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THE EFFICACY OF TRANSNATIONAL CITY NETWORKS IN ENHANCING LOCAL RESILIENCE CAPACITY: THE CASE OF MAKING CITIES RESILIENT THE 2030 AGENDA

Yıl 2025, , 182 - 209, 30.06.2025

Korkmaz Yıldırım

https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1573195

Öz

Transnational city networks aim to strengthen local capacity and implement necessary risk reduction and adaptation activities, aligning with new and multipolar global governance forms. In this context, the study examines the engagement forms and approaches established by transnational city networks with urban actors to deal with urban resilience issues. For this purpose, the Making Cities Resilient 2030 Agenda (MCR2030), which plays a significant role among transnational actors, aims to improve urban resilience initiatives at the local scale, and the reflections of this situation in practice constitute the main focus of this research. The study's findings reveal that the 2030 Agenda, incorporating new transnational organizational features, implements various multi-purpose actions that align with the principles of volunteering, which range from raising awareness, providing guidance, and forming local partnerships to enhance local capacity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Urban Resilience Transnational City Networks Local Governance Climate Change Adaptation

Proje Numarası

yok

Kaynakça

  • Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetim Başkanlığı-AFAD (2022). Türkiye Afet Risk Azaltma Planı (TARAP) 2022-2030. https://www.afad.gov.tr/kurumlar/afad.gov.tr/e_Kutuphane/Planlar/28032022-TARAP-kitap_V6.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Apostu, S. A., Vasile, V., Vasile, R., & Rosak-Szyrocka, J. (2022). Do smart cities represent the key to urban resilience? Rethinking urban resilience. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(22), 15410. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215410
  • Aurrekoetxea Casaus, M. (2018). Deconstructing urban resilience. Obets-Revısta De Cıencıas Socıales, 13 (3), 229-255. https://doi.org/10.14198/OBETS2018.13.1.09
  • Betsill, M. M., & Bulkeley, H. (2004). Transnational networks and global environmental governance: The cities for climate protection program. International Studies Quarterly, 48(2), 471-493. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0020-8833.2004.00310.x
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Afet Riskini Azaltma Ofisi-UNDRR (2023a). History of making cities resilient, making cities resilient (MCR). https://mcr2030.undrr.org/who-we-are/history adresinden erişildi.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Afet Riskini Azaltma Ofisi- UNDRR (2023b). The ten essentials for making cities resilient. https://mcr2030.undrr.org/ten-essentials-making-cities-resilient adresinden erişildi.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Afet Riskini Azaltma Ofisi- UNSDRR (2017). How to make cities more resilient, a handbook for local government leaders, a contribution to the global campaign 2010-2020, making cities resilient – “my city is getting ready!”. Geneva.
  • Butun Bayindir, G. D. (2021). How do transnational municipal networks affect climate policymaking? A qualitative study in Turkey. Journal of Urban Affairs, 43(8), 1081-1099. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2019.1694415
  • Chai, J., & Wu, H. Z. (2023). Prevention/mitigation of natural disasters in urban areas. Smart Construction and Sustainable Cities, 1(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44268-023-00002-6
  • Chen, G., Wiedmann, T., Wang, Y., & Hadjikakou, M. (2016). Transnational city carbon footprint networks–Exploring carbon links between Australian and Chinese cities. Applied Energy, 184, 1082-1092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.08.053
  • Datola, G. (2023). Implementing urban resilience in urban planning: A comprehensive framework for urban resilience evaluation. Sustainable Cities and Society, 98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.104821
  • Durmus, E., & Oomen, B. (2022). Transnational city networks and their contributions to norm-generation in international law: the case of migration. Local Government Studies, 48(6), 1048-1069.
  • Esen, A. (2023). Dirençli şehirler oluşturma ve afet zararlarını azaltmada kamu yönetiminin yeri. Avrasya Dosyası Dergisi, 14(1), 8-88.
  • Folke, C., Carpenter, S. R., Walker, B., Scheffer, M., Chapin, T., & Rockström, J. (2010). Resilience thinking: integrating resilience, adaptability and transformability. Ecology and Society, 15(4). https://www.jstor.org/stable/26268226
  • Fourot, A. C., Healy, A., & Flamant, A. (2022). French participation in transnational migration networks: Understanding city (dis) involvement and “passivism”. Local Government Studies, 48(6), 1152-1174. https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2020.1857246
  • Glick Schiller, N. (2014). Transnationality: Transnationality and the city. A companion to urban anthropology (s. 291-305) içinde. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118378625.ch17
