Araştırma Makalesi
Nutritional Composition, Phytochemical Constituents and Cytotoxicity of Dipcadi glaucum (Burch. ex Ker Gawl.) Baker
Öz
This study aimed at evaluating the phytochemical, nutritional and cytotoxicity of Dipcadi glaucum, a wild edible species in Zimbabwe. The results of the proximate analysis show that D. glaucum is rich in nutrients, with high levels of crude protein (26.6% in leaves and 24% in bulbs) and ash (26.25% in leaves and 14% in bulbs), alongside moderate carbohydrate levels (35.55% in leaves and 43% in bulbs) and calorific values (295.6 kcal/100 g in leaves and 310.9 kcal/100 g in bulbs). The phytochemical analysis established presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and steroids, suggesting potential health benefits and culinary applications Cytotoxicity was assessed using the brine shrimp lethality assay, showing an LC50 of 2.72 mg/ml for methanol bulb extracts and 1949.85 mg/ml for aqueous extracts. While both extracts were non-toxic based on assay thresholds, reports of potential toxicity to ruminants and the presence of alkaloids at higher concentrations warrant further research. Findings of this study suggest that D. glaucum is an important nutritional and mineral supplement, though additional research is needed to confirm its safety and suitability for human consumption.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Etik Beyan
Ethical approval is not required
Destekleyen Kurum
University of Zimbabwe and University of Oslo
Proje Numarası
1
Kaynakça
- Abdulrahman, WF, and AO. Omoniyi. 2016. Proximate analysis and mineral compositions of different cereals available in Gwagwalada market, F.C.T, Abuja, Nigeria. Journal of Advances in Food Science & Technology 3(2):50-55.
- Adly, F, M. Moussaid, C. Berhal, A. Razik, A. A. Elamrani, H. Moussaid, Bourhim N., Loutfi M. 2015. Phytochemical Screening and Biological Study of Ethanol Extractives of Dipcadi serotinum (L.) MEDIK. European Journal of Advanced Research in Biological and Life Sciences. 3 (3):17.
- Akubugwo I.E., N.A. Obasi, G.C. Chinyere, A.E. Ugbogu. 2007. Nutritional and Chemical Value of Amaranthus hybridus L. Leaves from Afikpo, Nigeria. Afr. J. Biotechnol.6:2833–2839. doi: 10.5897/AJB2007.000-2452
- Allison, M. J. 1978. The role of ruminal microbes in the metabolism of toxic constituents from plants. pp. 101-118. In: R. F. Keeler, K. R. Van Kampen, and L. F. James (Eds.) Effects of Poisonous Plants on Livestock. Academic Press, New York. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-403250-7.50017-0
- Al-Najjar, H. A. 2020. Phytochemical Investigation of Dipcadi ervthraeum, Medical Journal of Cairo University 88(2):761-764. Available at: http://www.medicaljournal ofcairouniversity.net
- Altemimi, A., N. Lakhssassi, A. Baharlouei, D. G. Watson, and D. A. Lightfoot. 2017. Phytochemicals: Extraction, Isolation, and Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Extracts. Plants (Basel) 6 (4):42. doi: 10.3390/plants6040042
- AOAC. 2000. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 17th ed. AOAC. Washington D.C, USA.
- Aydin, A., G. Aktay, and E.Yesulada. 2016. A Guidance Manual for the Toxicity Assessment of Traditional Herbal Medicines. Nat. Prod. Commun. 11 (11):1776-1773.
- Botha, C. J., and M. L. Penrith. 2008. Poisonous plants of veterinary and human importance in southern Africa. J. Ethnopharmacol. 119 (3): 549-558. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.07.022
- Boussama, N., O. Ouariti, A. Suzuki, and M.H. Ghorbal. 1999. Cd-stress on nitrogen assimilation. J. Plant Physiol. 155: 310-317.
- Chang, S. K. C. 1998. Protein Analysis. pp. 237–250. In: S. Nielsen (Ed.). Food Analysis. Gaithersburg. Aspen Publishers.
