Öz
Bu çalışmada, köpeklerden toplanan 60 oral sürüntü örneğinde Candida türlerinin varlığı araştırıldı. Örnekler Candida kromojenik agarına ekildi ve 30 °C'de 48 saat inkübe edildi. İnkübasyon süresinin ardından, petrilerin 30'unda (%50) üreme gözlendi ve 57 Candida kolonisi izole edildi. Bu koloniler kromojenik agarda tekli veya çoklu etken olarak üreme gösterdi. Tür tanımlaması, kromojenik agarda görüntülenen renk farklılıklarına göre yapıldı ve altı farklı Candida türü tespit edildi. İzolatlar arasında 16 (%28,1) Candida krusei, 10 (%17,5) Candida glabrata, 10 (%17,5) Candida parapsilosis, 9 (%15,8) Candida utilis, 7 (%12,3) Candida tropicalis ve 5 (%8,8) Candida albicans olarak tanımlandı. Moleküler düzeyde tanımlanmalarını doğrulamak için tüm izolatların ITS3-ITS4 primerleri ile PCR kullanılarak Candida cinsine ait olduğu doğrulandı. İzolatların (n=57) antifungal duyarlılığı disk difüzyon yöntemi kullanılarak değerlendirildi. Sonuçlar izolatların mikonazole (%43,8), ketokonazole (%26,3), flusitozine (%100) ve flukonazole (%93,1) direnç gösterirken, nistatine (%93,1) yüksek duyarlılık gösterdiğini ortaya koydu. Bu çalışma, köpeklerin ağız florasında patojenik Candida türlerinin varlığını vurgulamakta ve bu izolatlar arasında antifungal direncin ortaya çıktığını vurgulamaktadır. Bulgular, köpeklerin ağız mikrobiyotasında Candida türlerinin varlığının, özellikle bağışıklık sistemi baskılanmış bireylerde hem hayvanlar hem de insanlar için potansiyel bir sağlık riski oluşturabileceğini düşündürmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Antifungal direnç Candida identifikasyon köpek kromojenik agar
Kaynakça
- Bentubo, H.D.L., Gambale, W., & Fischman, O. (2010). Leveduras isoladas do pelame de cães sadios que vivem em regime domiciliar. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 62, 1018- 1021. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352010000400039
- Brilhante, R.S.N., de Aragão Rodrigues, P.H., de Alencar, L.P., Riello, G.B., Ribeiro, J.F., de Oliveira, J. S., ... & Sidrim, J.J.C. (2015). Evidence of fluconazole-resistant Candida species in tortoises and sea turtles. Mycopathologia, 180, 421-426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046- 015-9923-0
- Brito, E.H., Fontenelle, R.O., Brilhante, R.S., Cordeiro, R.A., Monteiro, A.J., Sidrim, J.J., & Rocha, M.F. (2009). The anatomical distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of yeast species isolated from healthy dogs. The Veterinary Journal, 182(2), 320-326. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.07.001
- Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Method for antifungal disk diffusion susceptibility testing of yeasts: Approved Guidelines. Second Edition. CLSI Document M44-A2. Wayne, PA, USA: Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute; 2018.
- Fujita, S.I., Senda, Y., Nakaguchi, S., & Hashimoto, T. (2001). Multiplex PCR using internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 regions for rapid detection and identification of yeast strains. Journal of Microbiology, 39(10), 3617-3622. https://doi.org/10.1128/ jcm.39.10.3617-3622.2001
- Jadhav, V.J., & Pal, M. (2006). Estomatitis en perros por Candida albicans. Revista Iberoamericana de Micología, 23(4), 233-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1130-1406(06)70050-X
- Jin, Y., & Lin, D. (2005). Fungal urinary tract infections in the dog and cat: a retrospective study (2001–2004). Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 41(6), 373-381. https://doi. org/10.5326/0410373
- Kobayashi, C. (2008). Distribution of yeast-form fungi in oral cavity of dog. International Journal of Oral-Medical Sciences, 7(1), 40-44. https://doi.org/10.5466/ijoms.7.40
- Kurtzman, C.P., Fell, J.W., & Boekhout, T. (Eds.). (2011). The Yeasts: A Taxonomic Study. Elsevier. Lacaz, C.D.S., Porto, E., Martins, J.E.C., Heins-Vaccari, E.M., & De Melo, N.T. (2002). Tratado de micologia médica. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 44(5), 297-298.
