Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna and Its Clinical Significance

Hürriyet Çetinok

doi:10.53446/actamednicomedia.1644183

Araştırma Makalesi

BibTex

RIS

Kaynak Göster

Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna and Its Clinical Significance

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 169 - 175, 30.06.2025

Hürriyet Çetinok

https://doi.org/10.53446/actamednicomedia.1644183

Öz

Objective: The metabolic, endocrinological, neurological, and psychological causes of heterotopic ossification in frontal bone have become increasingly important. Overgrowth of the frontal bone, called hyperostosis frontalis interna (HFI), can cause headaches and, rarely, seizures. HFI is nine times more common in women and is called Morgagni-Stewart-Morel syndrome when it occurs with virilization, obesity, and neuropsychiatric problems. Long-term estrogen exposure, advanced age, female gender, testosterone suppression removal, male-type hypogonadism, genetics, environmental factors, obesity, diet, Diabetes mellitus, some metabolic diseases, autoimmunity (ANA+), endocrine imbalance, and LEPTIN cause HFI. About 20% of HFI patients experience headaches, obesity, vertigo/dizziness, cognitive decline, and depression.
Methods: Our study was conducted over four years, from 2016 to 2019, at the Anatomy Department of Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York, USA. We utilized formalin- fixed course cadavers from the department to assess heterotopic ossification. The cadavers exhibiting HFI+ were particularly recognized. The gender and age of the cases were considered. 74 donors, ranging in age from 42 to 103, were assessed.
Results: The study indicates that the frequency of HFI is 41.89%, with a prevalence of 9.45% among men in the population. This represents 22.58% of all HFI cases. The incidence among women is recorded at 32.43% within the population, representing 77.42% of total HFI cases.
Conclusion: Our study sample had 9.45% male HFI, which is remarkable. Although estrogen has been the main driver in HFI etiopathogenesis, the reported rate in males will illuminate fresh research and conclusions, allowing a full study of alternative variables.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hyperostosis frontalis interna, Acromegaly, Postmenopausal women, Calvarial growth, Heterotopic ossification

Etik Beyan

This study does not require ethical approval as it utilizes course cadavers from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine C&DA Department, in accordance with the exemption categories outlined in Einstein-IRB-citation104(d).

Teşekkür

I wish to express my gratitude to the donors who inspired our work and dedicated themselves to science and education, as well as my profound appreciation for the Albert Einstein College of Medicine C&DA lab team.