- Chidzwondo, M., F. Nyanga, L. K. Zvidzai, C. J. Mushipe, S. Muzaka, and C. Chidewe. 2023. Effects of Processing Methods on Antinutrient Composition of Seeds from A Wild Legume Bauhinia petersiana Sigauke. Asian J.Sci.Technol. 4 (4): 012-016
- Chitsiku, I. E. 1989. Nutritive Value of Foods of Zimbabwe. Zambezia XVI (i): 67-89
- Cushnie, T. T., B. Cushnie, A. J. Lamb. 2014. Alkaloids: an overview of their antibacterial, antibiotic-enhancing and antivirulence activities. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 44: 377-386. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.06.001.
- Dhingra, D. M. Michael, H. Rajput, and R. T. Patil. 2012. Dietary fibre in foods: a review. J. Food Sci. Technol. 49 (3): 255-266. doi: 10.1007/s13197-011-0365-5
- Fan, M., S. Yuan, L. Li, J. Zheng, D. Zhao, C. Wang, H. Wang, X. Liu, and J. Liu. 2023. Application of Terpenoid Compounds in Food and Pharmaceutical Products. Fermentation. 9 (2): 119. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9020119
- Fox, F.W., and M.E. Norwood Young. 1982. Food from the Veld.Delta Books, Johannesburg
- Idirs S., J. Yisa, and M. M. Ndamitso. 2020. Nutritional composition of Corchorus olitorius leaves. Animal Production Research Advances 5(2) DOI: 10.4314/apra.v5i2.49827
- Indhumathy, P. 2023. Phytochemical safety and toxicity: evaluating risks and benefits for human consumption. International Journal of Medicinal Chemistry & Analysis IJMCA 13( 2): 53-58
- Kaushik, B., J. Sharma, K. Yadav, P. Kumar, A. Shourie. 2021. Phytochemical Properties and Pharmacological Role of Plants: Secondary Metabolites. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia. 18(1):23-35. doi: 10.13005/bbra/2894
- Kayitesi, E., and S.S.M. Moyo. 2022. Spider Plant (Cleome gynandra).Handbook of Phytonutrients in Indigenous Fruits and Vegetables pp. 27-49 https://doi.org/10.1079/97817892 48067.0003
- Khan, N., B. Ruqia, J. Hussain, N. Jamila, N. U. Rahman, and S. T. Hussain. 2013. Nutritional Assessment and Proximate Analysis of elected Vegetables from Parachinar Kurram Agency. Am. J. Res.Commun. 1(8): 184-198 Leffers, A. 2003. Gemsbok Bean and Kalahari Truffle. Gamsberg MacMillan, Windhoek.
- Li, X., Y. Xin, Y. Mo, P. Marozik, T. He, and H. Guo. 2022. The Bioavailability and Biological Activities of Phytosterols as Modulators of Cholesterol Metabolism. Mol. 27 (2): 523. doi: 10.3390/molecules27020523
- Manning, J. C. 2022. New combinations in Drimia Jacq. ex Wild.(Hyacinthaceae: Urgineoideae) and an updated key to the southern African species. Bothalia-African Biodiversity & Conservation 5 2(1): 1-7.
- Martínez‐Azorín, M., M. B. Crespo, M. Á. Alonso‐Vargas, M. Pinter, N. R. Crouch, A. P. Dold, L. Mucina, M. Pfosser, and W. Wetschnig. 2023. Molecular phylogenetics of subfamily Urgineoideae (Hyacinthaceae): Toward a coherent generic circumscription informed by molecular, morphological, and distributional data. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 61(1): 42-63.
- Masyita, A., R. M. Sari, A. D. Astuti, B. Yasir, N. R. Rumata, T. B. Emran, et al. 2022. Terpenes and terpenoids as main bioactive compounds of essential oils, their roles in human health and potential application as natural food preservatives. Food Chem. X13. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.100217
- Meyer, B. N., N. R. Ferrigni, J. E. Putnam, L. B. Jacobsen, D. E. Nichols, and J. L. Mclaughlin. 1982. Brine shrimp: a convenient general bioassay for the active plant constituents. Planta Med. 45: 31-34. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-971236.
