GO/NO-GO Testleri ve Anlık Geri Bildirim ile Sporcularda Dikkat Performansı Ölçümü

Merve Erdoğdu; Sevil Can

doi:10.17827/aktd.1587396

Derleme

Measurement of Athletes' Attention Performance with GO/NO-GO Tests and Real-Time Feedback

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 2, 91 - 103, 30.06.2025

Merve Erdoğdu , Sevil Can

https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.1587396

Öz

The aim of this study is to examine attention assessment in athletes using GO/NO-GO tests and evaluate the effectiveness of computer-based systems in DEHB (ADHD) assessment. DEHB is a factor that can affect athletes' attention, focus, and overall performance, requiring objective and reliable evaluation methods. Today, game technologies and automation-supported measurement systems enhance the assessment process by offering real-time feedback, remote application, data storage, and analysis functions. In this context, the study explores the use, design, and application processes of modern DEHB assessment techniques such as MOXO, GO/NO-GO Test, Qb Test, Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift (IED), Cambridge Gambling Task (CGT), and CognitionKit N-Back (NBX) tests. The findings indicate that DEHB symptoms show a stronger correlation with sustained attention performance when behavioral tasks are included, compared to self-report-based assessments. The objective data provided by computer-based tests have shown a strong relationship with performance parameters such as athletes' attention duration, reaction speed, and error rates. In particular, impulse control and reaction time measured through Go/No-Go tests have yielded more reliable results than self-report-based assessments. These findings contribute significantly to the more precise and objective measurement of DEHB in athletes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

computer animation, deficit and hyperactivity, web-based tests., Sports, attention