- Navarro, B.S., Auler, M.E., Dos Santos, R.L.O., da Silva Ruiz, L., Nascimento, D.C., Felippe, P.A.N., & Paula, C.R. (2020). Antifungal sensitivity and species of yeasts in oral mucosa of street mixed- breed dogs. Journal de Mycologie Médicale, 30(4), 101010. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2020.101010
- Olabode, H.O.K., Ameh, J.A., Egwu, G.O., Bello, R.H., & Nwniyi, F.C. (2016). Occurrence and anti-fungal sensitivity testing of Candida species isolated from canine conjunctivitis. International Journal of Veterinary Sciences Research, 2(2), 8-14. https://doi.org/10.18488/ journal.110/2016.2.2/110.2.8.14
- Pappas P.G., Kauffman, C.A., Andes, D., Benjamin Jr, D.K., Calandra, T.F., Edwards Jr, J.E.,... & Sobe, J.D. (2009). Clinical practice guidelines for the management Candidiasis: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 48(5), 503–535. https://doi.org/10.1086/596757
- Patil, S., Rao, R.S., Majumdar, B., & Anil, S. (2015). Clinical appearance of oral Candida infection and therapeutic strategies. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6, 1391. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01391
- Paula, C.R., Navarro, B.S., Bonci, M.M., & Nascimento, D.C. (2021). Importance of yeasts in oral canine mucosa- in canine genetics, health and medicine. IntechOpen.
- Santin, R., Mattei, A.S., Waller, S.B., Madrid, I.M., Cleff, M.B., Xavier, M.O., & Meireles, M. C.A. (2013). Clinical and mycological analysis of dog’s oral cavity. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 44, 139-144. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822013005000018
- Talay, T., & Odabaş, M. (2022). Çürük oluşumunda Candida ve Non- Candida türlerinin etkisi. Selcuk Dental Journal, 9(1), 352-358. https://doi.org/10.15311/selcukdentj.873217
- Watkinson, S.C., Boddy, L., & Money, N. (2015). The fungi. Academic Press.
- Williams, D., & Lewis, M. (2011). Pathogenesis and treatment of oral candidosis. Journal of Oral Microbiology, 3(1), 5771. https://doi. org/10.3402/jom.v3i0.5771
- Willis, J.R., & Gabaldón, T. (2020). The human oral microbiome in health and disease: from sequences to ecosystems. Microorganisms, 8(2), 308. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8020308
- Yurayart, C., Nuchnoul, N., Moolkum, P., Jirasuksiri, S., Niyomtham, W., Chindamporn, A.,... & Prapasarakul, N. (2013). Antifungal agent susceptibilities and interpretation of Malassezia pachydermatis and Candida parapsilosis isolated from dogs with and without seborrheic dermatitis skin. Medical Mycology, 51(7), 721-730. https://doi.org/10.3109/13693786.2013.777165
- Živković, R., Perić, M., Arsić-Arsenijević, V., Martinović, Ž., Pekmezović, M., Stojić, Ž., & Đurišić, S. (2013). Susceptibility profile of Candida spp. isolated from humans and dogs with stomatitis to the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris. Acta Veterinaria, 63(5-6), 707-715. https:// doi.org/10.2298/AVB1306707Z
Öz
In this study, the presence of Candida species was investigated in 60 oral swab samples collected from dogs. The samples were cultured on Candida chromogenic agar and incubated at 30°C for 48 hours. Following the incubation period, growth was observed on 30 (50%) of the plates, resulting in the isolation of 57 Candida colonies. These colonies exhibited growth either as single or multiple agents on the chromogenic agar. Species identification was performed based on the color patterns displayed on the chromogenic agar, leading to the detection of six distinct Candida species. Among the isolates, 16 (28.1%) were identified as Candida krusei, 10 (17.5%) as Candida glabrata, 10 (17.5%) as Candida parapsilosis, 9 (15.8%) as Candida utilis, 7 (12.3%) as Candida tropicalis, and 5 (8.8%) as Candida albicans. To confirm their identification at the molecular level, all isolates were verified as belonging to the Candida genus using PCR with ITS3-ITS4 primers. The antifungal susceptibility of the isolates (n=57) was assessed using the disk diffusion method. The results revealed that the isolates exhibited resistance to miconazole (43.8%), ketoconazole (26.3%), flucytosine (100%), and fluconazole (93.1%), while showing high sensitivity to nystatin (93.1%). This study highlights the presence of pathogenic Candida species in the oral flora of dogs and underscores the emergence of antifungal resistance among these isolates. The findings suggest that the presence of Candida species in the oral microbiota of dogs could pose a potential health risk to both animals and humans, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Antifungal resistance Candida chromogenic agar dog identification
Kaynakça
- Bentubo, H.D.L., Gambale, W., & Fischman, O. (2010). Leveduras isoladas do pelame de cães sadios que vivem em regime domiciliar. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 62, 1018- 1021. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352010000400039
- Brilhante, R.S.N., de Aragão Rodrigues, P.H., de Alencar, L.P., Riello, G.B., Ribeiro, J.F., de Oliveira, J. S., ... & Sidrim, J.J.C. (2015). Evidence of fluconazole-resistant Candida species in tortoises and sea turtles. Mycopathologia, 180, 421-426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046- 015-9923-0
- Brito, E.H., Fontenelle, R.O., Brilhante, R.S., Cordeiro, R.A., Monteiro, A.J., Sidrim, J.J., & Rocha, M.F. (2009). The anatomical distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of yeast species isolated from healthy dogs. The Veterinary Journal, 182(2), 320-326. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.07.001
- Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Method for antifungal disk diffusion susceptibility testing of yeasts: Approved Guidelines. Second Edition. CLSI Document M44-A2. Wayne, PA, USA: Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute; 2018.