Kaynakça

1. Talarico, E. F., Jr., Prather, A. D., & Hardt, K. D. (2008). A case of extensive hyperostosis frontalis interna in an 87-year-old female human cadaver. Clin Anat, 21(3) 259-268. doi:10.1002/ca.20613
2. Moore S. 1955. Hyperostosis Cranii. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. p 3–195.
3. Hershkovitz I, Greenwald C, Rothschild BM, Latimer B, Dutour O, Jellema LM, Wish-Baratz S. 1999. Hyperostosis frontalis interna: An anthropological perspective. Am J Phys Anthropol 109:303–325. 4. Moore S. 1935. Hyperostosis frontalis interna. Surg Gyn Obst 61:345.
5. Moore S. 1936. Calvarial hyperostosis and accompanying symptom complex. Arch Neurol Psychiatr 35:975–981.
6. Moore S. 1953. The Troell-Junet syndrome. Acta Radiol 39:485–93.
7. Perou ML. 1964. Cranial Hyperostosis. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas.
8. She, R., & Szakacs, J. (2004). Hyperostosis frontalis interna: Case report and review of Literature. Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science, 34(2), 206–208. http://www.annclinlabsci.org/content/34/2/206.short
9. Murphy, E., Kortyna, R., & Flaherty, D. (2018). Hyperostosis Frontalis. JBJS Journal of Orthopaedics for Physician Assistants, 6(2), e17
10. Morita, K., Nagai, A., Naitoh, M., Tagami, A., & Ikeda, Y. (2021). A rare case of hyperostosis frontalis interna in an 86-year-old Japanese female cadaver. Anatomical Science International, 96, 315–318.
11. Greenwald, C., Rothschild, B. M., Latimer, B., Dutour, O., Jellema, L. M., & Wish-Baratz, S. (1999). Hyperostosis frontalis interna: An anthropological perspective. Hershkovitz I. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 109, 303–325.
12. Shahin, A., Alhoseiny, S., & Aldali, M. (2014). Hyperostosis frontalis interna: An Egyptian case referred to the second dynasty (2890–2650 BC) from Tarkhan-Egypt. The Egyptian Rheumatologist, 36, 41–45.
13. Bracanovic D, Djonic D, Nikolic S, et al. 3D-Microarchitectural patterns of Hyperostosis frontalis interna: a micro-computed tomography study in aged women. J Anat. 2016;229(5):673-680. doi:10.1111/joa.12506
14. . Glinskii OV, Abraha TW, Turk JR, et al. (2007) Microvascular network remodeling in dura mater of ovariectomized pigs: role for angiopoietin-1 in estrogen-dependent control of vascular stability. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 293, H1131–H1137
15. Yun SP, Lee MY, Ryu JM, et al. (2009) Role of HIF-1alpha and VEGF in human mesenchymal stem cell proliferation by 17- beta-estradiol: involvement of PKC, PI3K/Akt, and MAPKs. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 296, C317–C326.
16. Liu LH, Lai Y, Linghu LJ, et al. (2015) Effect of different concentrations of medroxy-progesterone acetate combined with 17bestradiol on endothelial progenitor cells. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 19, 1790–1795.
17. Peng J, Lai ZG, Fang ZL, et al. (2014) Dimethyloxalylglycine prevents bone loss in ovariectomized c57bl/6j mice through enhanced angiogenesis and osteogenesis. PLoS ONE 9, e112744
18. Brandi ML, Collin-Osdoby P (2006) Vascular biology and the skeleton. J Bone Miner Res 21, 183–192
19. Pufe T, Claassen H, Scholz-Ahrens KE, et al. (2007) Influence of estradiol on vascular endothelial growth factor expression in bone: a study in Gottingen miniature pigs and human osteoblasts. Calcif Tissue Int 80, 184–191.
20. Griffith JF, Wang YX, Zhou H, et al. (2010) Reduced bone perfusion in osteoporosis: likely causes in an ovariectomy rat model. Radiology 254, 739–746.
21. Armelagos GJ, Chrisman OD. 1988. Hyperostosis frontalis interna: A Nubian case. Am J Phys Anthropol 76:25–28.
22. Anderson T. 1991. A medieval example of meningiomatous hyperostosis. Br J Neurosurg 5:499–504.
23. Anderson T. 1992. An example of meningiomatous hyperostosis from medieval Rochester. Med Hist 36:207–213.
24. Ruhli FJ, Boni T, Henneberg M. 2004. Hyperostosis frontalis interna: Archaeological evidence of possible microevolution of human sex steroids? HOMO 55:91–99.
25. Mulhern DM, Wilczak CA, Dudar JC. 2006. Brief communication: Unusual finding at Pueblo Bonito: Multiple cases of hyperostosis frontalis interna. Am J Phys Anthropol 130:480–484.
26. Perou ML. 1964. Cranial Hyperostosis. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas.