- Obermeyer, A. A. 1964. The South African species of Dipcadi. Bothalia 8:117-137.
- Okaiyeto K. and O. O. Oguntibeju. 2021. African Herbal Medicines: Adverse Effects and Cytotoxic Potentials with Different Therapeutic Applications. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2; 18(11):5988. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18115988
- Opazo-Navarrete, M , Burgos-Díaz, C Braulio Soto-Cerda, B. Barahona, T, Anguita-Barrales , F Mosi-Roa, Y. 2021. Assessment of the Nutritional Value of Traditional Vegetables from Southern Chile as Potential Sources of Natural Ingredients. Plant Foods Hum Nutrn . 76(4):523–532. doi: 10.1007/s11130-021-00935-2
- Opondo, F. A., K’Owino, I. O., Chepkwony, S. C., and Kosgei, V. J. 2023. Evaluation of Phytochemical Composition of Extractives and Proximate Analysis of Tagetes minuta Powdered Leaves and Flowers. European Journal of Applied Sciences 11(4): 217–237. https://doi.org/10.14738/aivp.114.14665
- Peters, C.R., E.M. O'Brien, R.B. Drummond. 1992. Edible wild plants of sub-Saharan Africa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Pum, J. 2019. A practical guide to validation and verification of analytical methods in the clinical laboratory. Ad. Clin. Chem. 90; 215-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/ bs.acc.2019.01.006
- Shad, A, H. U. Shah, and L. Bakht. 2013. Ethno botanical assessment and nutritive potential of wild food plant. Journal of animal & plant sciences. 23 (1): 92-97 ISSN: 1018-7081
- Stadlmayr, B., E. Nilsso, B. Mouille, E. Medhammar, B. Burlingame, and R. Charrondiere. 2011. Nutrition indicator for biodiversity on food composition. A report on the progress of data availability. J. Food Compos. Anal. 24: 692-698 doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2010.09.009
- Stedje, B. and S. Kativu. 2023. Hyacinthaceae. In: García, M.A. & Loeuille, B.F.P. (Ed.) Flora Zambesiaca 13(3). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Suffredini, I. B., H. S. Sader, A. G. Gonçalves, O. A. Reis, A. C. Gales, A. D. Varella, and R. N. Younes. 2004. Screening of antibacterial extracts from plants native to the Brazilian amazon rain forest and atlantic forest. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 37: 379-384. doi: 10.1590/S0100-879X2004000300015
- Tiwari, P., B. Kumar, M. Kaur., G. Kaur, and H. Kaur. 2011. Phytochemical screening and extraction: A Review. Int. Pharm. Sci. 1 (1): 98-107.
- Turkmen, N., F. Sari, and Y. S. Velioglu. 2006. Effects of extraction solvents on concentration and antioxidant activity of black and black mate tea polyphenols determined by ferrous tartrate and Folin-Ciocalteu methods. Food Chem. 99 (4): 835-841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.08.034, 2-s2.0-33646585135.
- Vogel, D., C. Gouws, and F. van der Kooy. 2023. Antineoplastic Activity of Selected Cytotoxic Plants from the Kalahari. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43450-024-00546-3
- Watt, J.M. and M.G. Breyer-Brandwijk. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa. edn 2. Livingstone, Edinburgh & London
- Welcome, A. K., and B.E. Van Wyk. 2019. An inventory and analysis of the food plants of southern Africa. South African Journal of Botany Volume 122: 136-179.
- Yadav, R. N. S., and M. Agarwala. 2011. Phytochemical analysis of some medicinal plants. J. Phytol. 3 (12): 10-14.