  • Gornitz, V., Oppenheimer, M., Kopp, R., Horton, R., Orton, P., Rosenzweig, C., ... & Patrick, L. (2020). Enhancing New York City's resilience to sea level rise and increased coastal flooding. Urban Climate, 33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2020.100654
  • Grønnestad, S., & Bach Nielsen, A. (2022). Institutionalising city networking: Discursive and rational choice institutional perspectives on membership of transnational municipal networks. Urban Studies, 59(14), 2951-2967. https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211061450
  • He, C., Liu, Z., Wu, J., Pan, X., Fang, Z., Li, J., & Bryan, B. A. (2021). Future global urban water scarcity and potential solutions. Nature Communications, 12(1), 4667. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25026-3
  • International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives-ICLEI (2019) Resilient cities, thriving cities: The evolution of urban resilience. Bonn, Germany. https://e-lib.iclei.org/publications/Resilient-Cities-Thriving-Cities_The-Evolution-of-Urban-Resilience.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Kamiński, T. (2023). Southeast Asian cities as co‐producers of ecological knowledge in transnational city networks. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 44(1), 58-74. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjtg.12465
  • Kavanoz, S. E., & Erdem, N. (2024). The Relationship Between Transnational Networks and Its Member Cities: Turkey. Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences, 33(1), 87-109. https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2024.33.1326477
  • Keiner, M., & Kim, A. (2007). Transnational city networks for sustainability. European Planning Studies, 15(10), 1369-1395. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654310701550843
  • Kern, K., & Bulkeley, H. (2009). Cities, Europeanization and multi‐level governance: governing climate change through transnational municipal networks. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 47(2), 309-332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2009.00806.x
  • Leal, J. M., & Paterson, M. (2024). Transnational city networks, global political economy, and climate governance: C40 in Mexico and Lima. Review of International Political Economy, 31(1), 26-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2023.2167849
  • Lee, T. (2013). Global cities and transnational climate change networks. Global Environmental Politics, 13(1), 108-127. https://doi.org/10.1162/GLEP_a_00156
  • Leitner, H., Sheppard, E., Webber, S., & Colven, E. (2018). Globalizing urban resilience. Urban Geography, 39(8), 1276-1284. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2018.1446870
  • Making Cities Resilient-MRC2030. (2021). MCR2030, My city is getting ready. Is yours? https://mcr2030.undrr.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/MCR2030%20in%20English%20ver.2%20%2820210302%29.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Molin Valdés, H., Amaratunga, D., & Haigh, R. (2013). Making cities resilient: From awareness to implementation. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 4(1), 5-8.
  • Nagenborg, M. (2019). Urban resilience and distributive justice. Sustainable and resilient infrastructure, 4(3), 103-111. https://doi.org/10.1080/23789689.2019.1607658
  • National Weather Service (2017). Hurricane Irma Local Report/Summary. https://www.weather.gov/mfl/hurricaneirma
  • Nganje, F. (2024). African agency in transnational city networks: The case of the City of Johannesburg. Regional ve Federal Studies, 34(3), 315-332. https://doi.org/10.1080/13597566.2021.1962306
  • Niederhafner, S. (2013). Comparing functions of transnational city networks in Europe and Asia. Asia Europe Journal, 11, 377-396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-013-0365-3
  • Nielsen, A. B., & Papin, M. (2021). The hybrid governance of environmental transnational municipal networks: Lessons from 100 resilient cities. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 39(4), 667-685. https://doi.org/10.1177/2399654420945332
  • Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2021). New urban models for more sustainable, liveable and healthier cities post covid19; reducing air pollution, noise and heat island effects and increasing green space and physical activity. Environment International, 157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106850
  • Nuruzzaman, M. (2015). Urban heat island: causes, effects and mitigation measures-a review. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 3(2), 67-73. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20150302.15
  • Prasad, N., Ranghieri, F., Shah, F., Trohanis, Z., Kessler, E., & Sinha, R. (2009). Climate resilient cities: A primer on reducing vulnerabilities to disasters. World Bank Publications.
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YEREL DİRENÇLİLİK KAPASİTESİNİ GELİŞTİRMEDE ULUSÖTESİ ŞEHİR AĞLARININ ETKİNLİĞİ: ŞEHİRLERİ DAYANIKLI HALE GETİRME-2030 GÜNDEM ÖRNEĞİ