27. Henschen F. 1949. Morgagni’s Syndrome. Hyperostosis Frontalis Iinterna, Virilismus, Obesitas. Edinburgh, London: Oliver and Boyd. p 1–167.
28. Rudali G. 1968. Experimental production of hyperostosis frontalis interna in mice. Isr J Med Sci 4:1230–1235.
29. Yamakawa K, Mizutani K, Takahashi M, Matsui M, Mezaki T. 2006. Hyperostosis frontalis interna associated with hypogonadism in an elderly man. Age Aging 35:202–203.
30. Pawlikowski M, Komorowski JM. 1987. Hyperostosis frontalis and prolactin secretion. Exp Clin Endocrinol 89:109–111.
31. Fulton JD, Shand J, Ritchie D, McGhee J. 1990. Hyperostosis frontalis interna, acromegaly and hyperprolactinaemia. Postgrad Med J 66:16–19.
32. Glab H, Szostek K, Kaczanowski K. 2006. Hyperostosis frontalis interna, a genetic disease?: Two medieval cases from Southern Poland. HOMO 57:19–27.
33. Ruhli FJ, Henneberg M. 2002. Are hyperostosis frontalis interna and leptin linked? A hypothetical approach about hormonal influence on human microevolution. Med Hypotheses 58:378–381.
34. Stiene JM, Frank PW. Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna and a Question on Its Pathology: A Case Report. Am J Case Rep. 2022;23:e937450. Published 2022 Oct 11. doi:10.12659/AJCR.937450
35. May H, Peled N, Dar G, et al. (2010b) Hyperostosis frontalis interna and androgen suppression. Anat Rec 293, 1333–1336
36. Belcastro MG, Todero A, Fornaciari G, Mariotti V. Hyperostosis frontalis interna (HFI) and castration: the case of the famous singer Farinelli (1705-1782). J Anat. 2011;219(5):632-637. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01413.x
37. Mutlu U, Telci Caklili O, Barburoglu M, Yarman S. Frequency of hyperostosis frontalis interna in patients with active acromegaly: is there a possible role of GH excess or hyperprolactinemia in its etiopathogenesis?. Hormones (Athens). 2023;22(1):25-32. doi:10.1007/s42000-022-00401-x
38. Morgagni GB. Adversaria anatomica VI. Animadversio LXXIV. Vulporius, Padua; 1719.
39. Morel F. L’hyperostose frontale interne. Geneva: Chapalay and Mottier; 1929.
40. Stewart RM. Localized cranial hyperostosis in the insane. J Neurol Psychopathol. 1928;8:321.
41. Gilbert T, Ait S, Delphin F, Raharisondraibe E, Bonnefoy M. Frontal cortex dysfunction due to extensive hyperostosis frontalis interna. BMJ Case Rep. 2012;2012:bcr0720114439. Published 2012 Jan 10. doi:10.1136/bcr.07.2011.4439
42. Alvarez L, Corrigan W, McGonegal C, et al. The clinical manifestations of hyperostosis frontalis interna: A qualitative systematic review of cases. Clin Anat. 2024;37(5):505-521. doi:10.1002/ca.24147
43. Roybal PG, Wu NL, Sun J, Ting MC, Schafer CA, Maxson RE. Inactivation of Msx1 and Msx2 in neural crest reveals an unexpected role in suppressing heterotopic bone formation in the head. Dev Biol. 2010;343(1-2):28-39. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.04.007
44. Kawai M, Herrmann D, Fuchs A, et al. Fgfr1 conditional-knockout in neural crest cells induces heterotopic chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in mouse frontal bones. Med Mol Morphol. 2019;52(3):156-163. doi:10.1007/s00795-018-0213-z
45. Torrealba-Acosta G, Mandel J. Hyperostosis frontalis interna diagnosed after a provoked seizure. BMJ Case Rep. 2020;13(7):e236520. Published 2020 Jul 1. doi:10.1136/bcr-2020-236520
46. May H, Mali Y, Dar G, Abbas J, Hershkovitz I, Peled N. Intracranial volume, cranial thickness, and hyperostosis frontalis interna in the elderly. Am J Hum Biol. 2012;24(6):812-819. doi:10.1002/ajhb.22325
47. De Rose J, Laing B, Ahmad M. Skull Abnormalities in Cadavers in the Gross Anatomy Lab. Biomed Res Int. 2020;2020:7837213. Published 2020 Feb 19. doi:10.1155/2020/7837213
48. Loskutova N, Honea RA, Vidoni ED, Brooks WM, Burns JM. Bone density and brain atrophy in early Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2009;18(4):777-785. doi:10.3233/JAD-2009-1185
49. Bascou A, Savall F, Vergnault M, et al. Finding of Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna During the Autopsy Procedure: Forensic Issues. J Forensic Sci. 2019;64(6):1929-1932. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.14100
50. 101. Moreno-Ballesteros A, León-Asuero-Moreno I, Marín-Melero I, García-Gómez AFJ. Hyperostosis frontalis interna by bone scintigraphy. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2021;51(4):664-665. doi:10.1093/jjco/hyaa150