Kaynakça

1. Goldstein E B, Bilişsel Psikoloji. 3.Baskı.İstanbul, Kaknüs Yayınevi,2020.
2. Schweitzer J, B Rizzo, A. S. Virtual Reality and ADHD: Clinical assessment and treatment in the metaverse. NLM Catalog - The ADHD Report.2022;30:1-9.
3. Woodman T, Barlow M, Gorgulu R. Don’t Miss, Don’t Miss, D’oh! Performance When Anxious Suffers Specifically Where Least Desired. Sport Psychologist.2015;29:213-223.
4. Montaleão Brum Alves, R, Ferreira da Silva M, Assis Schmitz E, Juarez Alencar A. Trends, Limits, and Challenges of Computer Technologies in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnosis and Treatment. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 20222;25:14-26.
5. Doulou A, Skianis C. Digital Technologies and Virtual and Augmented Reality Games as ADHD intervention. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience & Mental Health.2023;6:59-69.
6. Voss M, W Kramer A F, Basak C, Prakash R S, Roberts B. Are expert athletes ‘expert’ in the cognitive laboratory? A meta-analytic review of cognition and sport expertise. Appl. Cogn. Psychol.2009;24:812–826.
7. Scharfen H E, Memmert D. Measurement of cognitive functions in experts and elite athletes: A meta-analytic review. Appl. Cogn. Psychol.2019;33:843–860.
8. Brimmell J, Edwards E J, Uiga L, Wood G, Vaughan R. The structure of executive functions in athletes: A latent variable approach. Psychol. Sport and Exerc.2025;78:102808.
9. Turner M, Ishihara T, Beranek, P, Turner K, Fransen J, Born P, et al.. Investigating the role of age and maturation on the association between tennis experience and cognitive function in junior beginner to intermediate-level tennis players. Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach. 2022;17:1071–1078.
10. Murr D, Larkin P, Höner O. Decision-making skills of high-performance youth soccer players: Validating a video-based diagnostic instrument with a soccer-specific motor response. Ger. J. Exerc. Sport Res. 2021;51:102– 111.
11. Beavan A, Spielmann J, Mayer J. Taking the first steps toward integrating testing and training cognitive abilities within high-performance athletes: Insights from a professional German football club. Frontiers in Psychology.2019;10:2773.
12. Knöbel S, Lautenbach, F. An assist for cognitive diagnostics in soccer (Part II): Development and validation of a task to measure working memory in a soccer-specific setting. Frontiers in Psycholog.,2023;13:1026017.
13. Erdoğdu M, Karar E N, Aytaç G. (2023). Web tabanlı psikoloji deneylerinin çevrimiçi tasarımı ve uygulamaları. Türkiye Sağlık Enstitüleri Başkanlığı Dergisi. 2023;6:38-53.
14. Zhang R Using artificial intelligence assistant technology to develop animation games on IoT. Computer Science and Information Systems.2023;20:21-21.
15. Kumar A. Gamification in training with next generation AI-virtual reality, animation design and immersive technology. J. Exp. Theor. Artif. Intell.2022;34:1-14.
16. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Institute of Mental Health. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ’’. Available from: http://www.nihm.nih.gov. Accessed: 22 August 2022
17. Thomas R, Sanders S, Doust J, Beller E, Glasziou P. Prevalence Of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis. Pediatrics 2015;135: 994-1001.
18. Biederman J, Mick E, Faraone S V. Age-dependent decline of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: impact of remission definition and symptom type. Am. J. Psychiatry.2000; 157:816–818.
19. Rohlf H, Jucksch V, Gawrilow C, Huss M, Hein, J, Lehmkuhl U et al.. Set Shifting And Working Memory İn Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J. Neural Transm. 2012; 119:95–106.
20. Wang S, Yang Y, Xing W, Chen J, Liu C, Luo X. Altered neural circuits related to sustained attention and executive control in children with ADHD: an event-related fMRI study. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2013;124: 2181-2190.
21. Harvey E A, Breaux R P, Lugo-Candelas C I. Early development of comorbidity between symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). J. Abnorm. Psychol. 2016;125: 154–167.
22. Larson K, Russ S A, Kahn R S, Halfon N. Patterns of comorbidity, functioning, and service use for US children with ADHD. Pediatrics. 2011;127:462–470.
23. Doulou A, Drigas A. Electronic, VR & augmented reality games for intervention in ADHD. Tech.Soc. Sci. J.. 2022;28: 159.
24. Han D H, McDuff D, Thompson D, Hitchcock M E, Reardon C L, Hainline B. (2019). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in elite athletes: a narrative review. Br. J. Sports Med. 2019:53;741–745.
25. Regnart J, Truter I, Meyer A. Critical exploration of co-occurring Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, mood disorder and Substance Use Disorder. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res.. 2017;17:275–282.
26. White R D, Harris G D, Gibson M E. (2014). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Athletes. Sports Health, 2014;6: 149–156.
27. Ciocca M. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Athletes. Clin Sports Med.2019;38:545–554.
28. Moxo Türkiye Çeldirici Dikkat Testi. Available from: https://www.moxoturkiye.com/moxo-nedir/ . Accessed:22 August 2022
29. Cassuto H, Ben-Simon A, Berger I. Using environmental distractors in the diagnosis of ADHD. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013;7:805.
30. Erdoğdu M, Aytaç G, Aydın, İ. (2023). Web tabanlı oyun aracılığıyla sporda dürtüsel davranış ölçümleri. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilim. Derg.. 2023;21:162-177.
31. Desman C, Schneider A, Ziegler-Kirbach E, Petermann F, Mohr B, Hampel P. (2006). Verhaltenshemmung und Emotionsregulation in einer Go-/Nogo-Aufgabe bei Jungen mit ADHS [Behavioural inhibition and emotion regulation among boys with ADHD during a go-/nogo-task]. Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr.2006;55:328– 349.
32. Rasmussen J, Casey B J, van Erp T G, Tamm L, Epstein, J N, Buss C, Bjork, et al.. ADHD and cannabis use in young adults examined using fMRI of a Go/NoGo task.Brain Imaging Behav2016; 10: 761–771.
33. Leontyev A, Sun S, Wolfe M, Yamauchi T. Augmented Go/No-Go Task: Mouse Cursor Motion Measures Improve ADHD Symptom Assessment in Healthy College Students. Front. Psychol. 2018;9:496.
34. Qbtech. Clinical Documentation for Qb Test and QbCheck. Available from:https://www.qbtech.com/adhd-tests/clinical-research-full-list. Accessed: 22 August 2022
35. Hall C L, Valentine A Z, Walker G M, Ball H M, Cogger H, Daley D Groom et al.. Study of user experience of an objective test (QbTest) to aid ADHD assessment and medication management: a multi-methods approach. BMC Psychiatry.2017;17:66.
36. Cambridge Cognition. ''Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift''. Available from: https://www.cambridgecognition.com/cantab/cognitive-tests/executive-function/intra-extra-dimensional-setshift-ied/.Accessed: 08 August 2022.
37. Mohammadzadeh A, Khorrami Banarak A, Tehrani Doost M, Castelli F. (2020). A new semi-nonverbal task glance, moderate role of cognitive flexibility in ADHD children's theory of mind. Cogn. Neuropsychiatry. 2020;25:28–44.
38. Cambridge Cognition. Available from: https://www.cambridgecognition.com/cantab/cognitive-tests/executive-function/cambridge-gambling-taskcgt/. Accessed: 08 August 2022
39. Poon K. Understanding Risk-taking Behavior in Bullies, Victims, and Bully Victims Using Cognitive- and Emotion-Focused Approaches. Front. Psychol. 2016;7:1838.
40. Eriksen B A, Eriksen C W (1974). Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Percept. Psychophys. 1974;16:143-149.
41. Gutchess A, Ksander J, Millar P.R. et al.. Cultural differences in performance on Eriksen’s flanker task. Atten Percept. Psychophys. 2020;83: 882–898
42. Grinberg A, Hanzlíková I, Lehnert M, Abdollahipour R. The impact of maturation level, not chronological age, on attentional control: Implications for sports injury prevention in female adolescents. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil.2024; 16: 195.
43. Krenn B, Finkenzeller T, Würth S, Amesberger G. Sport type determines differences in executive functions in elite athletes. J. Sports Psychol.2025;40:120-135.
44. Sun H, Soh K G, Roslan S, Wazir Norjali Wazir M R, Soh K L. Does mental fatigue affect skilled performance in athletes? A systematic review. PLoS One.2021;16: 258-307
45. Sambol S, Suleyman E, Scarfo J, Ball M. A true reflection of executive functioning or a representation of task-specific variance? Re-evaluating the unity/diversity framework. Acta Psychol (Amst).2023;236:103934.