Yıl 2025, , 182 - 209, 30.06.2025

Korkmaz Yıldırım

https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1573195

Öz

Yeni ve çok kutuplu yönetim formlarına uygun olan ulusötesi şehir ağların faaliyetleri, özellikle yerel kapasitenin güçlendirilmesi ve gerekli risk azaltım ve uyum faaliyetlerinin hayata geçirilmesini hedeflemektedir. Bu kapsamda çalışmada kentsel dirençlilik ile mücadelede ulusötesi ağların kentsel aktörler ile kurmuş olduğu ilişki formları ve yerel aktörlere yaklaşım biçimleri incelenmektedir. Bu amaçla ulusötesi aktörler içerisinde önemli rolü olan Şehirleri Dayanıklı Hale Getirmek 2030 Gündemi (Making Cities Resilient 2030-MCR2030)’nin yerel ölçekte kentsel dirençlilik atılımlarını iyileştirmek için yürüttükleri amaç ve eylemler, pratikte bu durumun yansımaları bu araştırmanın temel odak noktasını oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma sonucunda elde edilen tespitler yeni örgütsel özellikleri ihtiva eden 2030 ulusötesi ağların yerel kapasiteyi geliştirmek amacıyla gönüllülük prensiplerine uygun, bilinçlendirme ve yönlendirme faaliyetlerinden yerel ortaklıkların oluşumuna kadar farklı ve çok amaçlı eylemler sürdürdüklerini göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kentsel Dirençlilik Ulusötesi Kentsel Ağlar Yerel Yönetişim İklim Değişikliği Uyum

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma bilimsel araştırma ve yayın etiği kurallarına uygun olarak hazırlanmıştır. Bu çalışma kullanılan yöntem gereği Etik Kurul Kararı gerektirmemektedir.

