Uludağ Göknarı (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmülleriana Mattf.) meşcerelerinin toprak organik karbon, toplam azot ve besin element konsantrasyonları ve stokları üzerinde bakı ve yükseltinin etkisi
Öz
Topografik yükselti ve bakının, Uludağ göknarının ölü örtü, toprak özellikleri, toprak organik karbon (TOK), toplam azot (TA) ve diğer toprak besin elementi (C, N Ca, Mg, P, K, S, Fe, Mn, Na, Cu, Zn, Cl, Ni ve Co) konsantrasyonları ve stoklarına etkilerini belirlemek amaçlı Bursa Uludağ Milli Parkı’nda bir çalışma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu amaçla, Uludağ göknarının yayılış yaptığı kuzey (K) ve güney (G) bakıların, beş yükselti kuşağından (Z1: 1400–1500 m, Z2: 1500-1600 m, Z3: 1600–1700 m, Z4: 1700-1800 m, Z5: 1800-1900 m) ve dört toprak derinlik kademesinden (D1: 0–10 cm, D2: 10–20 cm, D3: 20-30 cm, D4: 30-40 cm) ölü örtü ve toprak örnekleri alınmıştır. Sonuçlar genel olarak değerlendirildiğinde, Uludağ göknarı toprak organik karbon ve toplam azot konsantrasyonunun ve stokunun yükseltiye bağlı olarak arttığı ve her bir yükselti kuşağının K bakısında G bakıya göre daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Örneğin, TOK stoku, K bakıda yükseltiye bağlı olarak hektarda162 tondan 182 tona, G bakıda ise 116 tonda 176 tona doğru bir artış göstermiştir. TOK stoku, K bakıda G bakıdan %19.7 daha fazla bulunmuştur. Benzer şekilde, TA stokuda, K bakıda yükseltiye bağlı olarak hektarda 9.77 tondan 10.9 tona, G bakıda ise 7.64 tondan 10.1 tona doğru bir artış göstermiştir. Diğer yandan, makro besin elementlerinden Ca, Mg ve P konsantrasyonları ve stoklarında yükseltiye bağlı olarak azalırken, K ve S ise yükselti ile önce bir azalma daha sonra ise bir artış gösterme eğiliminde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Yükseltiye bağlı benzer eğilim mikro besin elementleri içinde tespit edilmiştir. Bununla beraber, genel olarak makro ve mikro besin elementleri her bir yükselti kuşağında, kuzey bakılarda güney bakılardan daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Uludağ göknarının yükselti ve bakıya bağlı değişen ölü örtü ve toprak özelliklerinin (özellikle hacim ağırlığı) yanında mikroiklime bağlı ölü örtü miktarının ve ayrışmasının toprak organik karbon, toplam azot ve diğer makro ve mikro besin elementlerinin konsantrasyon ve stoklarında etkili olabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Uludağ göknarı Karbon ve Azot stoku Yükselti Bakı Toprak derinliği
Destekleyen Kurum
Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Komisyonu
Proje Numarası
181N18
Kaynakça
- Bangroo S, Najar G, Rasool A (2017) Effect of altitude and aspect on soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks in the Himalayan Mawer forest range. Catena, 158:63-68
- Becknell JM, Kucek LK, Powers JS (2012) Aboveground biomass in mature and secondary seasonally dry tropical forests: a literature review and global synthesis. Forest Ecolology and Management, 276:88-95
- Blake GR, Hartge KH (1986) Bulk density. In: Klute, A. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1, Second ed. Agron. Monogr. 9. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI, pp. 363–375.
- Birkeland PW (1984) Soils and geomorphology. Oxford University Press. New York, NY.
