Öz
This article examines the role of Russian think tanks in psychological operations and information warfare in the modern era. The primary focus of the research is to analyze how these organizations use psychological manipulation and disinformation techniques to achieve strategic objectives. The article employs a qualitative research method to investigate how Russian think tanks influence public opinion and international perceptions, and which tactical approaches they adopt in this process. The findings of the research indicate that Russian think tanks are used as a significant tool in information warfare. These organizations employ various techniques, such as propaganda, fake news, and psychological operations, to influence both domestic public opinion and the international community. The findings also reveal how these strategies are implemented to support Russia’s geopolitical interests and to gain a strategic advantage over its rivals. In this context, the role of think tanks is not limited to information production and analysis; they also strengthen the psychological dimension of state policies. In conclusion, it has been determined that Russian think tanks play a key role in modern information warfare and psychological operations. The activities of these organizations, as part of information and perception management strategies, help the state achieve its foreign policy objectives. The article suggests that a better understanding of these dynamics can contribute to the development of more effective policies in the fields of international relations and security strategies. The study sociologically examines 25 Russian think tanks.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Psychological Operations Information Warfare Russian Think Tanks Propaganda Strategies Public Opinion Manipulation Sociology of War in the Information Age.
Kaynakça
- Ajir, M., & Vailliant, B. (2018). Russian Information Warfare: Implications for Deterrence Theory. Strategic Studies Quarterly, 12(3), 70–89. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26481910.
- Analiticheskiy Tsentr Pri Pravitel’stve Rossiyskoy Federatsii. (2024). O Tsentre https://ac.gov.ru/ erişim 04.09.2024.
- Bacon, E. (2018). Policy change and the narratives of Russia’s think tanks. Palgrave Communications, 4(1), 1-12.
- Baudrillard, J. (1995). The Gulf War Did Not Take Place. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- BEA. (2024). Byuro Ekonomicheskogo Analiza. O Fonde. https://www.beafnd.org/ erişim 01.09.2024.
- Brazzoli, M. S. (2020). Future prospects of information warfare and particularly psychological operations. South African army vision, 217-232.
- Burns, M. (1999). Information Warfare: What and How?, http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~burnsm/InfoWarfare.html, erişim 25.08.2024.
- Christoph, L., Melnyk, L., & Shapovalov, S. (2023). Think tanks as civil society organisations in Ukraine. URL: https://iep-berlin. de/en/projects/enlargement-neighbourhood-andcentral-asia/ukraine-think-tanks. erişim 28.08.2024.
- Druckman, J. N., & Jacobs, L. R. (2020). Who governs? Presidents, public opinion, and manipulation. University of Chicago Press.
- Giles, K. (2016). Handbook Of Russian Informatıon Warfare. Rome: NATO Defense College Press.
- Graef, A. (2019). Foreign Policy Experts, Think Tanks and the Russian State: A Field Theoretical Approach. Doctoral Thesis. Universität St. Gallen.
- Hames, T., & Feasey, R. (1994). Anglo-American think tanks under Reagan and Thatcher. In A. Adonis & T. Hames (Eds.), A conservative revolution? The Thatcher-Reagan decade in perspective. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
- Hird, J. A. (2005). Power, knowledge and politics. Washington D.C: Georgetown University Press. Hutchinson, W., & Warren, M. (2012). Information warfare. Routledge.
- IBV. (2024). Institut Blizhnego Vostoka. Ob Institute. http://www.iimes.ru/ erişim 03.09.2024.
- IMEMO RAN. (2024). Institut mirovoy ekonomiki i mezhdunarodnykh otnosheniy imeni Ye. M. Primakova RAN. Ob institute. https://www.imemo.ru/about erişim 06.09.2024.
- IMI. (2024). Institut Mezhdunarodnykh Issledovaniy. O MGIMO. https://mgimo.ru/about/ erişim 05.09.2024.
- INPRAN. (2024). Institut narodnokhozyaystvennogo prognozirovaniya RAN” [IEPNTP], O Nas, https://ecfor.ru/o-nas/ob-institute/ erişim 04.09.2024.
