Öz
Throughout history, the Jewish community in Egypt has been a prosperous community with a socio-economically important place in Egypt. The Jews of Egypt, who have a deep-rooted history dating back to the time of the Prophet Joseph, gained a more pronounced economic prosperity and social power with the Ottoman conquest. They prospered during the Ottoman period and became influential in sectors such as banking, trade and industry. The economic boom in Egypt, especially in the 19th century, caused many communities, including Jews, to migrate to Egypt. The increase in their population as a result of the migration movement contributed significantly to the economic development of Egypt. However, the Arab-Israeli conflict in 1948 and the political changes that followed led to the departure of a large part of the Jewish community, which significantly reduced its numbers. The emigration of Jews from Egypt was also influenced by the problem of citizenship experienced by the vast majority of Jews. Since the 19th century, Jewish education in Egypt has evolved from traditional religious education to modern European standards. With the innovation movements in the field of education in Egypt, new educational institutions were opened with the influence of European states. Education was developed with the aim of providing broad access, especially regardless of gender and socio-economic status.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Egyptian Jews Economy Educational İnstitutions Population Immigration
Kaynakça
- Abdulhaq, N. (2016). Jewish and Greek communities in Egypt: Entrepreneurship and business before Nasser. I.B. Tauris.
- Abū al-Ghār, M. (2021). Yahūd Miṣr fī al-Qarn al-ʿIshrīn: Kayfaʿāşū ve-limādhā Kharajū, Dār al-Shurūq.
- Aharoni, A. (2008). The Jews from Egypt and peace culture. A. Aharoni, A. Israel-Pelletier, L. Zamir (Eds.), History and culture of the Jews of Egypt in modern times, 84-112.
- Alan, M. (2013). The animal in Ottoman Egypt. Oxford University Press.
- Al-Naggar A.A. (2023). Zoltán Prantner Jewish community in Egypt (1952–1970): Additional glimpses to the present, borders and identity in the modern times in the Mediterranean and Central Eastern Europe. B. Varga, A. Kökény, L. Nagy, P. A. Ferwagner (Eds.), Université de Szeged, Département d’Historie Moderne et d’études Méditerranéennes (159-179). Szeged: Université De Szeged.
- Arslantaş, N. (2009). İslam dünyasında iktisadi ve ilmi hayatta Yahudiler Abbasi ve Fâtımîler dönemi. Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Vakfı Yayınları.
- Arslantaş, N. (2014). Abbasiler döneminde Yahudilerin temel eğitim kurumları: Bet ha-seferler ve beytülmidraslar, Belleten, 78(282), 435-474. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2014.435.
- Atmaca, E. (2020). Karai mezhebi ve bu mezhebi benimseyen Karay Türkleri. Mesos:Disiplinlerarası Orta çağ Çalışmaları Dergisi, II, 58-81.
- Beinin, J. (1998). The dispersion of Egyptian Jewry. University of California Press.
- Brenner, B. (2011). Kısa Yahudi tarihi. (S. Altınçekiç, Çev.). Alfa Yayınları.
- Cohen, H. J. (1973). The Jews of the Middle East 1860-1972. Israel Universities Press.
- Douer, A. (2015). Egypt-the lost homeland exodus from Egypt, 1947-1967. Logos Verlag.
- Dunne, J. H. (1968). An introduction to the history of education in modern Egypt. Frank Cass and Company Limited.
- El-Kodsi, M. (1987). The Karaite Jews of Egypt from 1882-1986. Wilprint.
- Erol, H. İ. (2021). Mısır’da tarihyazımı: Fransız işgalinden Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa dönemine. İLEM Yayınları.
- Gerholm, T. (1987). Economic activities of Alexandrian Jews on the eve of World I. S. Shamir (Ed.), According to le Mercure Egyptien, the Jews of Egypt a Mediterranean society in modern times (94-107). Westview Press.
- Görgün, H. (2004). Mısır, TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları. 29, 569-575.
- Hacker, J. (2018). Jews in the Ottoman Empire (1580-1839). J. Karp, A. Sutcliffe (Eds.), The Cambridge history of judaism (831-863). Cambridge University Press.
- Haddad, H.M. (1984). Jews of Arab and Islamic countries: History, problems, solutions. Shengold Publishers.