- Chen JY (2000) Study on the relation between under vegetation biomass and soil bulk density of Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation. Journal of Fujian Forestry Science and Technique 27 (4):6–60
- Chen BX, Sun XF, Zhang HB, Han ZH, Wang JS, Li YK, Yang XL (2018) Temperature change along elevation and its effect on the alpine timberline tree growth in the southeast of the Tibetan Plateau. Advances in Climate Change Research, 9:185-191
- Çakır M, Akburak S (2017) Litterfall and nutrients return to soil in pure and mixed stands of oak and beech. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 67(2): 185-200
- Dai W, Fu WJ, Jiang PK, Zhao KL, Li YH, Tao JX (2018) Spatial pattern of carbon stocks in forest ecosystems of a typical subtropical region of southeastern China. Forest Ecolology and Management, 409:288-297
- Dixon RK, Brown S, Houghton RA, Solomon AM, Trexler MC, Wisniewski J (1994) Carbon pool and flux of global forest ecosystems. Science 263:185–190
- Elnaker N, Zaleski T (2021) The impact of slope aspect on soil temperature and water content. In: Proceesings of International symposium on soil science and plant nutrition. Samsun, Turkey, pp 156-163
- Fanning DS, Fanning MCB (1989) Soil Morphology, Genesis, and classification. John Wiley & Sons. New York, USA
- FAO 2016 Global forest resources assessment 2015-how are the world’s forests changing? 2nd ed, Rome, p 54
- Feng C, Wang Z, Ma Y, Fu S, Chen HY (2019) Increased litterfall contributes to carbon and nitrogen accumulation following cessation of anthropogenic disturbances in degraded forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 432:832–839
- Garcia BL, Alcantara LP, Brevik EC (2016) Impact of topographic aspect and vegetation (native and reforested areas) on soil organic carbon and nitrogen budgets in Mediterranean natural areas. Science of the Total Environment, 544:963-970
- Garten Jr. CT (2004) Soil carbon dynamics along an elevation gradient in the southern Appalachian Mountains (ORNL/TM-2004/50). Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN.
- Goodale CL, Apps MJ, Birdsey RA, Field CB, Heath LS, Houghton RA, Jenkins JC, Kohlmaier GH, Kurz W, Liu S, Nabuurs GJ, Nillson S, Shvidenko AZ (2002) Forest carbon sinks in the Northern Hemisphere. Ecological Applications, 12:891-899
- Griffiths RP, Madritch MD, Swanson AK (2009) The effects of topography on forest soil characteristics in the Oregon Cascade mountains (USA): implications for the effects of climate change on soil properties. Forest Ecolology and Management, 257:1-7
- Gülçür F (1974) Toprağın fiziksel ve kimyasal analiz metodları. İ.Ü. Orman Fakültesi, Yayın No: 201, İstanbul
- Han F, Hu W, Zheng J, Du F, Zhang X (2010) Estimating soil organic carbon storage and distribution in a catchment of Loess Plateau, China. Geoderma 154:261-266
- Jaksic, S, Ninkov, J, Milic, S, Vasin J, Zivanov M, Jaksic D, Komlen V (2021) Influence of Slope Gradient and Aspect on Soil Organic Carbon Content in the Region of Niš, Serbia. Sustainability 13:8332
- Kantarcı MD (1979) Aladağ Kütlesinin (Bolu) Kuzey Aklanındaki Uludağ Göknarı Ormanlarında Yükselti-İklim Kuşaklarına Göre Bazı Ölü Örtü ve Toprak Özelliklerinin Analitik Olarak Araştırılması, İ.Ü.Yay.No.2634, Orman Fakültesi Yay.No.274, İstanbul
- Kato T, Tang YH, Gu S, Hirota M, Du MY, Li YN, Zhao XQ (2006) Temperature and biomass influences on interannual changes in CO2 exchange in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Global Change Biology, 12:1285-1298
- Kavaklı SA (2019) Uludağ’da (Bursa) yayılış gösteren Abies nordmanniana (steven) spach subsp. bornmuelleriana (mattf) coode&cullen ormanlarının bitki sosyolojisi yönünden araştırılması. Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bursa, 96 s.
