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Antibiyotik maruziyetinin diyabet, obezite, inflamatuvar bağırsak hastalıkları ve çölyak hastalığının patogenezindeki rolü

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 2, 317 - 332, 29.05.2025

Sena Uslu Melike Doğru , Ümran Öztürk Merve Urumdaş Muhammet Bera Balkan Mihriban Bozdemir İlker İnanç Balkan

https://doi.org/10.21673/anadoluklin.1478540

Öz

Antibiyotik kullanımı ve antimikrobiyal maddelere çevresel maruziyet; bağırsak mikrobiyotasının bileşimini ve işlevlerini bozmakta, kronik inflamatuvar hastalıklar ile atopik alerjik hastalıklara yatkınlık oluşturabilmektedir. Bu derlemede; tip 1 diyabet, tip 2 diyabet, inflamatuvar bağırsak hastalıkları (Crohn ve Ülseratif Kolit) ve Çölyak hastalığının antibiyotik kullanımı/maruziyeti ile ilişkisi irdelenmiştir. Epidemiyolojik ve klinik araştırmalarda elde edilen başlıca bulgular tartışılarak antibiyotik etkisi ile değişen bağırsak mikrobiyotasının bu hastalıkların gelişimine hangi patogenetik mekanizmalarla katkıda bulunabileceğine dair güncel bilgilerin paylaşılması amaçlanmıştır. Yaşamın farklı evrelerinde, farklı gruplardan antimikrobiyallere farklı doz ve sürelerde maruz kalmak elbette bağırsak mikrobiyotası üzerinde birbirinden farklı etkiler oluşturacak ve farklı hastalık risklerine yol açacaktır. Bununla birlikte; mikrobiyotanın genel olarak hangi hasta gruplarında ne yönde bozulduğunu ve bu disbiyozun hangi sonuçlarla karşımıza çıktığını tanımlamak pek çok inflamatuvar hastalığın patofizyolojisinin aydınlatılması, tanı ve tedavisinde yeni yaklaşımların belirlenmesi açısından kritik öneme sahiptir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antibiyotik çölyak hastalığı disbiosis diabetes mellitus inflamatuvar bağırsak hastalıkları mikrobiota