- INSOR. (2024). Institut Sovremennogo Razvitiya. Ob Institute. http://ir.russiancouncil.ru/organisations/insor/ erişim 04.09.2024.
- Institut Stran SNG. (2024). Instituut Diaaspory i Integraatsii. Ob Institute. https://i-sng.ru/institut-stran-sng/ erişim 06.09.2024.
- IRN. (2024). Indikatory Rynka Nedvizhimosti. Chto takoye IRN.RU? https://www.irn.ru/ erişim 02.09.2024. Izborskiy Klub. (2024). O Klube. https://izborsk-club.ru/about erişim 02.09.2024.
- Koval, N., Kulyk, V., Riabchuk, M., Zarembo, K., & Fakhurdinova, M. (2022). Morphological analysis of narratives of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict in western academia and think-tank community. Problems of Post-Communism, 69(2), 166-178.
- Krastev, I. (2003). Post-communist think tanks. Banking on knowledge: the genesis of the global development network, 145.
- Linebarger, P. M. (1951). Psychological warfare. Naval War College Information Service for Officers, 3(7), 19-47.
- Magomedov, A. K. (2012). Diskussiya po arkticheskoy strategii Rossii: IA REGNUM obvinyayet Rossiyskiy sovet po mezhdunarodnym delam (RSMD) v kapitulyatsii pered NATO. http://glasru.ru/a-k-magomedov-diskussiya-po-arkticheskoy-strategii-rossii-ia-regnum-obvinyaet-rossiyskiy-sovet-po-mezhdunarodnyim-delam-rsmd-v-kapitulyatsii-pered-nato/ erişim 06.09.2024.
- MŞGP. (2024). Moskovskaya Shkola Grazhdanskogo Prosveshcheniya. O şkole. http://civiceducation.ru/ erişim 06.09.2024.
- MTK. (2024). Moskovskiy Tsentr Karnegi. About. https://carnegieendowment.org/russia-eurasia/about-carnegie-russia-eurasia-center?lang=en¢er=russia-eurasia erişim 06.09.2024.
- Narula, S. (2004). Psychological operations (PSYOPs): A conceptual overview. Strategic Analysis, 28(1), 177-192.
- NATO, (2014). Media – (Dıs)ınformatıon – Securıty, deepportal.hq.nato.int erişim 26.08.2024.
- Okunev, I., & Graef, A. (2019). Russian Think Tanks and Foreign Policy-Making. Russian Analytical Digest (RAD), (234), 1-11.
- Pallin, C. V., & Oxenstierna, S. (2017). Russian think tanks and soft power. Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut (FOI).
- PANORAMA. (2024). Informatsionno-Issledovatel’skiy Tsentr «Panorama». O Nas. http://www.panorama.ru/ erişim 05.09.2024.
- PIR-Tsentr. (2024). Rossiyskiy analiticheskiy tsentr i nepravitel’stvennaya organizatsiya. O PIR-Tsentr. https://pircenter.org/ erişim 06.09.2024.
- PIR-Tsentr. (2024). Rossiyskiy analiticheskiy tsentr i nepravitel’stvennaya organizatsiya. Novyye tekhnologii i interesy Rossii. https://pircenter.org/ erişim 05.09.2024.
- Poluboyarinova, I. (2023). Kanada vvela sanktsii protiv MGIMO, VSHE, kluba «Valday» i «Yunarmii». Svezhiye novosti v Rossii i mire - RTVI (22 sentyabrya 2023). https://rtvi.com/news/kanada-vvela-sankczii-protiv-mgimo-vshe-kluba-valdaj-i-yunarmii/ erişim 03.09.2024.
- Prezident Rossii. (2016). Ukaz Prezidenta RF ot 05.12.2016 № 646. kremlin.ru erişim 29.08.2024.
- Prizhennikova, A. N. (2019). Lobbyism in Russia: the legal framework. In Colloquium-journal. No. 4-3, 58-64.