- Kramer, G. (1983). Radical, nationalists, fundamentalists, and the Jews in Egypt or, who is a real Egyptian?, G. R. Warburg, U. M. Kupferschmidt (Eds.), Islam, nationalism, and radicalism in Egypt and the Sudan (354-371). Praeger.
- Kramer, G. (1987). Political participation of the Jews in Egypt between World War I and the 1952 revolution, Shimon Shamir (Ed.), The Jews of EgyptA Mediterranean society in modern times (68-82). Westview Press.
- Kramer, G. (1989). The Jews in modern Egypt 1914-1952. University of Washington Press.
- Kuzgun, Ş. (1985). Türklerde Yahudilik ve Doğu Avrupa Yahudilerinin menşei meselesi Hazar ve Karay Türkleri. Kültür Sanat Yayınları.
- Landau, J. M. (1969). Jews in nineteenth-century Egypt. Routledge.
- Landau, J. M. (1993). Jews, Arabs, Turks. The Magnes Press.
- Laskier, M. M. (1995). Egyptian Jewry under the Nasser regime, 1956-70, Middle Eastern Studies,3(31), 573-619.
- Lewis, B. (1987). Semites and anti-Semites an Inquiry into conflict and prejudice. W. W. Norton & Company.
- Lewis, B. (1996). İslam dünyasında Yahudiler. (B. S. Şener, Çev.). İmge Kitapevi.
- Miccoli, D. (2015). Histories of the Jews of Egypt: An imagined bourgeoisie, 1880s-1950s. Routledge.
- Mizrahi, M. (1987). The role of Jews, S. Shamir (Ed.). The Jews of Egypt a Mediterranean society in modern times (85-93). Westview Press.
- Pelletier, A. I. (2018). On the Mediterranean and the Nile the Jews of Egypt. Indiana University Press.
- Philipp, T. (1984). Jews and Arab Christians- their changing positions in politics and economy in eighteenth-century Syria and Egypt A. Cohen Baer (Ed.). Egypt and Palestine a millennium of association (868-1948) (150-166). St. Martin’s Press.
- Raymond, A. (2000). Osmanlı döneminde Arap kentleri, (A. Berktay, Çev.). Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları.
- Shamir, S. (1987). The evolution of the Egyptian nationality laws and their application to the Jews in the monarchy period, S. Shamir (Ed.). The Jews of Egypt a Mediterranean society in modern times (33-67). Westview Press.
- Shaw, S. J. (2008). Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nde Yahudiler, (M. Sobutay Çev.). Kapı Yayınları.
- Shmuelevitz, A. (1987). The Jews in Cairo at the time of the Ottoman conquest: The account of capsali, S. Shamir (Ed.). The Jews of Egypt a Mediterranean society in modern times (3-9). Westview Press.
- Simon, R. S. (2003). The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in modern times, M. M. Laskier& S. Reguer (Eds). Columbia University Press.
- Tam, A. (2022). Between Egypt and Israel: Egyptian Jews, the Yishuv, and Israeli Society, Currents: Briefs on Contemporary Israel, 5, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/J3HMD.
- Winter, M. (1987). Egyptian Jewry During the Ottoman Period as a background to modern times, S. Shamir (Ed.), The Jews of Egypt a Mediterranean society in modern times (9-14). Westview Press.
- Winter, M. (1992). Egyptian society under Ottoman rule, 1517-1798. Routledge.
- Woolfson, M. (1980). Prophets in Babylon Jews in the Arab world. Faber and Faber.
- Zivotofsky, A.Z., & Greenspan, A. (2014). The thick and thin of the history of Matzah, Hakirah, the Flatbush Journal of Jewish Law and Thought, 17, 105-127. http://www.hakirah.org/Vol17Zivotofsky.pdf.