Kaynakça

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  • Ferretti P, Pasolli E, Tett A, et al. Mother-to-Infant Microbial Transmission from Different Body Sites Shapes the Developing Infant Gut Microbiome. Cell Host Microbe. 2018;24(1):133-145.e5.
  • Bokulich NA, Chung J, Battaglia T, et al. Antibiotics, birth mode, and diet shape microbiome maturation during early life. Sci Transl Med. 2016;8(343):343ra82.
  • Bäckhed F, Roswall J, Peng Y, et al. Dynamics and Stabilization of the Human Gut Microbiome during the First Year of Life. Cell Host Microbe. 2015;17(6):852.
  • Cunningham AL, Stephens JW, Harris DA. Gut microbiota influence in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Gut Pathog. 2021;13(1):50.
  • Yatsunenko T, Rey FE, Manary MJ, et al. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature. 2012;486(7402):222-7.
  • Cho I, Yamanishi S, Cox L, et al. Antibiotics in early life alter the murine colonic microbiome and adiposity. Nature. 2012;488(7413):621-6.
  • Hsiao EY, McBride SW, Hsien S, et al. Microbiota modulate behavioral and physiological abnormalities associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Cell. 2013;155(7):1451-63.
  • Magne F, Gotteland M, Gauthier L, et al. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio: A Relevant Marker of Gut Dysbiosis in Obese Patients?. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1474.
  • Candon S, Perez-Arroyo A, Marquet C, et al. Correction: Antibiotics in Early Life Alter the Gut Microbiome and Increase Disease Incidence in a Spontaneous Mouse Model of Autoimmune Insulin-Dependent Diabetes. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0147888.
  • Zheng P, Li Z, Zhou Z. Gut microbiome in type 1 diabetes: A comprehensive review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2018;34(7):e3043.
  • Ilonen J, Lempainen J, Veijola R. The heterogeneous pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2019;15(11):635-50.
  • Xu ZR, Yuan XX, Chen RM, et al. Association between new onset type 1 diabetes and real-world antibiotics and neonicotinoids’ exposure-related gut microbiota perturbation. World J Pediatr. 2022;18(10):671-9.
  • Fenneman AC, Weidner M, Chen LA, Nieuwdorp M, Blaser MJ. Antibiotics in the pathogenesis of diabetes and inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;20(2):81-100.
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  • Qin J, Li Y, Cai Z, et al. A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature. 2012;490(7418):55-60.
  • Ahmad A, Yang W, Chen G, et al. Analysis of gut microbiota of obese individuals with type 2 diabetes and healthy individuals. PLoS One. 2019;14(12):e0226372.
  • Bielka W, Przezak A, Pawlik A. The Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(1):480.
  • Özsaç G, Özpak ÖA. Bağırsak Mikrobiyotası ve Tip 2 Diyabetes Mellitus. JFNG. 2023;2(1):65-77.
  • Cingöz AB. Bağırsak Mikrobiotası, İnsulin Direnci ve Diyabet İlişkisi. DYT. 2022;4(2):31-9.
  • Zhao L, Lou H, Peng Y, Chen S, Zhang Y, Li X. Comprehensive relationships between gut microbiome and faecal metabolome in individuals with type 2 diabetes and its complications. Endocrine. 2019;66(3):526-37.
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  • Liang H, Hussey SE, Sanchez-Avila A, Tantiwong P, Musi N. Effect of lipopolysaccharide on inflammation and insulin action in human muscle. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e63983.
  • Rorato R, Borges BC, Uchoa ET, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Elias CF, Elias LLK. LPS-Induced Low-Grade Inflammation Increases Hypothalamic JNK Expression and Causes Central Insulin Resistance Irrespective of Body Weight Changes. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(7):1431.
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The role of antibiotic exposure in the pathogenesis of diabetes, obesity, inflammatory bowel diseases and coeliac disease

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 2, 317 - 332, 29.05.2025

Sena Uslu Melike Doğru , Ümran Öztürk Merve Urumdaş Muhammet Bera Balkan Mihriban Bozdemir İlker İnanç Balkan

https://doi.org/10.21673/anadoluklin.1478540

Öz

Antibiotic usage and exposure to antimicrobial substances disrupt the organisation and the function of the intestinal microbiota which causes predisposition to chronic inflammatory diseases and allergies. This review is about Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (Crohn Disease and Ulcerative Colitis) and Coeliac Disease and their association with antibiotic usage or exposure. This article aims to give the current knowledge by showing the findings of epidemiologic and clinical researches about the change in organisation of the intestinal microbiota by the effect of antibiotics and the pathogenetic mechanisms leading to aforementioned diseases. Exposure to antibiotics from different groups at various stages of life, with varying dosages and durations, affects the intestinal microbiome in diverse ways, increasing the risk of distinct diseases. This highlights the importance of identifying specific patient groups, understanding the typical disruptions in microbiota composition, and determining the effects of this dysbiosis to elucidate the pathophysiology of various inflammatory diseases and develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antibiotics celiac disease dysbiosis diabetes mellitus inflammatory bowel diseases microbiota