GO/NO-GO Testleri ve Anlık Geri Bildirim ile Sporcularda Dikkat Performansı Ölçümü

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 2, 91 - 103, 30.06.2025

Merve Erdoğdu , Sevil Can

https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.1587396

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, GO/NO-GO testleri ile sporcularda dikkat ölçümünü inceleyerek, bilgisayar tabanlı sistemlerin DEHB değerlendirmesindeki etkinliğini değerlendirmektir. DEHB, sporcuların dikkat, odaklanma ve genel performanslarını etkileyebilen bir faktör olup, objektif ve güvenilir değerlendirme yöntemleri gerektirmektedir. Günümüzde, oyun teknolojileri ve otomasyon destekli ölçüm sistemleri, anlık geri bildirim, uzaktan uygulama, veri depolama ve analiz gibi işlevler sunarak değerlendirme süreçlerini daha etkin hale getirmektedir. Bu bağlamda, çalışmada MOXO, GO/NO-GO Testi, Qb Test, Ekstra Boyutlu Set Kaydırma (IED), Cambridge Kumar Görevi (CGT) ve CognitionKit N-Geri (NBX) testleri gibi güncel DEHB ölçüm tekniklerinin kullanım, tasarım ve uygulama süreçleri ele alınmaktadır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, DEHB semptomlarının öz bildirim temelli değerlendirmelere kıyasla, davranışsal görevler eklendiğinde sürekli dikkat performansı ile daha güçlü bir ilişki gösterdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bilgisayar tabanlı testlerin sağladığı objektif veriler, sporcuların dikkat süreleri, tepki hızları ve hata oranları gibi performans parametreleriyle güçlü bir ilişki göstermiştir. Özellikle, GO/NO-GO testleri ile ölçülen dürtü kontrolü ve tepki süresi, öz bildirim temelli değerlendirmelere kıyasla daha güvenilir sonuçlar vermiştir. Bu bulgular, sporcularda DEHB’nin daha hassas ve objektif ölçümüne yönelik önemli katkılar sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

spor, bilgisayar animasyonu, dikkat eksikliği ve hiperaktivite, web tabanlı testler

