal Cell and Molecular Biology
Journal Section Natural Sciences and Mathematics / Fen Bilimleri ve Matematik
Authors

Hande Akalan 0000-0002-5922-2498

Publication Date April 29, 2025
Submission Date November 28, 2024
Acceptance Date December 12, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 30 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Akalan, H. (2025). Effects of Pharmaceuticals Used Against COVID-19 on HDAC Activity and Inflammation in Cell Line Obtained from a Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Patient. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 30(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.53433/yyufbed.1592435
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