- Fujita, S.I., Senda, Y., Nakaguchi, S., & Hashimoto, T. (2001). Multiplex PCR using internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 regions for rapid detection and identification of yeast strains. Journal of Microbiology, 39(10), 3617-3622. https://doi.org/10.1128/ jcm.39.10.3617-3622.2001
- Jadhav, V.J., & Pal, M. (2006). Estomatitis en perros por Candida albicans. Revista Iberoamericana de Micología, 23(4), 233-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1130-1406(06)70050-X
- Jin, Y., & Lin, D. (2005). Fungal urinary tract infections in the dog and cat: a retrospective study (2001–2004). Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 41(6), 373-381. https://doi. org/10.5326/0410373
- Kobayashi, C. (2008). Distribution of yeast-form fungi in oral cavity of dog. International Journal of Oral-Medical Sciences, 7(1), 40-44. https://doi.org/10.5466/ijoms.7.40
- Kurtzman, C.P., Fell, J.W., & Boekhout, T. (Eds.). (2011). The Yeasts: A Taxonomic Study. Elsevier. Lacaz, C.D.S., Porto, E., Martins, J.E.C., Heins-Vaccari, E.M., & De Melo, N.T. (2002). Tratado de micologia médica. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 44(5), 297-298.
- Navarro, B.S., Auler, M.E., Dos Santos, R.L.O., da Silva Ruiz, L., Nascimento, D.C., Felippe, P.A.N., & Paula, C.R. (2020). Antifungal sensitivity and species of yeasts in oral mucosa of street mixed- breed dogs. Journal de Mycologie Médicale, 30(4), 101010. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2020.101010
- Olabode, H.O.K., Ameh, J.A., Egwu, G.O., Bello, R.H., & Nwniyi, F.C. (2016). Occurrence and anti-fungal sensitivity testing of Candida species isolated from canine conjunctivitis. International Journal of Veterinary Sciences Research, 2(2), 8-14. https://doi.org/10.18488/ journal.110/2016.2.2/110.2.8.14
- Pappas P.G., Kauffman, C.A., Andes, D., Benjamin Jr, D.K., Calandra, T.F., Edwards Jr, J.E.,... & Sobe, J.D. (2009). Clinical practice guidelines for the management Candidiasis: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 48(5), 503–535. https://doi.org/10.1086/596757
- Patil, S., Rao, R.S., Majumdar, B., & Anil, S. (2015). Clinical appearance of oral Candida infection and therapeutic strategies. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6, 1391. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01391
- Paula, C.R., Navarro, B.S., Bonci, M.M., & Nascimento, D.C. (2021). Importance of yeasts in oral canine mucosa- in canine genetics, health and medicine. IntechOpen.
- Santin, R., Mattei, A.S., Waller, S.B., Madrid, I.M., Cleff, M.B., Xavier, M.O., & Meireles, M. C.A. (2013). Clinical and mycological analysis of dog’s oral cavity. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 44, 139-144. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822013005000018
- Talay, T., & Odabaş, M. (2022). Çürük oluşumunda Candida ve Non- Candida türlerinin etkisi. Selcuk Dental Journal, 9(1), 352-358. https://doi.org/10.15311/selcukdentj.873217
- Watkinson, S.C., Boddy, L., & Money, N. (2015). The fungi. Academic Press.
- Williams, D., & Lewis, M. (2011). Pathogenesis and treatment of oral candidosis. Journal of Oral Microbiology, 3(1), 5771. https://doi. org/10.3402/jom.v3i0.5771
- Willis, J.R., & Gabaldón, T. (2020). The human oral microbiome in health and disease: from sequences to ecosystems. Microorganisms, 8(2), 308. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8020308
- Yurayart, C., Nuchnoul, N., Moolkum, P., Jirasuksiri, S., Niyomtham, W., Chindamporn, A.,... & Prapasarakul, N. (2013). Antifungal agent susceptibilities and interpretation of Malassezia pachydermatis and Candida parapsilosis isolated from dogs with and without seborrheic dermatitis skin. Medical Mycology, 51(7), 721-730. https://doi.org/10.3109/13693786.2013.777165
- Živković, R., Perić, M., Arsić-Arsenijević, V., Martinović, Ž., Pekmezović, M., Stojić, Ž., & Đurišić, S. (2013). Susceptibility profile of Candida spp. isolated from humans and dogs with stomatitis to the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris. Acta Veterinaria, 63(5-6), 707-715. https:// doi.org/10.2298/AVB1306707Z
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Veteriner Bilimleri (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Research Articles |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 24 Haziran 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 10 Şubat 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 27 Mart 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1 |