Öz
Mısır'daki Yahudi toplumu, tarih boyunca Mısır’da sosyo-ekonomik bakımdan önemli bir yere sahip müreffeh bir topluluk olmuştur. Yusuf Peygamber dönemine kadar uzanan köklü bir geçmişe sahip olan Mısır Yahudileri, Osmanlı fethi ile daha belirgin bir ekonomik refah ve toplumsal güç kazanmıştır. Osmanlı döneminde zenginleşerek bankacılık, ticaret ve sanayi gibi sektörlerde etkili oldular. Mısır’da özellikle 19. Yüzyılda yaşanan ekonomik patlama Yahudiler de dahil olmak üzere pek çok topluluğun Mısır’a göç etmesine neden olmuştur. Göç hareketi neticesinde artan nüfusları, Mısır'ın ekonomik gelişimine önemli katkılar sağlamıştır. Ancak, 1948'deki Arap-İsrail çatışması ve sonrasındaki politik değişimler, Yahudi topluluğunun büyük kısmının ülkeden ayrılmasına yol açtı, bu da topluluğun sayısını önemli ölçüde azalttı. Yahudilerin Mısır’dan göç etmesinde Yahudilerin büyük çoğunluğunun yaşadığı vatandaşlık problemi de etkili olmuştur. Mısır'daki Yahudi eğitimi, 19. yüzyıldan itibaren geleneksel dini eğitimden modern Avrupa standartlarına doğru geçiş yaparak gelişim göstermiştir. Mısır’da gerçekleştirilen eğitim alanındaki yenilik hareketleri ile Avrupalı devletlerin de etkisiyle yeni eğitim kurumları açılmıştır. Eğitim, özellikle cinsiyet ve sosyo-ekonomik durumdan bağımsız olarak geniş bir erişim sağlamak amacıyla geliştirilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Abdulhaq, N. (2016). Jewish and Greek communities in Egypt: Entrepreneurship and business before Nasser. I.B. Tauris.
- Abū al-Ghār, M. (2021). Yahūd Miṣr fī al-Qarn al-ʿIshrīn: Kayfaʿāşū ve-limādhā Kharajū, Dār al-Shurūq.
- Aharoni, A. (2008). The Jews from Egypt and peace culture. A. Aharoni, A. Israel-Pelletier, L. Zamir (Eds.), History and culture of the Jews of Egypt in modern times, 84-112.
- Alan, M. (2013). The animal in Ottoman Egypt. Oxford University Press.
- Al-Naggar A.A. (2023). Zoltán Prantner Jewish community in Egypt (1952–1970): Additional glimpses to the present, borders and identity in the modern times in the Mediterranean and Central Eastern Europe. B. Varga, A. Kökény, L. Nagy, P. A. Ferwagner (Eds.), Université de Szeged, Département d’Historie Moderne et d’études Méditerranéennes (159-179). Szeged: Université De Szeged.
- Arslantaş, N. (2009). İslam dünyasında iktisadi ve ilmi hayatta Yahudiler Abbasi ve Fâtımîler dönemi. Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Vakfı Yayınları.
- Arslantaş, N. (2014). Abbasiler döneminde Yahudilerin temel eğitim kurumları: Bet ha-seferler ve beytülmidraslar, Belleten, 78(282), 435-474. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2014.435.
- Atmaca, E. (2020). Karai mezhebi ve bu mezhebi benimseyen Karay Türkleri. Mesos:Disiplinlerarası Orta çağ Çalışmaları Dergisi, II, 58-81.
- Beinin, J. (1998). The dispersion of Egyptian Jewry. University of California Press.
- Brenner, B. (2011). Kısa Yahudi tarihi. (S. Altınçekiç, Çev.). Alfa Yayınları.
- Cohen, H. J. (1973). The Jews of the Middle East 1860-1972. Israel Universities Press.
- Douer, A. (2015). Egypt-the lost homeland exodus from Egypt, 1947-1967. Logos Verlag.
- Dunne, J. H. (1968). An introduction to the history of education in modern Egypt. Frank Cass and Company Limited.
- El-Kodsi, M. (1987). The Karaite Jews of Egypt from 1882-1986. Wilprint.
- Erol, H. İ. (2021). Mısır’da tarihyazımı: Fransız işgalinden Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa dönemine. İLEM Yayınları.
- Gerholm, T. (1987). Economic activities of Alexandrian Jews on the eve of World I. S. Shamir (Ed.), According to le Mercure Egyptien, the Jews of Egypt a Mediterranean society in modern times (94-107). Westview Press.
- Görgün, H. (2004). Mısır, TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları. 29, 569-575.