- Koerselman W, Meuleman AFM (1996) The Vegetation N:P Ratio: A New Tool to Detect the Nature of Nutrient Limitation. The Journal of Applied Ecology, 33:1441-1450
- Lee J, Hopmans JW, Rolston DE, Baer SG, Six J (2009) Determining soil carbon stock changes: simple bulk density corrections fail. Agric Ecosyst Environ. 134(3-4): 251-256
- Li MM, Zhang XC, Pang GW, Han FF (2013) The estimation of soil organic carbon distribution and storage in a small catchment area of the Loess Plateau. Catena, 101:11–16
- Måren IE, Karki S, Prajapati C, Yadav RK, Shrestha BB (2015) Facing north or south: does slope aspect impact forest stand characteristics and soil properties in a semiarid trans-Himalayan valley? Journal of Arid Environments, 121:112-123
- Muscarella R. Kolyaie S. Morton DC, Zimmerman JK, Uriarte M (2020) Effects of topography on tropical forest structure depend on climate context Journal of Ecology, 108:145-159
- Parras-Alcántara L, Lozano-García B, Galán-Espejo A (2015) Soil organic carbon along an altitudinal gradient in the Despeñaperros Natural Park, southern Spain. Solid Earth, 6:125-134
- Rao MR, Ong CK, Pathak P (1991) Productivity of annual cropping and agroforestry systems on a shallow alfisol in semi-arid India. Agroforestry Systems, 15:51-61
- Sariyildiz T., Anderson JM (2003) Interactions between litter quality, decomposition and soil fertility: a laboratory study. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 35:391-399
- Sariyildiz T., Anderson JM (2005) Variation in the chemical composition of green leaves and leaf litters from three deciduous tree species growing on different soil types. Forest Ecology and Management, 210 (1-3):303-319
- Sariyildiz T, Anderson JM, Kucuk M (2005) Effects of tree species and topography on soil chemistry, litter quality and decomposition in Northeast Turkey. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 37 (9):1695-1706
- Sariyildiz T, Savaci G, Kravkaz IS (2015) Effects of tree species, stand age and land-use change on soil carbon and nitrogen stock rates in northwestern Turkey. IFOREST, 9(1): 165-170
- Sundqvist MK, Sanders NJ, Wardle DA (2013) Community and Ecosystem Responses to Elevational Gradients: Processes, Mechanisms, and Insights for Global Change. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 44:261–280
- Tashi S, Singh B, Keitel C, Adams M (2016) Soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in forests along an altitudinal gradient in the eastern Himalayas and a meta-analysis of global data. Global Change Biology, 22(6):2255-68
- Verma TP, Singh SP, Rathore TR (2008) Effect of slope aspect and altitude on some soil characteristics in Garhwal Himalayas. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 56 (1):42-48
- Vincent AG, Sundqvist MK, Wardle DA, Giesler R (2014) Bioavailable Soil Phosphorus Decreases with Increasing Elevation in a Subarctic Tundra Landscape. Plos One, 9:e92942
- Vitousek PM (1994) Factors controlling ecosystem structure and function. Factors of soil formation: A fifth Anniversary Retrospective. SSSA special publication Number 33. WI, USA
- Yimer F, Ledin S, Abdelkadir A (2006) Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks as affected by topographic aspect and vegetation in the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. Geoderma, 135:335-344
- Zhang M, He Z, Zhao A, Schomberg H (2011) Water-extractable soil organic carbon and nitrogen affected by tillage and manure application. Soil Science, 176 (6):307-312
- Zhang S, Chen D, Sun D, Wang X, Smith JL, Du G (2012) Impacts of altitude and position on the rates of soil nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in alpine meadows on the eastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, China. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 48:393-400
Effects of altitude and slope aspect on soil organik carbon, total nitrogen and soil nutrient concentrations and stocks in Uludağ Fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmülleriana Mattf.) stands
Öz
In order to find out how topographic altitude and slope aspect affect forest floor litter, soil properties, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and other soil nutrient (C, N Ca, Mg, P, K, S, Fe, Mn, Na, Cu, Zn, Cl, Ni ve Co) concentrations and stocks of Bursa Uludağ fir, a study was conducted in the Uludağ National Park. For this purpose, forest floor litter and soil samples were taken from five altitude zones (A1: 1400–1500 masl, A2: 1500-1600 masl, A3: 1600–1700 masl, A4: 1700-1800 masl and A5: 1800-1900 masl) under north (N) and south (S) aspects at four soil depths (D1: 0–10 cm, D2: 10–20 cm, D3: 20-30 cm and D4: 30-40 cm). In general, it was seen that soil organic carbon and total nitrogen concentration and stock of Uludağ fir increased with increasing altitude, and at each altitude zone they were higher on K aspect than on S aspect. For example, SOC stock increased with altitude from 162 tons to 182 tons per hectare on N aspect and from 116 tons to 176 tons on S aspect. SOC stock was 19.7% higher on the K aspect than on the S aspect. Similarly, TN stock increased from 9.77 tons to 10.9 tons per hectare on the N aspect, and from 7.64 tons to 10.1 tons on the S aspect. On the otherhand, mean concentrations and stocks of Ca, Mg and K decresed with increasing altitude, while K and S tended to have an increase and then a decrease with the altitude. A similar trend was also noted for the micronutrients. However, in general, at each elevation zone, macro and micro nutrients were higher on northern aspect than on southern aspect. It is concluded that the amount of litter and soil properties (especially bulk density) that varied with altitude and aspect of Uludağ fir, as well as litter decomposition due to microclimate may be responsible for the variation of the concentration and stocks of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and other macro and micro nutrient elements.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Uludag Fir Carbon and nitrogen stocks recreation altitute Slope aspect Soil depth
Proje Numarası
181N18
Kaynakça
- Bangroo S, Najar G, Rasool A (2017) Effect of altitude and aspect on soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks in the Himalayan Mawer forest range. Catena, 158:63-68
- Becknell JM, Kucek LK, Powers JS (2012) Aboveground biomass in mature and secondary seasonally dry tropical forests: a literature review and global synthesis. Forest Ecolology and Management, 276:88-95
- Blake GR, Hartge KH (1986) Bulk density. In: Klute, A. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1, Second ed. Agron. Monogr. 9. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI, pp. 363–375.