Hiperostozis Frontalis Interna ve Klinik Önemi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 169 - 175, 30.06.2025

Hürriyet Çetinok

https://doi.org/10.53446/actamednicomedia.1644183

Öz

Amaç: Frontal kemikteki heterotopik ossifikasyonun metabolik, endokrinolojik, nörolojik ve psikolojik nedenleri giderek önem kazanmaktadır. Hiperostozis frontalis interna (HFI) adı verilen ön kemiğin aşırı büyümesi baş ağrısına ve nadiren nöbetlere neden olabilir. HFI kadınlarda dokuz kat daha sık görülür ve virilizasyon, obezite ve nöropsikiyatrik problemlerle ortaya çıktığında Morgagni-Stewart-Morel sendromu olarak adlandırılır. Uzun süreli östrojen maruziyeti, ileri yaş, kadın cinsiyet, testosteron baskılanmasının ortadan kalkması, erkek tipi hipogonadizm, genetik, çevresel faktörler, obezite, diyet, Diabetes Mellitus, bazı metabolik hastalıklar, otoimmünite (ANA+), endokrin dengesizliği ve LEPTIN HFI'ye neden olur. HFI hastalarının yaklaşık %20'sinde baş ağrısı, obezite, vertigo/baş dönmesi, bilişsel gerileme ve depresyon görülür.
Yöntem: Çalışmamız ABD'nin New -York Albert Einstein College of Medicine Anatomi Laboratuvarında 2016-2019 yılları arasında dört yıl boyunca gerçekleştirildi. Heterotopik ossifikasyonu değerlendirmek için bölümden alınan formalinle sabitlenmiş kadavralardan yararlandık. HFI+ sergileyen kadavralar özellikle tanındı. Olguların cinsiyeti ve yaşı dikkate alındı. Yaşları 42 ila 103 arasında değişen 74 donör değerlendirildi.
Bulgular: Çalışma, HFI sıklığının %41,89 olduğunu, toplumdaki erkeklerde görülme sıklığının ise %9,45 olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu, tüm HFI vakalarının %22,58'ini temsil etmektedir. Kadınlar arasındaki insidans, popülasyonda %32,43 olarak kaydedilmiş olup, toplam HFI vakalarının %77,42'sini temsil etmektedir.
Sonuç: Bulgular, HFI araştırması ve etiyolojisinde östrojen maruziyetinin diğer faktörlerle birlikte dikkate alınması gerektiğini göstermektedir. Genetik veya epigenetik faktörler bazı kliniklerde daha sık görülen HFI'yi tetikleyebilir. Bu korelasyonu doğrulamak için daha büyük bir popülasyon çalışmasına ihtiyaç vardır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hiperostozis frontalis interna, Akromegali, Postmenopozal kadın, Calvarial büyüme, Heterotopik ossifikasyon