- Reuters. (2017). “Putin-linked think tank drew up plan to sway 2016 US election – documents”. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-russia-election-exclusive-idUSKBN17L2N3/ erişim 04.09.2024.
- Riefer, F. (2023). Think Tanks and Foreign Policy Design in the Russian Federation. Journal of Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society, 9(1), 29-64.
- RİSİ, (2024). Rossiyskiy İnstitut Strategicheskikh İssledovaniy. Ustav RISI ot 2020 g. i Tseli i zadachi. https://riss.ru/ob-institute/documents/ erişim 03.09.2024.
- RSMD. (2024). Rossiyskiy sovet po mezhdunarodnym delam. O sovyete. https://russiancouncil.ru/ erişim 03.09.2024.
- Ruser, A. (2018). What to think about think tanks: Towards a conceptual framework of strategic think tank behaviour. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 31, 179-192.
- Schwartau, W. (1993). Information Warfare: Chaos on the Electronic Superhighway, Thunder’s Mouth Press. Taylor, P. M. (2007). ‘Munitions of the mind’: A brief history of military psychological operations. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 3, 196-204.
- Valdai. (2024). Mezhdunarodnyy Diskussionnyy Klub «Valday». Chto takoye «Valday»?. https://ru.valdaiclub.com/about/valdai/ erişim 02.09.2024.
Öz
Bu makale, modern çağda Rus düşünce kuruluşlarının psikolojik operasyonlar ve bilgi savaşlarındaki rolünü incelemektedir. Araştırmanın ana odağı, bu kuruluşların stratejik hedeflere ulaşmak için nasıl psikolojik manipülasyon ve dezenformasyon tekniklerini kullandıklarını analiz etmektir. Makale, özellikle Rus düşünce kuruluşlarının, kamuoyunu ve uluslararası algıları nasıl etkilediklerini, bu süreçte hangi taktiksel yaklaşımları benimsediklerini araştırmak amacıyla nitel bir araştırma yöntemi kullanmaktadır. Araştırmanın bulguları, Rus düşünce kuruluşlarının, bilgi savaşlarında önemli bir araç olarak kullanıldığını göstermektedir. Bu kuruluşlar, hem iç kamuoyunu hem de uluslararası toplumu etkilemek için propaganda, sahte haberler ve psikolojik operasyonlar gibi çeşitli teknikler kullanmaktadır. Bulgular ayrıca, bu stratejilerin, Rusya’nın jeopolitik çıkarlarını desteklemek ve rakiplerine karşı stratejik avantaj sağlamak amacıyla nasıl uygulandığını da ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bağlamda, düşünce kuruluşlarının rolü, sadece bilgi üretimi ve analizi ile sınırlı kalmamakta, aynı zamanda devletin politikalarının psikolojik boyutunu güçlendirmektedir. Sonuç olarak, Rus düşünce kuruluşlarının modern bilgi savaşlarında ve psikolojik operasyonlarda kilit bir rol oynadığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu kuruluşların faaliyetleri, bilgi ve algı yönetimi stratejilerinin bir parçası olarak, devletin dış politika hedeflerine ulaşmasına yardımcı olmaktadır. Makale, bu dinamiklerin daha iyi anlaşılmasının, uluslararası ilişkiler ve güvenlik stratejileri alanlarında daha etkin politikaların geliştirilmesine katkı sağlayabileceğini öne sürmektedir. Çalışmada 25 Rus “think tank” kuruluşu sosyolojik yönden incelenmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Psikolojik Operasyonlar Bilgi Savaşları Rus Düşünce Kuruluşları Propaganda Stratejileri Kamuoyu Manipülasyonu Bilgi Çağında Savaş Sosyolojisi
Kaynakça
- Ajir, M., & Vailliant, B. (2018). Russian Information Warfare: Implications for Deterrence Theory. Strategic Studies Quarterly, 12(3), 70–89. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26481910.
- Analiticheskiy Tsentr Pri Pravitel’stve Rossiyskoy Federatsii. (2024). O Tsentre https://ac.gov.ru/ erişim 04.09.2024.