Kaynakça

  • Inversetti A, Zambella E, Guarano A, Dell’Avanzo M, Di Simone N. Endometrial Microbiota and Immune Tolerance in Pregnancy. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(3):2995.
  • Ferretti P, Pasolli E, Tett A, et al. Mother-to-Infant Microbial Transmission from Different Body Sites Shapes the Developing Infant Gut Microbiome. Cell Host Microbe. 2018;24(1):133-145.e5.
  • Bokulich NA, Chung J, Battaglia T, et al. Antibiotics, birth mode, and diet shape microbiome maturation during early life. Sci Transl Med. 2016;8(343):343ra82.
  • Bäckhed F, Roswall J, Peng Y, et al. Dynamics and Stabilization of the Human Gut Microbiome during the First Year of Life. Cell Host Microbe. 2015;17(6):852.
  • Cunningham AL, Stephens JW, Harris DA. Gut microbiota influence in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Gut Pathog. 2021;13(1):50.
  • Yatsunenko T, Rey FE, Manary MJ, et al. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature. 2012;486(7402):222-7.
  • Cho I, Yamanishi S, Cox L, et al. Antibiotics in early life alter the murine colonic microbiome and adiposity. Nature. 2012;488(7413):621-6.
  • Hsiao EY, McBride SW, Hsien S, et al. Microbiota modulate behavioral and physiological abnormalities associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Cell. 2013;155(7):1451-63.
  • Magne F, Gotteland M, Gauthier L, et al. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio: A Relevant Marker of Gut Dysbiosis in Obese Patients?. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1474.
  • Candon S, Perez-Arroyo A, Marquet C, et al. Correction: Antibiotics in Early Life Alter the Gut Microbiome and Increase Disease Incidence in a Spontaneous Mouse Model of Autoimmune Insulin-Dependent Diabetes. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0147888.
  • Zheng P, Li Z, Zhou Z. Gut microbiome in type 1 diabetes: A comprehensive review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2018;34(7):e3043.
  • Ilonen J, Lempainen J, Veijola R. The heterogeneous pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2019;15(11):635-50.
  • Xu ZR, Yuan XX, Chen RM, et al. Association between new onset type 1 diabetes and real-world antibiotics and neonicotinoids’ exposure-related gut microbiota perturbation. World J Pediatr. 2022;18(10):671-9.
  • Fenneman AC, Weidner M, Chen LA, Nieuwdorp M, Blaser MJ. Antibiotics in the pathogenesis of diabetes and inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;20(2):81-100.
  • Biasucci G, Benenati B, Morelli L, Bessi E, Boehm G. Cesarean delivery may affect the early biodiversity of intestinal bacteria. J Nutr. 2008;138(9):1796S-1800S.
  • World Health Organization Fact Sheets, Diabetes [homepage on the internet], [updated 2023 Apr 5, cited 2023 Aug 20], available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes
  • Öcal EE, Önsüz MF. Diyabet Hastalığının Ekonomik Yükü. ESTÜDAM Halk Sağlığı Dergisi. 2018;3(1):24-41.
  • Qin J, Li Y, Cai Z, et al. A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature. 2012;490(7418):55-60.
  • Ahmad A, Yang W, Chen G, et al. Analysis of gut microbiota of obese individuals with type 2 diabetes and healthy individuals. PLoS One. 2019;14(12):e0226372.
  • Bielka W, Przezak A, Pawlik A. The Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(1):480.
  • Özsaç G, Özpak ÖA. Bağırsak Mikrobiyotası ve Tip 2 Diyabetes Mellitus. JFNG. 2023;2(1):65-77.
  • Cingöz AB. Bağırsak Mikrobiotası, İnsulin Direnci ve Diyabet İlişkisi. DYT. 2022;4(2):31-9.
  • Zhao L, Lou H, Peng Y, Chen S, Zhang Y, Li X. Comprehensive relationships between gut microbiome and faecal metabolome in individuals with type 2 diabetes and its complications. Endocrine. 2019;66(3):526-37.
  • Boursi B, Mamtani R, Haynes K, Yang YX. The effect of past antibiotic exposure on diabetes risk. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;172(6):639-48.