Kaynakça

1. Talarico, E. F., Jr., Prather, A. D., & Hardt, K. D. (2008). A case of extensive hyperostosis frontalis interna in an 87-year-old female human cadaver. Clin Anat, 21(3) 259-268. doi:10.1002/ca.20613
2. Moore S. 1955. Hyperostosis Cranii. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. p 3–195.
3. Hershkovitz I, Greenwald C, Rothschild BM, Latimer B, Dutour O, Jellema LM, Wish-Baratz S. 1999. Hyperostosis frontalis interna: An anthropological perspective. Am J Phys Anthropol 109:303–325. 4. Moore S. 1935. Hyperostosis frontalis interna. Surg Gyn Obst 61:345.
5. Moore S. 1936. Calvarial hyperostosis and accompanying symptom complex. Arch Neurol Psychiatr 35:975–981.
6. Moore S. 1953. The Troell-Junet syndrome. Acta Radiol 39:485–93.
7. Perou ML. 1964. Cranial Hyperostosis. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas.
8. She, R., & Szakacs, J. (2004). Hyperostosis frontalis interna: Case report and review of Literature. Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science, 34(2), 206–208. http://www.annclinlabsci.org/content/34/2/206.short
9. Murphy, E., Kortyna, R., & Flaherty, D. (2018). Hyperostosis Frontalis. JBJS Journal of Orthopaedics for Physician Assistants, 6(2), e17
10. Morita, K., Nagai, A., Naitoh, M., Tagami, A., & Ikeda, Y. (2021). A rare case of hyperostosis frontalis interna in an 86-year-old Japanese female cadaver. Anatomical Science International, 96, 315–318.
11. Greenwald, C., Rothschild, B. M., Latimer, B., Dutour, O., Jellema, L. M., & Wish-Baratz, S. (1999). Hyperostosis frontalis interna: An anthropological perspective. Hershkovitz I. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 109, 303–325.
12. Shahin, A., Alhoseiny, S., & Aldali, M. (2014). Hyperostosis frontalis interna: An Egyptian case referred to the second dynasty (2890–2650 BC) from Tarkhan-Egypt. The Egyptian Rheumatologist, 36, 41–45.
13. Bracanovic D, Djonic D, Nikolic S, et al. 3D-Microarchitectural patterns of Hyperostosis frontalis interna: a micro-computed tomography study in aged women. J Anat. 2016;229(5):673-680. doi:10.1111/joa.12506
14. . Glinskii OV, Abraha TW, Turk JR, et al. (2007) Microvascular network remodeling in dura mater of ovariectomized pigs: role for angiopoietin-1 in estrogen-dependent control of vascular stability. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 293, H1131–H1137
15. Yun SP, Lee MY, Ryu JM, et al. (2009) Role of HIF-1alpha and VEGF in human mesenchymal stem cell proliferation by 17- beta-estradiol: involvement of PKC, PI3K/Akt, and MAPKs. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 296, C317–C326.
16. Liu LH, Lai Y, Linghu LJ, et al. (2015) Effect of different concentrations of medroxy-progesterone acetate combined with 17bestradiol on endothelial progenitor cells. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 19, 1790–1795.
17. Peng J, Lai ZG, Fang ZL, et al. (2014) Dimethyloxalylglycine prevents bone loss in ovariectomized c57bl/6j mice through enhanced angiogenesis and osteogenesis. PLoS ONE 9, e112744
18. Brandi ML, Collin-Osdoby P (2006) Vascular biology and the skeleton. J Bone Miner Res 21, 183–192
19. Pufe T, Claassen H, Scholz-Ahrens KE, et al. (2007) Influence of estradiol on vascular endothelial growth factor expression in bone: a study in Gottingen miniature pigs and human osteoblasts. Calcif Tissue Int 80, 184–191.
20. Griffith JF, Wang YX, Zhou H, et al. (2010) Reduced bone perfusion in osteoporosis: likely causes in an ovariectomy rat model. Radiology 254, 739–746.
21. Armelagos GJ, Chrisman OD. 1988. Hyperostosis frontalis interna: A Nubian case. Am J Phys Anthropol 76:25–28.
22. Anderson T. 1991. A medieval example of meningiomatous hyperostosis. Br J Neurosurg 5:499–504.
23. Anderson T. 1992. An example of meningiomatous hyperostosis from medieval Rochester. Med Hist 36:207–213.
24. Ruhli FJ, Boni T, Henneberg M. 2004. Hyperostosis frontalis interna: Archaeological evidence of possible microevolution of human sex steroids? HOMO 55:91–99.
25. Mulhern DM, Wilczak CA, Dudar JC. 2006. Brief communication: Unusual finding at Pueblo Bonito: Multiple cases of hyperostosis frontalis interna. Am J Phys Anthropol 130:480–484.
26. Perou ML. 1964. Cranial Hyperostosis. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas.
27. Henschen F. 1949. Morgagni’s Syndrome. Hyperostosis Frontalis Iinterna, Virilismus, Obesitas. Edinburgh, London: Oliver and Boyd. p 1–167.
28. Rudali G. 1968. Experimental production of hyperostosis frontalis interna in mice. Isr J Med Sci 4:1230–1235.
29. Yamakawa K, Mizutani K, Takahashi M, Matsui M, Mezaki T. 2006. Hyperostosis frontalis interna associated with hypogonadism in an elderly man. Age Aging 35:202–203.