Destekleyen Kurum

yok

Proje Numarası

yok

Teşekkür

Yazar, bu makalenin geliştirilmesinde ve yayımlanmasında yardımcı olan, zamanları ve önerileri için editör ve anonim hakemlere teşekkürlerini sunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetim Başkanlığı-AFAD (2022). Türkiye Afet Risk Azaltma Planı (TARAP) 2022-2030. https://www.afad.gov.tr/kurumlar/afad.gov.tr/e_Kutuphane/Planlar/28032022-TARAP-kitap_V6.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Apostu, S. A., Vasile, V., Vasile, R., & Rosak-Szyrocka, J. (2022). Do smart cities represent the key to urban resilience? Rethinking urban resilience. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(22), 15410. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215410
  • Aurrekoetxea Casaus, M. (2018). Deconstructing urban resilience. Obets-Revısta De Cıencıas Socıales, 13 (3), 229-255. https://doi.org/10.14198/OBETS2018.13.1.09
  • Betsill, M. M., & Bulkeley, H. (2004). Transnational networks and global environmental governance: The cities for climate protection program. International Studies Quarterly, 48(2), 471-493. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0020-8833.2004.00310.x
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Afet Riskini Azaltma Ofisi-UNDRR (2023a). History of making cities resilient, making cities resilient (MCR). https://mcr2030.undrr.org/who-we-are/history adresinden erişildi.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Afet Riskini Azaltma Ofisi- UNDRR (2023b). The ten essentials for making cities resilient. https://mcr2030.undrr.org/ten-essentials-making-cities-resilient adresinden erişildi.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Afet Riskini Azaltma Ofisi- UNSDRR (2017). How to make cities more resilient, a handbook for local government leaders, a contribution to the global campaign 2010-2020, making cities resilient – “my city is getting ready!”. Geneva.
  • Butun Bayindir, G. D. (2021). How do transnational municipal networks affect climate policymaking? A qualitative study in Turkey. Journal of Urban Affairs, 43(8), 1081-1099. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2019.1694415
  • Chai, J., & Wu, H. Z. (2023). Prevention/mitigation of natural disasters in urban areas. Smart Construction and Sustainable Cities, 1(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44268-023-00002-6
  • Chen, G., Wiedmann, T., Wang, Y., & Hadjikakou, M. (2016). Transnational city carbon footprint networks–Exploring carbon links between Australian and Chinese cities. Applied Energy, 184, 1082-1092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.08.053
  • Datola, G. (2023). Implementing urban resilience in urban planning: A comprehensive framework for urban resilience evaluation. Sustainable Cities and Society, 98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.104821
  • Durmus, E., & Oomen, B. (2022). Transnational city networks and their contributions to norm-generation in international law: the case of migration. Local Government Studies, 48(6), 1048-1069.
  • Esen, A. (2023). Dirençli şehirler oluşturma ve afet zararlarını azaltmada kamu yönetiminin yeri. Avrasya Dosyası Dergisi, 14(1), 8-88.
  • Folke, C., Carpenter, S. R., Walker, B., Scheffer, M., Chapin, T., & Rockström, J. (2010). Resilience thinking: integrating resilience, adaptability and transformability. Ecology and Society, 15(4). https://www.jstor.org/stable/26268226
  • Fourot, A. C., Healy, A., & Flamant, A. (2022). French participation in transnational migration networks: Understanding city (dis) involvement and “passivism”. Local Government Studies, 48(6), 1152-1174. https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2020.1857246
  • Glick Schiller, N. (2014). Transnationality: Transnationality and the city. A companion to urban anthropology (s. 291-305) içinde. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118378625.ch17
  • Gornitz, V., Oppenheimer, M., Kopp, R., Horton, R., Orton, P., Rosenzweig, C., ... & Patrick, L. (2020). Enhancing New York City's resilience to sea level rise and increased coastal flooding. Urban Climate, 33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2020.100654
  • Grønnestad, S., & Bach Nielsen, A. (2022). Institutionalising city networking: Discursive and rational choice institutional perspectives on membership of transnational municipal networks. Urban Studies, 59(14), 2951-2967. https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211061450
  • He, C., Liu, Z., Wu, J., Pan, X., Fang, Z., Li, J., & Bryan, B. A. (2021). Future global urban water scarcity and potential solutions. Nature Communications, 12(1), 4667. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25026-3