- Hacker, J. (2018). Jews in the Ottoman Empire (1580-1839). J. Karp, A. Sutcliffe (Eds.), The Cambridge history of judaism (831-863). Cambridge University Press.
- Haddad, H.M. (1984). Jews of Arab and Islamic countries: History, problems, solutions. Shengold Publishers.
- Kramer, G. (1983). Radical, nationalists, fundamentalists, and the Jews in Egypt or, who is a real Egyptian?, G. R. Warburg, U. M. Kupferschmidt (Eds.), Islam, nationalism, and radicalism in Egypt and the Sudan (354-371). Praeger.
- Kramer, G. (1987). Political participation of the Jews in Egypt between World War I and the 1952 revolution, Shimon Shamir (Ed.), The Jews of EgyptA Mediterranean society in modern times (68-82). Westview Press.
- Kramer, G. (1989). The Jews in modern Egypt 1914-1952. University of Washington Press.
- Kuzgun, Ş. (1985). Türklerde Yahudilik ve Doğu Avrupa Yahudilerinin menşei meselesi Hazar ve Karay Türkleri. Kültür Sanat Yayınları.
- Landau, J. M. (1969). Jews in nineteenth-century Egypt. Routledge.
- Landau, J. M. (1993). Jews, Arabs, Turks. The Magnes Press.
- Laskier, M. M. (1995). Egyptian Jewry under the Nasser regime, 1956-70, Middle Eastern Studies,3(31), 573-619.
- Lewis, B. (1987). Semites and anti-Semites an Inquiry into conflict and prejudice. W. W. Norton & Company.
- Lewis, B. (1996). İslam dünyasında Yahudiler. (B. S. Şener, Çev.). İmge Kitapevi.
- Miccoli, D. (2015). Histories of the Jews of Egypt: An imagined bourgeoisie, 1880s-1950s. Routledge.
- Mizrahi, M. (1987). The role of Jews, S. Shamir (Ed.). The Jews of Egypt a Mediterranean society in modern times (85-93). Westview Press.
- Pelletier, A. I. (2018). On the Mediterranean and the Nile the Jews of Egypt. Indiana University Press.
- Philipp, T. (1984). Jews and Arab Christians- their changing positions in politics and economy in eighteenth-century Syria and Egypt A. Cohen Baer (Ed.). Egypt and Palestine a millennium of association (868-1948) (150-166). St. Martin’s Press.
- Raymond, A. (2000). Osmanlı döneminde Arap kentleri, (A. Berktay, Çev.). Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları.
- Shamir, S. (1987). The evolution of the Egyptian nationality laws and their application to the Jews in the monarchy period, S. Shamir (Ed.). The Jews of Egypt a Mediterranean society in modern times (33-67). Westview Press.
- Shaw, S. J. (2008). Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nde Yahudiler, (M. Sobutay Çev.). Kapı Yayınları.
- Shmuelevitz, A. (1987). The Jews in Cairo at the time of the Ottoman conquest: The account of capsali, S. Shamir (Ed.). The Jews of Egypt a Mediterranean society in modern times (3-9). Westview Press.
- Simon, R. S. (2003). The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in modern times, M. M. Laskier& S. Reguer (Eds). Columbia University Press.
- Tam, A. (2022). Between Egypt and Israel: Egyptian Jews, the Yishuv, and Israeli Society, Currents: Briefs on Contemporary Israel, 5, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/J3HMD.
- Winter, M. (1987). Egyptian Jewry During the Ottoman Period as a background to modern times, S. Shamir (Ed.), The Jews of Egypt a Mediterranean society in modern times (9-14). Westview Press.
- Winter, M. (1992). Egyptian society under Ottoman rule, 1517-1798. Routledge.
- Woolfson, M. (1980). Prophets in Babylon Jews in the Arab world. Faber and Faber.
- Zivotofsky, A.Z., & Greenspan, A. (2014). The thick and thin of the history of Matzah, Hakirah, the Flatbush Journal of Jewish Law and Thought, 17, 105-127. http://www.hakirah.org/Vol17Zivotofsky.pdf.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Ortadoğu Çalışmaları |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 15 Nisan 2025 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 9 Eylül 2024 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 28 Mart 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1 |
Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.