Kaynakça

1. Goldstein E B, Bilişsel Psikoloji. 3.Baskı.İstanbul, Kaknüs Yayınevi,2020.
2. Schweitzer J, B Rizzo, A. S. Virtual Reality and ADHD: Clinical assessment and treatment in the metaverse. NLM Catalog - The ADHD Report.2022;30:1-9.
3. Woodman T, Barlow M, Gorgulu R. Don’t Miss, Don’t Miss, D’oh! Performance When Anxious Suffers Specifically Where Least Desired. Sport Psychologist.2015;29:213-223.
4. Montaleão Brum Alves, R, Ferreira da Silva M, Assis Schmitz E, Juarez Alencar A. Trends, Limits, and Challenges of Computer Technologies in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnosis and Treatment. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 20222;25:14-26.
5. Doulou A, Skianis C. Digital Technologies and Virtual and Augmented Reality Games as ADHD intervention. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience & Mental Health.2023;6:59-69.
6. Voss M, W Kramer A F, Basak C, Prakash R S, Roberts B. Are expert athletes ‘expert’ in the cognitive laboratory? A meta-analytic review of cognition and sport expertise. Appl. Cogn. Psychol.2009;24:812–826.
7. Scharfen H E, Memmert D. Measurement of cognitive functions in experts and elite athletes: A meta-analytic review. Appl. Cogn. Psychol.2019;33:843–860.
8. Brimmell J, Edwards E J, Uiga L, Wood G, Vaughan R. The structure of executive functions in athletes: A latent variable approach. Psychol. Sport and Exerc.2025;78:102808.
9. Turner M, Ishihara T, Beranek, P, Turner K, Fransen J, Born P, et al.. Investigating the role of age and maturation on the association between tennis experience and cognitive function in junior beginner to intermediate-level tennis players. Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach. 2022;17:1071–1078.
10. Murr D, Larkin P, Höner O. Decision-making skills of high-performance youth soccer players: Validating a video-based diagnostic instrument with a soccer-specific motor response. Ger. J. Exerc. Sport Res. 2021;51:102– 111.
11. Beavan A, Spielmann J, Mayer J. Taking the first steps toward integrating testing and training cognitive abilities within high-performance athletes: Insights from a professional German football club. Frontiers in Psychology.2019;10:2773.
12. Knöbel S, Lautenbach, F. An assist for cognitive diagnostics in soccer (Part II): Development and validation of a task to measure working memory in a soccer-specific setting. Frontiers in Psycholog.,2023;13:1026017.
13. Erdoğdu M, Karar E N, Aytaç G. (2023). Web tabanlı psikoloji deneylerinin çevrimiçi tasarımı ve uygulamaları. Türkiye Sağlık Enstitüleri Başkanlığı Dergisi. 2023;6:38-53.
14. Zhang R Using artificial intelligence assistant technology to develop animation games on IoT. Computer Science and Information Systems.2023;20:21-21.
15. Kumar A. Gamification in training with next generation AI-virtual reality, animation design and immersive technology. J. Exp. Theor. Artif. Intell.2022;34:1-14.
16. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Institute of Mental Health. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ’’. Available from: http://www.nihm.nih.gov. Accessed: 22 August 2022
17. Thomas R, Sanders S, Doust J, Beller E, Glasziou P. Prevalence Of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis. Pediatrics 2015;135: 994-1001.
18. Biederman J, Mick E, Faraone S V. Age-dependent decline of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: impact of remission definition and symptom type. Am. J. Psychiatry.2000; 157:816–818.
19. Rohlf H, Jucksch V, Gawrilow C, Huss M, Hein, J, Lehmkuhl U et al.. Set Shifting And Working Memory İn Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J. Neural Transm. 2012; 119:95–106.
20. Wang S, Yang Y, Xing W, Chen J, Liu C, Luo X. Altered neural circuits related to sustained attention and executive control in children with ADHD: an event-related fMRI study. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2013;124: 2181-2190.
21. Harvey E A, Breaux R P, Lugo-Candelas C I. Early development of comorbidity between symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). J. Abnorm. Psychol. 2016;125: 154–167.
22. Larson K, Russ S A, Kahn R S, Halfon N. Patterns of comorbidity, functioning, and service use for US children with ADHD. Pediatrics. 2011;127:462–470.
23. Doulou A, Drigas A. Electronic, VR & augmented reality games for intervention in ADHD. Tech.Soc. Sci. J.. 2022;28: 159.
24. Han D H, McDuff D, Thompson D, Hitchcock M E, Reardon C L, Hainline B. (2019). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in elite athletes: a narrative review. Br. J. Sports Med. 2019:53;741–745.