  • International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives-ICLEI (2019) Resilient cities, thriving cities: The evolution of urban resilience. Bonn, Germany. https://e-lib.iclei.org/publications/Resilient-Cities-Thriving-Cities_The-Evolution-of-Urban-Resilience.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Kamiński, T. (2023). Southeast Asian cities as co‐producers of ecological knowledge in transnational city networks. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 44(1), 58-74. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjtg.12465
  • Kavanoz, S. E., & Erdem, N. (2024). The Relationship Between Transnational Networks and Its Member Cities: Turkey. Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences, 33(1), 87-109. https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2024.33.1326477
  • Keiner, M., & Kim, A. (2007). Transnational city networks for sustainability. European Planning Studies, 15(10), 1369-1395. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654310701550843
  • Kern, K., & Bulkeley, H. (2009). Cities, Europeanization and multi‐level governance: governing climate change through transnational municipal networks. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 47(2), 309-332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2009.00806.x
  • Leal, J. M., & Paterson, M. (2024). Transnational city networks, global political economy, and climate governance: C40 in Mexico and Lima. Review of International Political Economy, 31(1), 26-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2023.2167849
  • Lee, T. (2013). Global cities and transnational climate change networks. Global Environmental Politics, 13(1), 108-127. https://doi.org/10.1162/GLEP_a_00156
  • Leitner, H., Sheppard, E., Webber, S., & Colven, E. (2018). Globalizing urban resilience. Urban Geography, 39(8), 1276-1284. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2018.1446870
  • Making Cities Resilient-MRC2030. (2021). MCR2030, My city is getting ready. Is yours? https://mcr2030.undrr.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/MCR2030%20in%20English%20ver.2%20%2820210302%29.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Molin Valdés, H., Amaratunga, D., & Haigh, R. (2013). Making cities resilient: From awareness to implementation. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 4(1), 5-8.
  • Nagenborg, M. (2019). Urban resilience and distributive justice. Sustainable and resilient infrastructure, 4(3), 103-111. https://doi.org/10.1080/23789689.2019.1607658
  • National Weather Service (2017). Hurricane Irma Local Report/Summary. https://www.weather.gov/mfl/hurricaneirma
  • Nganje, F. (2024). African agency in transnational city networks: The case of the City of Johannesburg. Regional ve Federal Studies, 34(3), 315-332. https://doi.org/10.1080/13597566.2021.1962306
  • Niederhafner, S. (2013). Comparing functions of transnational city networks in Europe and Asia. Asia Europe Journal, 11, 377-396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-013-0365-3
  • Nielsen, A. B., & Papin, M. (2021). The hybrid governance of environmental transnational municipal networks: Lessons from 100 resilient cities. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 39(4), 667-685. https://doi.org/10.1177/2399654420945332
  • Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2021). New urban models for more sustainable, liveable and healthier cities post covid19; reducing air pollution, noise and heat island effects and increasing green space and physical activity. Environment International, 157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106850
  • Nuruzzaman, M. (2015). Urban heat island: causes, effects and mitigation measures-a review. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 3(2), 67-73. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20150302.15
  • Prasad, N., Ranghieri, F., Shah, F., Trohanis, Z., Kessler, E., & Sinha, R. (2009). Climate resilient cities: A primer on reducing vulnerabilities to disasters. World Bank Publications.
  • Prior, T., & Hagmann, J. (2014). Measuring resilience: methodological and political challenges of a trend security concept. Journal of Risk Research, 17(3), 281–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2013.808686
  • Resilient cities network (2023). What is urban resilience? https://resilientcitiesnetwork.org/what-is-urban-resilience/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Romanello, M., McGushin, A., Di Napoli, C., Drummond, P., Hughes, N., Jamart, L., ... & Hamilton, I. (2021). The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future. The Lancet, 398(10311), 1619-1662.
  • Singkran, N., & Kandasamy, J. (2016). Developing a strategic flood risk management framework for Bangkok, Thailand. Natural Hazards, 84, 933-957. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2467-x
  • Strauss, B. H., Orton, P. M., Bittermann, K., Buchanan, M. K., Gilford, D. M., Kopp, R. E., ... & Vinogradov, S. (2021). Economic damages from Hurricane Sandy attributable to sea level rise caused by anthropogenic climate change. Nature communications, 12(1), 2720. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22838-1