- Zhang, J., M.E. Netzel, A. Pengelly, D. Sivakumar, Y. Sultanbawa. 2023. A Review of Phytochemicals and Bioactive Properties in the Proteaceae Family: A Promising Source of Functional Food. Antioxidants 12(11):1952 Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12111952
Nutritional Composition, Phytochemical Constituents and Cytotoxicity of Dipcadi glaucum (Burch. ex Ker Gawl.) Baker
Öz
This study aimed at evaluating the phytochemical, nutritional and cytotoxicity of Dipcadi glaucum, a wild edible species in Zimbabwe. The results of the proximate analysis show that D. glaucum is rich in nutrients, with high levels of crude protein (26.6% in leaves and 24% in bulbs) and ash (26.25% in leaves and 14% in bulbs), alongside moderate carbohydrate levels (35.55% in leaves and 43% in bulbs) and calorific values (295.6 kcal/100 g in leaves and 310.9 kcal/100 g in bulbs). The phytochemical analysis established presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and steroids, suggesting potential health benefits and culinary applications Cytotoxicity was assessed using the brine shrimp lethality assay, showing an LC50 of 2.72 mg/ml for methanol bulb extracts and 1949.85 mg/ml for aqueous extracts. While both extracts were non-toxic based on assay thresholds, reports of potential toxicity to ruminants and the presence of alkaloids at higher concentrations warrant further research. Findings of this study suggest that D. glaucum is an important nutritional and mineral supplement, though additional research is needed to confirm its safety and suitability for human consumption.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Etik Beyan
Ethical approval is not required
Destekleyen Kurum
University of Zimbabwe and University of Oslo
Proje Numarası
1
Teşekkür
The study was funded through the NORPART (2016/10013) project
Kaynakça
- Abdulrahman, WF, and AO. Omoniyi. 2016. Proximate analysis and mineral compositions of different cereals available in Gwagwalada market, F.C.T, Abuja, Nigeria. Journal of Advances in Food Science & Technology 3(2):50-55.
- Adly, F, M. Moussaid, C. Berhal, A. Razik, A. A. Elamrani, H. Moussaid, Bourhim N., Loutfi M. 2015. Phytochemical Screening and Biological Study of Ethanol Extractives of Dipcadi serotinum (L.) MEDIK. European Journal of Advanced Research in Biological and Life Sciences. 3 (3):17.
- Akubugwo I.E., N.A. Obasi, G.C. Chinyere, A.E. Ugbogu. 2007. Nutritional and Chemical Value of Amaranthus hybridus L. Leaves from Afikpo, Nigeria. Afr. J. Biotechnol.6:2833–2839. doi: 10.5897/AJB2007.000-2452
- Allison, M. J. 1978. The role of ruminal microbes in the metabolism of toxic constituents from plants. pp. 101-118. In: R. F. Keeler, K. R. Van Kampen, and L. F. James (Eds.) Effects of Poisonous Plants on Livestock. Academic Press, New York. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-403250-7.50017-0
- Al-Najjar, H. A. 2020. Phytochemical Investigation of Dipcadi ervthraeum, Medical Journal of Cairo University 88(2):761-764. Available at: http://www.medicaljournal ofcairouniversity.net
- Altemimi, A., N. Lakhssassi, A. Baharlouei, D. G. Watson, and D. A. Lightfoot. 2017. Phytochemicals: Extraction, Isolation, and Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Extracts. Plants (Basel) 6 (4):42. doi: 10.3390/plants6040042
- AOAC. 2000. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 17th ed. AOAC. Washington D.C, USA.
- Aydin, A., G. Aktay, and E.Yesulada. 2016. A Guidance Manual for the Toxicity Assessment of Traditional Herbal Medicines. Nat. Prod. Commun. 11 (11):1776-1773.
- Botha, C. J., and M. L. Penrith. 2008. Poisonous plants of veterinary and human importance in southern Africa. J. Ethnopharmacol. 119 (3): 549-558. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.07.022
- Boussama, N., O. Ouariti, A. Suzuki, and M.H. Ghorbal. 1999. Cd-stress on nitrogen assimilation. J. Plant Physiol. 155: 310-317.
- Chang, S. K. C. 1998. Protein Analysis. pp. 237–250. In: S. Nielsen (Ed.). Food Analysis. Gaithersburg. Aspen Publishers.