- Birkeland PW (1984) Soils and geomorphology. Oxford University Press. New York, NY.
- Chen JY (2000) Study on the relation between under vegetation biomass and soil bulk density of Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation. Journal of Fujian Forestry Science and Technique 27 (4):6–60
- Chen BX, Sun XF, Zhang HB, Han ZH, Wang JS, Li YK, Yang XL (2018) Temperature change along elevation and its effect on the alpine timberline tree growth in the southeast of the Tibetan Plateau. Advances in Climate Change Research, 9:185-191
- Çakır M, Akburak S (2017) Litterfall and nutrients return to soil in pure and mixed stands of oak and beech. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 67(2): 185-200
- Dai W, Fu WJ, Jiang PK, Zhao KL, Li YH, Tao JX (2018) Spatial pattern of carbon stocks in forest ecosystems of a typical subtropical region of southeastern China. Forest Ecolology and Management, 409:288-297
- Dixon RK, Brown S, Houghton RA, Solomon AM, Trexler MC, Wisniewski J (1994) Carbon pool and flux of global forest ecosystems. Science 263:185–190
- Elnaker N, Zaleski T (2021) The impact of slope aspect on soil temperature and water content. In: Proceesings of International symposium on soil science and plant nutrition. Samsun, Turkey, pp 156-163
- Fanning DS, Fanning MCB (1989) Soil Morphology, Genesis, and classification. John Wiley & Sons. New York, USA
- FAO 2016 Global forest resources assessment 2015-how are the world’s forests changing? 2nd ed, Rome, p 54
- Feng C, Wang Z, Ma Y, Fu S, Chen HY (2019) Increased litterfall contributes to carbon and nitrogen accumulation following cessation of anthropogenic disturbances in degraded forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 432:832–839
- Garcia BL, Alcantara LP, Brevik EC (2016) Impact of topographic aspect and vegetation (native and reforested areas) on soil organic carbon and nitrogen budgets in Mediterranean natural areas. Science of the Total Environment, 544:963-970
- Garten Jr. CT (2004) Soil carbon dynamics along an elevation gradient in the southern Appalachian Mountains (ORNL/TM-2004/50). Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN.
- Goodale CL, Apps MJ, Birdsey RA, Field CB, Heath LS, Houghton RA, Jenkins JC, Kohlmaier GH, Kurz W, Liu S, Nabuurs GJ, Nillson S, Shvidenko AZ (2002) Forest carbon sinks in the Northern Hemisphere. Ecological Applications, 12:891-899
- Griffiths RP, Madritch MD, Swanson AK (2009) The effects of topography on forest soil characteristics in the Oregon Cascade mountains (USA): implications for the effects of climate change on soil properties. Forest Ecolology and Management, 257:1-7
- Gülçür F (1974) Toprağın fiziksel ve kimyasal analiz metodları. İ.Ü. Orman Fakültesi, Yayın No: 201, İstanbul
- Han F, Hu W, Zheng J, Du F, Zhang X (2010) Estimating soil organic carbon storage and distribution in a catchment of Loess Plateau, China. Geoderma 154:261-266
- Jaksic, S, Ninkov, J, Milic, S, Vasin J, Zivanov M, Jaksic D, Komlen V (2021) Influence of Slope Gradient and Aspect on Soil Organic Carbon Content in the Region of Niš, Serbia. Sustainability 13:8332
- Kantarcı MD (1979) Aladağ Kütlesinin (Bolu) Kuzey Aklanındaki Uludağ Göknarı Ormanlarında Yükselti-İklim Kuşaklarına Göre Bazı Ölü Örtü ve Toprak Özelliklerinin Analitik Olarak Araştırılması, İ.Ü.Yay.No.2634, Orman Fakültesi Yay.No.274, İstanbul
- Kato T, Tang YH, Gu S, Hirota M, Du MY, Li YN, Zhao XQ (2006) Temperature and biomass influences on interannual changes in CO2 exchange in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Global Change Biology, 12:1285-1298
- Kavaklı SA (2019) Uludağ’da (Bursa) yayılış gösteren Abies nordmanniana (steven) spach subsp. bornmuelleriana (mattf) coode&cullen ormanlarının bitki sosyolojisi yönünden araştırılması. Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bursa, 96 s.