  • T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı, Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı-SBB (2023). 2023 Kahramanmaraş ve Hatay Depremleri Raporu. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2023-Kahramanmaras-ve-Hatay-Depremleri-Raporu.pdf
  • Tacoli, C. (2019). The urbanization of food insecurity and malnutrition. Environment and Urbanization, 31(2), 371-374. https://doi.org/10.1177/09562478198672
  • The Rockefeller Foundation (2023). 100 Resilient Cities. Overview. https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/100-resilient-cities/
  • Tosun, J., & Leopold, L. (2019). Aligning climate governance with urban water management: Insights from transnational city networks. Water, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/w11040701
  • Triviño-Salazar, J. C. (2023). Transnational city networks on migration and integration and local collaborative governance: Establishing the nexus. International Migration Review, 57(4), 1402-1426. https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183231154558
  • UN-Habitat (2022). Envisaging the Future of Cities (World Cities Report 2022). https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2022/06/wcr_2022.pdf
  • United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction-UNDRR (2023c). Policy brief: Urban disaster resilience, https://www.undrr.org/publication/policy-brief-urban-disaster-resilience
  • United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction-UNDRR (2024). How we’re organized, https://mcr2030.undrr.org/who-we-are
  • United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division-UNDESA-PD. (2018). The World’s Cities in 2018—Data Booklet (ST/ESA/ SER.A/417).
  • Vogel, J., Paton, E., Aich, V., & Bronstert, A. (2021). Increasing compound warm spells and droughts in the Mediterranean Basin. Weather and Climate Extremes, 32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2021.100312
  • Walker, B., & Salt, D. (2006). Resilience thinking: sustaining ecosystems and people in a changing world. Island Press.
  • Weichselgartner, J., & Kelman, I. (2015). Geographies of resilience: Challenges and opportunities of a descriptive concept. Progress in human geography, 39(3), 249-267. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132513518834
  • Wiharani, A. P., & Holzhacker, R. (2016). Environmental governance by transnational municipal networks: The case of Indonesian cities. Decentralization and Governance in Indonesia, 201-229. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22434-3_8
  • World Bank, & Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery. (2023). Global Rapid Post-Disaster Damage Estimation (GRADE) Report: February 6, 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes-Türkiye Report. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/ba591968-fbfd-4443-b859-2bc30906f6fa
  • World Meteorological Organization-WMO (2021). WMO Atlas Of mortality and economic losses from weather, climate and water extremes (1970–2019). (WMO-No. 1267).
  • WorldAtlas. (2023). The 12 most earthquake vulnerable cities ın the world. https://www.worldatlas.com/natural-disasters/the-12-most-earthquake-vulnerable-cities-in-the-world.html
  • Yamagata, Y., & Maruyama, H. (Eds.) (2016). Urban resilience. A transformative approach. Springer.
  • Yıldırım, K. (2019). Assessing capacity of urban climate governance: A Case from Turkish Metropolitan Municipalities. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 14(2), 299-338. https://doi.org/10.17550/akademikincelemeler.529361
  • Yıldırım, K. (2023). Küresel iklim adaletinin oluşturulmasında ulusötesi ağların önemi üzerine bir değerlendirme. In Ş. Karatepe (Ed.) İklim adaleti (pp.163-188). İdealkent.
  • Zhang, X., & Li, H. (2018). Urban resilience and urban sustainability: What we know and what do not know? Cities, 72, 141-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.08.009
  • Zhao, J., Yu, K., & Li, D. (2014). Spatial characteristics of local floods in Beijing urban area. Urban Water Journal, 11(7), 557-572. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2013.833636
Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Kamu Yönetimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Korkmaz Yıldırım 0000-0001-5427-5075

Proje Numarası yok
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Ekim 2024
Kabul Tarihi 12 Şubat 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025

Kaynak Göster

APA Yıldırım, K. (2025). YEREL DİRENÇLİLİK KAPASİTESİNİ GELİŞTİRMEDE ULUSÖTESİ ŞEHİR AĞLARININ ETKİNLİĞİ: ŞEHİRLERİ DAYANIKLI HALE GETİRME-2030 GÜNDEM ÖRNEĞİ. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(2), 182-209. https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1573195


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