- Chidzwondo, M., F. Nyanga, L. K. Zvidzai, C. J. Mushipe, S. Muzaka, and C. Chidewe. 2023. Effects of Processing Methods on Antinutrient Composition of Seeds from A Wild Legume Bauhinia petersiana Sigauke. Asian J.Sci.Technol. 4 (4): 012-016
- Chitsiku, I. E. 1989. Nutritive Value of Foods of Zimbabwe. Zambezia XVI (i): 67-89
- Cushnie, T. T., B. Cushnie, A. J. Lamb. 2014. Alkaloids: an overview of their antibacterial, antibiotic-enhancing and antivirulence activities. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 44: 377-386. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.06.001.
- Dhingra, D. M. Michael, H. Rajput, and R. T. Patil. 2012. Dietary fibre in foods: a review. J. Food Sci. Technol. 49 (3): 255-266. doi: 10.1007/s13197-011-0365-5
- Fan, M., S. Yuan, L. Li, J. Zheng, D. Zhao, C. Wang, H. Wang, X. Liu, and J. Liu. 2023. Application of Terpenoid Compounds in Food and Pharmaceutical Products. Fermentation. 9 (2): 119. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9020119
- Fox, F.W., and M.E. Norwood Young. 1982. Food from the Veld.Delta Books, Johannesburg
- Idirs S., J. Yisa, and M. M. Ndamitso. 2020. Nutritional composition of Corchorus olitorius leaves. Animal Production Research Advances 5(2) DOI: 10.4314/apra.v5i2.49827
- Indhumathy, P. 2023. Phytochemical safety and toxicity: evaluating risks and benefits for human consumption. International Journal of Medicinal Chemistry & Analysis IJMCA 13( 2): 53-58
- Kaushik, B., J. Sharma, K. Yadav, P. Kumar, A. Shourie. 2021. Phytochemical Properties and Pharmacological Role of Plants: Secondary Metabolites. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia. 18(1):23-35. doi: 10.13005/bbra/2894
- Kayitesi, E., and S.S.M. Moyo. 2022. Spider Plant (Cleome gynandra).Handbook of Phytonutrients in Indigenous Fruits and Vegetables pp. 27-49 https://doi.org/10.1079/97817892 48067.0003
- Khan, N., B. Ruqia, J. Hussain, N. Jamila, N. U. Rahman, and S. T. Hussain. 2013. Nutritional Assessment and Proximate Analysis of elected Vegetables from Parachinar Kurram Agency. Am. J. Res.Commun. 1(8): 184-198 Leffers, A. 2003. Gemsbok Bean and Kalahari Truffle. Gamsberg MacMillan, Windhoek.
- Li, X., Y. Xin, Y. Mo, P. Marozik, T. He, and H. Guo. 2022. The Bioavailability and Biological Activities of Phytosterols as Modulators of Cholesterol Metabolism. Mol. 27 (2): 523. doi: 10.3390/molecules27020523
- Manning, J. C. 2022. New combinations in Drimia Jacq. ex Wild.(Hyacinthaceae: Urgineoideae) and an updated key to the southern African species. Bothalia-African Biodiversity & Conservation 5 2(1): 1-7.
- Martínez‐Azorín, M., M. B. Crespo, M. Á. Alonso‐Vargas, M. Pinter, N. R. Crouch, A. P. Dold, L. Mucina, M. Pfosser, and W. Wetschnig. 2023. Molecular phylogenetics of subfamily Urgineoideae (Hyacinthaceae): Toward a coherent generic circumscription informed by molecular, morphological, and distributional data. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 61(1): 42-63.
- Masyita, A., R. M. Sari, A. D. Astuti, B. Yasir, N. R. Rumata, T. B. Emran, et al. 2022. Terpenes and terpenoids as main bioactive compounds of essential oils, their roles in human health and potential application as natural food preservatives. Food Chem. X13. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.100217
- Meyer, B. N., N. R. Ferrigni, J. E. Putnam, L. B. Jacobsen, D. E. Nichols, and J. L. Mclaughlin. 1982. Brine shrimp: a convenient general bioassay for the active plant constituents. Planta Med. 45: 31-34. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-971236.