- Bacon, E. (2018). Policy change and the narratives of Russia’s think tanks. Palgrave Communications, 4(1), 1-12.
- Baudrillard, J. (1995). The Gulf War Did Not Take Place. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- BEA. (2024). Byuro Ekonomicheskogo Analiza. O Fonde. https://www.beafnd.org/ erişim 01.09.2024.
- Brazzoli, M. S. (2020). Future prospects of information warfare and particularly psychological operations. South African army vision, 217-232.
- Burns, M. (1999). Information Warfare: What and How?, http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~burnsm/InfoWarfare.html, erişim 25.08.2024.
- Christoph, L., Melnyk, L., & Shapovalov, S. (2023). Think tanks as civil society organisations in Ukraine. URL: https://iep-berlin. de/en/projects/enlargement-neighbourhood-andcentral-asia/ukraine-think-tanks. erişim 28.08.2024.
- Druckman, J. N., & Jacobs, L. R. (2020). Who governs? Presidents, public opinion, and manipulation. University of Chicago Press.
- Giles, K. (2016). Handbook Of Russian Informatıon Warfare. Rome: NATO Defense College Press.
- Graef, A. (2019). Foreign Policy Experts, Think Tanks and the Russian State: A Field Theoretical Approach. Doctoral Thesis. Universität St. Gallen.
- Hames, T., & Feasey, R. (1994). Anglo-American think tanks under Reagan and Thatcher. In A. Adonis & T. Hames (Eds.), A conservative revolution? The Thatcher-Reagan decade in perspective. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
- Hird, J. A. (2005). Power, knowledge and politics. Washington D.C: Georgetown University Press. Hutchinson, W., & Warren, M. (2012). Information warfare. Routledge.
- IBV. (2024). Institut Blizhnego Vostoka. Ob Institute. http://www.iimes.ru/ erişim 03.09.2024.
- IMEMO RAN. (2024). Institut mirovoy ekonomiki i mezhdunarodnykh otnosheniy imeni Ye. M. Primakova RAN. Ob institute. https://www.imemo.ru/about erişim 06.09.2024.
- IMI. (2024). Institut Mezhdunarodnykh Issledovaniy. O MGIMO. https://mgimo.ru/about/ erişim 05.09.2024.
- INPRAN. (2024). Institut narodnokhozyaystvennogo prognozirovaniya RAN” [IEPNTP], O Nas, https://ecfor.ru/o-nas/ob-institute/ erişim 04.09.2024.
- INSOR. (2024). Institut Sovremennogo Razvitiya. Ob Institute. http://ir.russiancouncil.ru/organisations/insor/ erişim 04.09.2024.
- Institut Stran SNG. (2024). Instituut Diaaspory i Integraatsii. Ob Institute. https://i-sng.ru/institut-stran-sng/ erişim 06.09.2024.
- IRN. (2024). Indikatory Rynka Nedvizhimosti. Chto takoye IRN.RU? https://www.irn.ru/ erişim 02.09.2024. Izborskiy Klub. (2024). O Klube. https://izborsk-club.ru/about erişim 02.09.2024.
- Koval, N., Kulyk, V., Riabchuk, M., Zarembo, K., & Fakhurdinova, M. (2022). Morphological analysis of narratives of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict in western academia and think-tank community. Problems of Post-Communism, 69(2), 166-178.
- Krastev, I. (2003). Post-communist think tanks. Banking on knowledge: the genesis of the global development network, 145.
- Linebarger, P. M. (1951). Psychological warfare. Naval War College Information Service for Officers, 3(7), 19-47.
- Magomedov, A. K. (2012). Diskussiya po arkticheskoy strategii Rossii: IA REGNUM obvinyayet Rossiyskiy sovet po mezhdunarodnym delam (RSMD) v kapitulyatsii pered NATO. http://glasru.ru/a-k-magomedov-diskussiya-po-arkticheskoy-strategii-rossii-ia-regnum-obvinyaet-rossiyskiy-sovet-po-mezhdunarodnyim-delam-rsmd-v-kapitulyatsii-pered-nato/ erişim 06.09.2024.