30. Pawlikowski M, Komorowski JM. 1987. Hyperostosis frontalis and prolactin secretion. Exp Clin Endocrinol 89:109–111.
31. Fulton JD, Shand J, Ritchie D, McGhee J. 1990. Hyperostosis frontalis interna, acromegaly and hyperprolactinaemia. Postgrad Med J 66:16–19.
32. Glab H, Szostek K, Kaczanowski K. 2006. Hyperostosis frontalis interna, a genetic disease?: Two medieval cases from Southern Poland. HOMO 57:19–27.
33. Ruhli FJ, Henneberg M. 2002. Are hyperostosis frontalis interna and leptin linked? A hypothetical approach about hormonal influence on human microevolution. Med Hypotheses 58:378–381.
34. Stiene JM, Frank PW. Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna and a Question on Its Pathology: A Case Report. Am J Case Rep. 2022;23:e937450. Published 2022 Oct 11. doi:10.12659/AJCR.937450
35. May H, Peled N, Dar G, et al. (2010b) Hyperostosis frontalis interna and androgen suppression. Anat Rec 293, 1333–1336
36. Belcastro MG, Todero A, Fornaciari G, Mariotti V. Hyperostosis frontalis interna (HFI) and castration: the case of the famous singer Farinelli (1705-1782). J Anat. 2011;219(5):632-637. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01413.x
37. Mutlu U, Telci Caklili O, Barburoglu M, Yarman S. Frequency of hyperostosis frontalis interna in patients with active acromegaly: is there a possible role of GH excess or hyperprolactinemia in its etiopathogenesis?. Hormones (Athens). 2023;22(1):25-32. doi:10.1007/s42000-022-00401-x
38. Morgagni GB. Adversaria anatomica VI. Animadversio LXXIV. Vulporius, Padua; 1719.
39. Morel F. L’hyperostose frontale interne. Geneva: Chapalay and Mottier; 1929.
40. Stewart RM. Localized cranial hyperostosis in the insane. J Neurol Psychopathol. 1928;8:321.
41. Gilbert T, Ait S, Delphin F, Raharisondraibe E, Bonnefoy M. Frontal cortex dysfunction due to extensive hyperostosis frontalis interna. BMJ Case Rep. 2012;2012:bcr0720114439. Published 2012 Jan 10. doi:10.1136/bcr.07.2011.4439
42. Alvarez L, Corrigan W, McGonegal C, et al. The clinical manifestations of hyperostosis frontalis interna: A qualitative systematic review of cases. Clin Anat. 2024;37(5):505-521. doi:10.1002/ca.24147
43. Roybal PG, Wu NL, Sun J, Ting MC, Schafer CA, Maxson RE. Inactivation of Msx1 and Msx2 in neural crest reveals an unexpected role in suppressing heterotopic bone formation in the head. Dev Biol. 2010;343(1-2):28-39. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.04.007
44. Kawai M, Herrmann D, Fuchs A, et al. Fgfr1 conditional-knockout in neural crest cells induces heterotopic chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in mouse frontal bones. Med Mol Morphol. 2019;52(3):156-163. doi:10.1007/s00795-018-0213-z
45. Torrealba-Acosta G, Mandel J. Hyperostosis frontalis interna diagnosed after a provoked seizure. BMJ Case Rep. 2020;13(7):e236520. Published 2020 Jul 1. doi:10.1136/bcr-2020-236520
46. May H, Mali Y, Dar G, Abbas J, Hershkovitz I, Peled N. Intracranial volume, cranial thickness, and hyperostosis frontalis interna in the elderly. Am J Hum Biol. 2012;24(6):812-819. doi:10.1002/ajhb.22325
47. De Rose J, Laing B, Ahmad M. Skull Abnormalities in Cadavers in the Gross Anatomy Lab. Biomed Res Int. 2020;2020:7837213. Published 2020 Feb 19. doi:10.1155/2020/7837213
48. Loskutova N, Honea RA, Vidoni ED, Brooks WM, Burns JM. Bone density and brain atrophy in early Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2009;18(4):777-785. doi:10.3233/JAD-2009-1185
49. Bascou A, Savall F, Vergnault M, et al. Finding of Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna During the Autopsy Procedure: Forensic Issues. J Forensic Sci. 2019;64(6):1929-1932. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.14100
50. 101. Moreno-Ballesteros A, León-Asuero-Moreno I, Marín-Melero I, García-Gómez AFJ. Hyperostosis frontalis interna by bone scintigraphy. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2021;51(4):664-665. doi:10.1093/jjco/hyaa150

Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	Anatomi
Bölüm	Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar	Hürriyet Çetinok 0000-0001-7083-966X
Yayımlanma Tarihi	30 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi	25 Şubat 2025
Kabul Tarihi	18 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2025 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

AMA	Çetinok H. Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna and Its Clinical Significance. Acta Med Nicomedia. Haziran 2025;8(2):169-175. doi:10.53446/actamednicomedia.1644183

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