- Obermeyer, A. A. 1964. The South African species of Dipcadi. Bothalia 8:117-137.
- Okaiyeto K. and O. O. Oguntibeju. 2021. African Herbal Medicines: Adverse Effects and Cytotoxic Potentials with Different Therapeutic Applications. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2; 18(11):5988. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18115988
- Opazo-Navarrete, M , Burgos-Díaz, C Braulio Soto-Cerda, B. Barahona, T, Anguita-Barrales , F Mosi-Roa, Y. 2021. Assessment of the Nutritional Value of Traditional Vegetables from Southern Chile as Potential Sources of Natural Ingredients. Plant Foods Hum Nutrn . 76(4):523–532. doi: 10.1007/s11130-021-00935-2
- Opondo, F. A., K’Owino, I. O., Chepkwony, S. C., and Kosgei, V. J. 2023. Evaluation of Phytochemical Composition of Extractives and Proximate Analysis of Tagetes minuta Powdered Leaves and Flowers. European Journal of Applied Sciences 11(4): 217–237. https://doi.org/10.14738/aivp.114.14665
- Peters, C.R., E.M. O'Brien, R.B. Drummond. 1992. Edible wild plants of sub-Saharan Africa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Pum, J. 2019. A practical guide to validation and verification of analytical methods in the clinical laboratory. Ad. Clin. Chem. 90; 215-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/ bs.acc.2019.01.006
- Shad, A, H. U. Shah, and L. Bakht. 2013. Ethno botanical assessment and nutritive potential of wild food plant. Journal of animal & plant sciences. 23 (1): 92-97 ISSN: 1018-7081
- Stadlmayr, B., E. Nilsso, B. Mouille, E. Medhammar, B. Burlingame, and R. Charrondiere. 2011. Nutrition indicator for biodiversity on food composition. A report on the progress of data availability. J. Food Compos. Anal. 24: 692-698 doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2010.09.009
- Stedje, B. and S. Kativu. 2023. Hyacinthaceae. In: García, M.A. & Loeuille, B.F.P. (Ed.) Flora Zambesiaca 13(3). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- Suffredini, I. B., H. S. Sader, A. G. Gonçalves, O. A. Reis, A. C. Gales, A. D. Varella, and R. N. Younes. 2004. Screening of antibacterial extracts from plants native to the Brazilian amazon rain forest and atlantic forest. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 37: 379-384. doi: 10.1590/S0100-879X2004000300015
- Tiwari, P., B. Kumar, M. Kaur., G. Kaur, and H. Kaur. 2011. Phytochemical screening and extraction: A Review. Int. Pharm. Sci. 1 (1): 98-107.
- Turkmen, N., F. Sari, and Y. S. Velioglu. 2006. Effects of extraction solvents on concentration and antioxidant activity of black and black mate tea polyphenols determined by ferrous tartrate and Folin-Ciocalteu methods. Food Chem. 99 (4): 835-841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.08.034, 2-s2.0-33646585135.
- Vogel, D., C. Gouws, and F. van der Kooy. 2023. Antineoplastic Activity of Selected Cytotoxic Plants from the Kalahari. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43450-024-00546-3
- Watt, J.M. and M.G. Breyer-Brandwijk. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa. edn 2. Livingstone, Edinburgh & London
- Welcome, A. K., and B.E. Van Wyk. 2019. An inventory and analysis of the food plants of southern Africa. South African Journal of Botany Volume 122: 136-179.
- Yadav, R. N. S., and M. Agarwala. 2011. Phytochemical analysis of some medicinal plants. J. Phytol. 3 (12): 10-14.
- Zhang, J., M.E. Netzel, A. Pengelly, D. Sivakumar, Y. Sultanbawa. 2023. A Review of Phytochemicals and Bioactive Properties in the Proteaceae Family: A Promising Source of Functional Food. Antioxidants 12(11):1952 Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12111952
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Bitki Bilimi (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Proje Numarası | 1 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Haziran 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 30 Ekim 2024 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 16 Nisan 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 |