  • Liang H, Hussey SE, Sanchez-Avila A, Tantiwong P, Musi N. Effect of lipopolysaccharide on inflammation and insulin action in human muscle. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e63983.
  • Rorato R, Borges BC, Uchoa ET, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Elias CF, Elias LLK. LPS-Induced Low-Grade Inflammation Increases Hypothalamic JNK Expression and Causes Central Insulin Resistance Irrespective of Body Weight Changes. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(7):1431.
  • Azad MB, Bridgman SL, Becker AB, Kozyrskyj AL. Infant antibiotic exposure and the development of childhood overweight and central adiposity. Int J Obes (Lond). 2014;38(10):1290-8.
  • Trasande L, Blustein J, Liu M, Corwin E, Cox LM, Blaser MJ. Infant antibiotic exposures and early-life body mass. Int J Obes (Lond). 2013;37(1):16-23.
  • Rogawski ET, Platts-Mills JA, Seidman JC, et al. Use of antibiotics in children younger than two years in eight countries: a prospective cohort study. Bull World Health Organ. 2017;95(1):49-61.
  • Yıldız SS, Öztaş D. Antibiyotik Kullanımı ve Obezite Arasındaki Köprü: Mikrobiyota mı? Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2019;76(1):99-108.
  • Rasmussen SH, Shrestha S, Bjerregaard LG, et al. Antibiotic exposure in early life and childhood overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20(6):1508-14.
  • Dierikx TH, Visser DH, Benninga MA, et al. The influence of prenatal and intrapartum antibiotics on intestinal microbiota colonisation in infants: A systematic review. J Infect. 2020;81(2):190-204.
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  • Aliasgharzadeh A, Dehghan P, Gargari BP, Asghari-Jafarabadi M. Resistant dextrin, as a prebiotic, improves insulin resistance and inflammation in women with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Br J Nutr. 2015;113(2):321-30.
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  • Beşer ÖF, Kutlu T, Çokuğraş FÇ, Erkan T. İnflamatuvar Barsak Hastalığı Tanılı Çocukların Uzun Süreli İzlemi: 53 Olgunun Değerlendirilmesi. Güncel Pediatri. 2015;13(2):81-8.
  • Baumgart DC, Carding SR. Inflammatory bowel disease: cause and immunobiology. Lancet. 2007;369(9573):1627-40.
  • Kılıç Ü, Altındiş M. Antibiotic Use and Microbiota. J Biotechnol and Strategic Health Res. 2017;1:39-43.
  • Kronman MP, Zaoutis TE, Haynes K, Feng R, Coffin SE. Antibiotic exposure and IBD development among children: a population-based cohort study. Pediatrics. 2012;130(4):e794-e803.
  • Bohnhoff M, Drake BL, Miller CP. Effect of Streptomycin on Susceptibility of Intestinal Tract to Experimental Salmonella Infection. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1954;86(1):132-7.
  • Sellon RK, Tonkonogy S, Schultz M, et al. Resident enteric bacteria are necessary for development of spontaneous colitis and immune system activation in interleukin-10-deficient mice. Infect Immun. 1998;66(11):5224-31.
  • Demirci H. Fekal Mikrobiyota Transplantasyonu. Tıp Fakültesi Klinikleri Dergisi. 2019;2(4);127-9.
  • Moayyedi P, Surette MG, Kim PT, et al. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Induces Remission in Patients With Active Ulcerative Colitis in a Randomized Controlled Trial. Gastroenterology. 2015;149(1):102-109.e6.
  • Crothers JW, Chu ND, Nguyen LTT, et al. Daily, oral FMT for long-term maintenance therapy in ulcerative colitis: results of a single-center, prospective, randomized pilot study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2021;21(1):281.
  • Uygun A, Ozturk K, Demirci H, et al. Fecal microbiota transplantation is a rescue treatment modality for refractory ulcerative colitis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(16):e6479.
  • Koca T. Bağırsak mikroflorasının inflamatuvar hastalık patogenezindeki yeri. aktd. 2015;24(1):78-91.