- Koerselman W, Meuleman AFM (1996) The Vegetation N:P Ratio: A New Tool to Detect the Nature of Nutrient Limitation. The Journal of Applied Ecology, 33:1441-1450
- Lee J, Hopmans JW, Rolston DE, Baer SG, Six J (2009) Determining soil carbon stock changes: simple bulk density corrections fail. Agric Ecosyst Environ. 134(3-4): 251-256
- Li MM, Zhang XC, Pang GW, Han FF (2013) The estimation of soil organic carbon distribution and storage in a small catchment area of the Loess Plateau. Catena, 101:11–16
- Måren IE, Karki S, Prajapati C, Yadav RK, Shrestha BB (2015) Facing north or south: does slope aspect impact forest stand characteristics and soil properties in a semiarid trans-Himalayan valley? Journal of Arid Environments, 121:112-123
- Muscarella R. Kolyaie S. Morton DC, Zimmerman JK, Uriarte M (2020) Effects of topography on tropical forest structure depend on climate context Journal of Ecology, 108:145-159
- Parras-Alcántara L, Lozano-García B, Galán-Espejo A (2015) Soil organic carbon along an altitudinal gradient in the Despeñaperros Natural Park, southern Spain. Solid Earth, 6:125-134
- Rao MR, Ong CK, Pathak P (1991) Productivity of annual cropping and agroforestry systems on a shallow alfisol in semi-arid India. Agroforestry Systems, 15:51-61
- Sariyildiz T., Anderson JM (2003) Interactions between litter quality, decomposition and soil fertility: a laboratory study. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 35:391-399
- Sariyildiz T., Anderson JM (2005) Variation in the chemical composition of green leaves and leaf litters from three deciduous tree species growing on different soil types. Forest Ecology and Management, 210 (1-3):303-319
- Sariyildiz T, Anderson JM, Kucuk M (2005) Effects of tree species and topography on soil chemistry, litter quality and decomposition in Northeast Turkey. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 37 (9):1695-1706
- Sariyildiz T, Savaci G, Kravkaz IS (2015) Effects of tree species, stand age and land-use change on soil carbon and nitrogen stock rates in northwestern Turkey. IFOREST, 9(1): 165-170
- Sundqvist MK, Sanders NJ, Wardle DA (2013) Community and Ecosystem Responses to Elevational Gradients: Processes, Mechanisms, and Insights for Global Change. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 44:261–280
- Tashi S, Singh B, Keitel C, Adams M (2016) Soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in forests along an altitudinal gradient in the eastern Himalayas and a meta-analysis of global data. Global Change Biology, 22(6):2255-68
- Verma TP, Singh SP, Rathore TR (2008) Effect of slope aspect and altitude on some soil characteristics in Garhwal Himalayas. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 56 (1):42-48
- Vincent AG, Sundqvist MK, Wardle DA, Giesler R (2014) Bioavailable Soil Phosphorus Decreases with Increasing Elevation in a Subarctic Tundra Landscape. Plos One, 9:e92942
- Vitousek PM (1994) Factors controlling ecosystem structure and function. Factors of soil formation: A fifth Anniversary Retrospective. SSSA special publication Number 33. WI, USA
- Yimer F, Ledin S, Abdelkadir A (2006) Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks as affected by topographic aspect and vegetation in the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. Geoderma, 135:335-344
- Zhang M, He Z, Zhao A, Schomberg H (2011) Water-extractable soil organic carbon and nitrogen affected by tillage and manure application. Soil Science, 176 (6):307-312
- Zhang S, Chen D, Sun D, Wang X, Smith JL, Du G (2012) Impacts of altitude and position on the rates of soil nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in alpine meadows on the eastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, China. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 48:393-400
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Orman Endüstri Mühendisliği |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Proje Numarası | 181N18 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 28 Ekim 2022 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 16 Ekim 2022 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2022 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2 |
Kaynak Göster
Cited By
Anadolu karaçam ormanlarında bakının ölü örtü ve üst toprak özelliklerine etkileri
Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.53516/ajfr.1180853
Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi Creative Commons Alıntı 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.