25. Regnart J, Truter I, Meyer A. Critical exploration of co-occurring Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, mood disorder and Substance Use Disorder. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res.. 2017;17:275–282.
26. White R D, Harris G D, Gibson M E. (2014). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Athletes. Sports Health, 2014;6: 149–156.
27. Ciocca M. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Athletes. Clin Sports Med.2019;38:545–554.
28. Moxo Türkiye Çeldirici Dikkat Testi. Available from: https://www.moxoturkiye.com/moxo-nedir/ . Accessed:22 August 2022
29. Cassuto H, Ben-Simon A, Berger I. Using environmental distractors in the diagnosis of ADHD. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013;7:805.
30. Erdoğdu M, Aytaç G, Aydın, İ. (2023). Web tabanlı oyun aracılığıyla sporda dürtüsel davranış ölçümleri. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilim. Derg.. 2023;21:162-177.
31. Desman C, Schneider A, Ziegler-Kirbach E, Petermann F, Mohr B, Hampel P. (2006). Verhaltenshemmung und Emotionsregulation in einer Go-/Nogo-Aufgabe bei Jungen mit ADHS [Behavioural inhibition and emotion regulation among boys with ADHD during a go-/nogo-task]. Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr.2006;55:328– 349.
32. Rasmussen J, Casey B J, van Erp T G, Tamm L, Epstein, J N, Buss C, Bjork, et al.. ADHD and cannabis use in young adults examined using fMRI of a Go/NoGo task.Brain Imaging Behav2016; 10: 761–771.
33. Leontyev A, Sun S, Wolfe M, Yamauchi T. Augmented Go/No-Go Task: Mouse Cursor Motion Measures Improve ADHD Symptom Assessment in Healthy College Students. Front. Psychol. 2018;9:496.
34. Qbtech. Clinical Documentation for Qb Test and QbCheck. Available from:https://www.qbtech.com/adhd-tests/clinical-research-full-list. Accessed: 22 August 2022
35. Hall C L, Valentine A Z, Walker G M, Ball H M, Cogger H, Daley D Groom et al.. Study of user experience of an objective test (QbTest) to aid ADHD assessment and medication management: a multi-methods approach. BMC Psychiatry.2017;17:66.
36. Cambridge Cognition. ''Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift''. Available from: https://www.cambridgecognition.com/cantab/cognitive-tests/executive-function/intra-extra-dimensional-setshift-ied/.Accessed: 08 August 2022.
37. Mohammadzadeh A, Khorrami Banarak A, Tehrani Doost M, Castelli F. (2020). A new semi-nonverbal task glance, moderate role of cognitive flexibility in ADHD children's theory of mind. Cogn. Neuropsychiatry. 2020;25:28–44.
38. Cambridge Cognition. Available from: https://www.cambridgecognition.com/cantab/cognitive-tests/executive-function/cambridge-gambling-taskcgt/. Accessed: 08 August 2022
39. Poon K. Understanding Risk-taking Behavior in Bullies, Victims, and Bully Victims Using Cognitive- and Emotion-Focused Approaches. Front. Psychol. 2016;7:1838.
40. Eriksen B A, Eriksen C W (1974). Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Percept. Psychophys. 1974;16:143-149.
41. Gutchess A, Ksander J, Millar P.R. et al.. Cultural differences in performance on Eriksen’s flanker task. Atten Percept. Psychophys. 2020;83: 882–898
42. Grinberg A, Hanzlíková I, Lehnert M, Abdollahipour R. The impact of maturation level, not chronological age, on attentional control: Implications for sports injury prevention in female adolescents. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil.2024; 16: 195.
43. Krenn B, Finkenzeller T, Würth S, Amesberger G. Sport type determines differences in executive functions in elite athletes. J. Sports Psychol.2025;40:120-135.
44. Sun H, Soh K G, Roslan S, Wazir Norjali Wazir M R, Soh K L. Does mental fatigue affect skilled performance in athletes? A systematic review. PLoS One.2021;16: 258-307
45. Sambol S, Suleyman E, Scarfo J, Ball M. A true reflection of executive functioning or a representation of task-specific variance? Re-evaluating the unity/diversity framework. Acta Psychol (Amst).2023;236:103934.

Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Konular	Sinirbilim (Diğer), Sağlık Hizmetleri ve Sistemleri (Diğer)
Bölüm	Derleme
Yazarlar	Merve Erdoğdu 0000-0002-3745-2639 Sevil Can 0009-0005-0153-9950
Yayımlanma Tarihi	30 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi	18 Kasım 2024
Kabul Tarihi	19 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2025 Cilt: 34 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

AMA	Erdoğdu M, Can S. GO/NO-GO Testleri ve Anlık Geri Bildirim ile Sporcularda Dikkat Performansı Ölçümü. aktd. Haziran 2025;34(2):91-103. doi:10.17827/aktd.1587396

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