  • Gagliardi A, Totino V, Cacciotti F, et al. Rebuilding the Gut Microbiota Ecosystem. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(8):1679.
  • Wagh SK, Lammers KM, Padul MV, Rodriguez-Herrera A, Dodero VI. Celiac Disease and Possible Dietary Interventions: From Enzymes and Probiotics to Postbiotics and Viruses. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(19):11748.
  • Mustalahti K, Catassi C, Reunanen A, et al. The prevalence of celiac disease in Europe: results of a centralized, international mass screening project. Ann Med. 2010;42(8):587-95.
  • Rubio-Tapia A, Kyle RA, Kaplan EL, et al. Increased prevalence and mortality in undiagnosed celiac disease. Gastroenterology. 2009;137(1):88-93.
  • King JA, Jeong J, Underwood FE, et al. Incidence of Celiac Disease Is Increasing Over Time: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020;115(4):507-25.
  • Catassi C, Kryszak D, Bhatti B, et al. Natural history of celiac disease autoimmunity in a USA cohort followed since 1974. Ann Med. 2010;42(7):530-8.
  • Sollid LM, Markussen G, Ek J, Gjerde H, Vartdal F, Thorsby E. Evidence for a primary association of celiac disease to a particular HLA-DQ alpha/beta heterodimer. J Exp Med. 1989;169(1):345-50.
  • Collado MC, Calabuig M, Sanz Y. Differences between the fecal microbiota of coeliac infants and healthy controls. Curr Issues Intest Microbiol. 2007;8(1):9-14.
  • Di Cagno R, De Angelis M, De Pasquale I, et al. Duodenal and faecal microbiota of celiac children: molecular, phenotype and metabolome characterization. BMC Microbiol. 2011;11:219.
  • Galipeau HJ, McCarville JL, Huebener S, et al. Intestinal microbiota modulates gluten-induced immunopathology in humanized mice. Am J Pathol. 2015;185(11):2969-82.
  • Mårild K, Stephansson O, Montgomery S, Murray JA, Ludvigsson JF. Pregnancy outcome and risk of celiac disease in offspring: a nationwide case-control study. Gastroenterology. 2012;142(1):39-45.e3.
  • Lebwohl B, Spechler SJ, Wang TC, Green PH, Ludvigsson JF. Use of proton pump inhibitors and subsequent risk of celiac disease. Dig Liver Dis. 2014;46(1):36-40.
  • Caminero A, Verdu EF. Celiac disease: should we care about microbes?. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2019;317(2):G161-G170.
  • Caminero A, Galipeau HJ, McCarville JL, et al. Duodenal Bacteria From Patients With Celiac Disease and Healthy Subjects Distinctly Affect Gluten Breakdown and Immunogenicity. Gastroenterology. 2016;151(4):670-83.
  • Petersen J, Ciacchi L, Tran MT, et al. T cell receptor cross-reactivity between gliadin and bacterial peptides in celiac disease. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2020;27(1):49-61.
  • Jiang HY, Zhang X, Zhou YY, Jiang CM, Shi YD. Infection, antibiotic exposure, and risk of celiac disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;35(4):557-66.
  • Kołodziej M, Patro-Gołąb B, Gieruszczak-Białek D, et al. Association between early life (prenatal and postnatal) antibiotic administration and coeliac disease: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child. 2019;104(11):1083-9.
  • Kamphorst K, Van Daele E, Vlieger AM, Daams JG, Knol J, van Elburg RM. Early life antibiotics and childhood gastrointestinal disorders: a systematic review. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2021;5(1):e001028.
  • Aversa Z, Atkinson EJ, Schafer MJ, et al. Association of Infant Antibiotic Exposure With Childhood Health Outcomes. Mayo Clin Proc. 2021;96(1):66-77.
  • Canova C, Zabeo V, Pitter G, et al. Association of maternal education, early infections, and antibiotic use with celiac disease: a population-based birth cohort study in northeastern Italy. Am J Epidemiol. 2014;180(1):76-85.
  • Bittker SS, Bell KR. Potential risk factors for celiac disease in childhood: a case-control epidemiological survey. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2019;12:303-19.