- MŞGP. (2024). Moskovskaya Shkola Grazhdanskogo Prosveshcheniya. O şkole. http://civiceducation.ru/ erişim 06.09.2024.
- MTK. (2024). Moskovskiy Tsentr Karnegi. About. https://carnegieendowment.org/russia-eurasia/about-carnegie-russia-eurasia-center?lang=en¢er=russia-eurasia erişim 06.09.2024.
- Narula, S. (2004). Psychological operations (PSYOPs): A conceptual overview. Strategic Analysis, 28(1), 177-192.
- NATO, (2014). Media – (Dıs)ınformatıon – Securıty, deepportal.hq.nato.int erişim 26.08.2024.
- Okunev, I., & Graef, A. (2019). Russian Think Tanks and Foreign Policy-Making. Russian Analytical Digest (RAD), (234), 1-11.
- Pallin, C. V., & Oxenstierna, S. (2017). Russian think tanks and soft power. Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut (FOI).
- PANORAMA. (2024). Informatsionno-Issledovatel’skiy Tsentr «Panorama». O Nas. http://www.panorama.ru/ erişim 05.09.2024.
- PIR-Tsentr. (2024). Rossiyskiy analiticheskiy tsentr i nepravitel’stvennaya organizatsiya. O PIR-Tsentr. https://pircenter.org/ erişim 06.09.2024.
- PIR-Tsentr. (2024). Rossiyskiy analiticheskiy tsentr i nepravitel’stvennaya organizatsiya. Novyye tekhnologii i interesy Rossii. https://pircenter.org/ erişim 05.09.2024.
- Poluboyarinova, I. (2023). Kanada vvela sanktsii protiv MGIMO, VSHE, kluba «Valday» i «Yunarmii». Svezhiye novosti v Rossii i mire - RTVI (22 sentyabrya 2023). https://rtvi.com/news/kanada-vvela-sankczii-protiv-mgimo-vshe-kluba-valdaj-i-yunarmii/ erişim 03.09.2024.
- Prezident Rossii. (2016). Ukaz Prezidenta RF ot 05.12.2016 № 646. kremlin.ru erişim 29.08.2024.
- Prizhennikova, A. N. (2019). Lobbyism in Russia: the legal framework. In Colloquium-journal. No. 4-3, 58-64.
- Reuters. (2017). “Putin-linked think tank drew up plan to sway 2016 US election – documents”. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-russia-election-exclusive-idUSKBN17L2N3/ erişim 04.09.2024.
- Riefer, F. (2023). Think Tanks and Foreign Policy Design in the Russian Federation. Journal of Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society, 9(1), 29-64.
- RİSİ, (2024). Rossiyskiy İnstitut Strategicheskikh İssledovaniy. Ustav RISI ot 2020 g. i Tseli i zadachi. https://riss.ru/ob-institute/documents/ erişim 03.09.2024.
- RSMD. (2024). Rossiyskiy sovet po mezhdunarodnym delam. O sovyete. https://russiancouncil.ru/ erişim 03.09.2024.
- Ruser, A. (2018). What to think about think tanks: Towards a conceptual framework of strategic think tank behaviour. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 31, 179-192.
- Schwartau, W. (1993). Information Warfare: Chaos on the Electronic Superhighway, Thunder’s Mouth Press. Taylor, P. M. (2007). ‘Munitions of the mind’: A brief history of military psychological operations. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 3, 196-204.
- Valdai. (2024). Mezhdunarodnyy Diskussionnyy Klub «Valday». Chto takoye «Valday»?. https://ru.valdaiclub.com/about/valdai/ erişim 02.09.2024.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Uluslararası Güvenlik, Güvenlik Çalışmaları |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Haziran 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 18 Mayıs 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 28 Mayıs 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1 |
ANADOLU STRATEJİ DERGİSİ / JOURNAL OF ANATOLIAN STRATEGY e-ISSN: 2687-5721