  • Yatsunenko T, Rey FE, Manary MJ, et al. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature. 2012;486(7402):222-7.
  • Mårild K, Ludvigsson J, Sanz Y, Ludvigsson JF. Antibiotic exposure in pregnancy and risk of coeliac disease in offspring: a cohort study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2014;14:75.
  • Mårild K, Kahrs CR, Tapia G, Stene LC, Størdal K. Maternal Infections, Antibiotics, and Paracetamol in Pregnancy and Offspring Celiac Disease: A Cohort Study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017;64(5):730-6.
  • Simre K, Uibo O, Peet A, et al. Exploring the risk factors for differences in the cumulative incidence of coeliac disease in two neighboring countries: the prospective DIABIMMUNE study. Dig Liver Dis. 2016;48(11):1296-301.
  • Kemppainen KM, Vehik K, Lynch KF, et al. Association Between Early-Life Antibiotic Use and the Risk of Islet or Celiac Disease Autoimmunity. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(12):1217-25.
  • Elsouri K, Arboleda V, Heiser S, Kesselman MM, Demory Beckler M. Microbiome in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Celiac Disease: A Friend or Foe. Cureus. 2021;13(6):e15543.
  • Verdu EF, Galipeau HJ, Jabri B. Novel players in coeliac disease pathogenesis: role of the gut microbiota. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;12(9):497-506.
  • Hiippala K, Jouhten H, Ronkainen A, et al. The Potential of Gut Commensals in Reinforcing Intestinal Barrier Function and Alleviating Inflammation. Nutrients. 2018;10(8):988.
  • Huibregtse IL, Marietta EV, Rashtak S, et al. Induction of antigen-specific tolerance by oral administration of Lactococcus lactis delivered immunodominant DQ8-restricted gliadin peptide in sensitized nonobese diabetic Abo Dq8 transgenic mice. J Immunol. 2009;183(4):2390-6.
  • Helmerhorst EJ, Wei G. Experimental Strategy to Discover Microbes with Gluten-degrading Enzyme Activities. Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng. 2014;9112:91120D.
  • Tremblay A, Xu X, Colee J, Tompkins TA. Efficacy of a Multi-Strain Probiotic Formulation in Pediatric Populations: A Comprehensive Review of Clinical Studies. Nutrients. 2021;13(6):1908.
  • Di Biase AR, Marasco G, Ravaioli F, et al. Gut microbiota signatures and clinical manifestations in celiac disease children at onset: a pilot study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;36(2):446-54.
  • Saviano A, Petruzziello C, Brigida M, et al. Gut Microbiota Alteration and Its Modulation with Probiotics in Celiac Disease. Biomedicines. 2023;11(10):2638.
  • Raju SA, Sanders DS, Penny HA. Coeliac Disease and Probiotics: Clinicians Need to Provide the Evidence Base for this Unmet Need. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2021;30(4):423-6.
  • Freire R, Ingano L, Serena G, et al. Human gut derived-organoids provide model to study gluten response and effects of microbiota-derived molecules in celiac disease. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):7029.
Toplam 92 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İç Hastalıkları, Klinik Mikrobiyoloji
Bölüm DERLEME
Yazarlar

Sena Uslu 0009-0008-2493-658X

Melike Doğru 0009-0001-6149-1590

Ümran Öztürk 0009-0007-9914-3552

Merve Urumdaş 0009-0006-6576-2067

Muhammet Bera Balkan 0009-0000-2747-7691

Mihriban Bozdemir 0009-0005-8035-606X

İlker İnanç Balkan 0000-0002-8977-5931

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Mayıs 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Mayıs 2024
Kabul Tarihi 28 Aralık 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 30 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Uslu S, Doğru M, Öztürk Ü, Urumdaş M, Balkan MB, Bozdemir M, Balkan İİ. Antibiyotik maruziyetinin diyabet, obezite, inflamatuvar bağırsak hastalıkları ve çölyak hastalığının patogenezindeki rolü. Anadolu Klin. 2025;30(2):317-32.
 Kapak Resmi İndir

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