Öz
Küreselleşme daha önce eş zamanlı olarak ilerleyen ekonomik, politik ve toplumsal entegrasyonları tetikleyerek küresel sistem açısından yeni zorluklar ve krizlere açık bir düzlem yaratmıştır. XXI. yüzyıl krizleri, uluslararası ilişkilerin temel kabullerini sarsarak küresel yönetişim kavramının devinimini hızlandırmıştır. Neoliberal küresel sistemde uluslararası örgütler ve çok taraflı yapılar, küresel krizlerle mücadelede büyük ölçüde başarısız olmuş, Batı merkezli hegemonya ve eşitsiz temsil mekanizmalarıyla şekillenen küresel düzen, etkin müdahale kapasitesini kaybederek seçkinci bir yapıya bürünmüştür. 2000 ve sonrasında yaşanan ekonomik, politik, toplumsal, çevresel, insani vb. krizler mevcut sistemin sürdürülebilirliğiyle ilgili sorgulamaları beraberinde getirmiş, küresel sistem ve yönetişim unsurlarının XXI. yüzyıl krizleri karşısındaki işlevsiz hamleleri ve kriz sonrası süreçlerde kapsayıcılıktan uzak politika argümanları pandemiden sonraki süreçte kümülatif bir gerçeklik yaratmıştır. Küresel toplumu her alanda derinden sarsan pandemi döneminde kolektif eylem unsurlarının iş birliği sağlamadaki başarısızlığı devletlerin kendi bünyelerinde çözüm arayışlarına yönelmesini sağlamış, bu durum küreselleşme sürecinin geriye doğru bir ivme kazanmasını beraberinde getirmiştir. Post-COVID dönem retoriği, küresel yönetişimdeki adaletsizliklerin daha belirgin hâle gelmesine yol açmış ve bu durum, daha kapsayıcı ve eşitlikçi yönetişim modellerine yönelik alternatif arayışları tetiklemiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
XXI. yüzyıl Kriz Küresel Yönetişim Küreselleşme Uluslararası Örgütler
Kaynakça
- (TDK), T. D. (tarih yok). "kriz". 2022 tarihinde https://sozluk.gov.tr/ adresinden alındı
- Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı (2014, Eylül 24). “Dünya 5’ten Büyüktür; BM Küresel ve Bölgesel Sorunlara Ağırlığını Koymalıdır”. https://www.tccb.gov.tr/haberler/410/1373/dunya-5ten-buyuktur-bm-kuresel-ve-bolgesel-sorunlara-agirligini-koymalidir
- Archer, C. (2001). International Organizations. Routledge.
- Awan, D. H., & Malik, H. (2024). Humanitarian Crisis and Crumbling Pillars of R2P in Gaza. JSSA, 10 (1).
- Bhusal, M. K. (2020, May). The World After COVID-19: An Opportunity For a New Beginning. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 10 (5), 735-741.
- Dexter, H. (2008). The ‘New War’ on Terror, Cosmopolitanism and the ‘Just War’ Revival. Government and Opposition, 43(1), 55-78.
- Fukuyama, F. (2020, July / August). The Pandemic and Political Order. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2020-06-09/pandemic-and-political-order
- G20 Research Group (2008). Declaration of the Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy. Washington DC. https://g20.utoronto.ca/2008/2008declaration1115.html
- Gaens, B., & Sinkkonen, V. (2023). Contentious Connectivity—the USA, Japan, and the Free and Open Indo Pacifc. East Asia, 265-291.
- Grady, D. (2020, January). Coronavirus Is Spreading, but W.H.O. Says It’s Not a Global Emergency. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/23/health/china-virus-who-emergency.html
- Hecke, S. V., Fuhr, H., & Wolfs, W. (2021). The Politics of Crises Management by Regional and International Organizations in Fighting Against a Global Pandemic: The Member States at a Crossroads. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 87(3), 672-690.
- Heywood, A. (2012). Siyasetin ve Uluslararası İlişkilerin Temel Kavramları. BB101 Yayınları.
- Ikenberry, G. J. (2020, July / August). The Next Liberal Order. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-06-09/next-liberal-order
- Kandel, M. (2021). 2001 - 2021: How September 11 Changed the United States. Instıtute Montaigne: https://www.institutmontaigne.org/en/expressions/2001-2021-how-september-11-changed-united-states
- Kissinger, H. A. (2020, April 3). The Coronavirus Pandemic Will Forever Alter the World Order. Wall Street Journal: https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-coronavirus-pandemic-will-forever-alter-the-world-order-11585953005
- Kuan-Yu, C. (2024). Applying the Responsibilty to Protect and Instant Customary International Law in Conflicts: Comparative Analysis of NATO’s Intervention in Kosovo and the 2023 Israel-HAMAS Conflict. The International Law Journal of Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 16(1).
- Mahrenbach, L. C., & Shaw, T. M. (2019). Continuities and Change in IPE at the Start of the 21st Century. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Mendly, D. (2020). Global Governance and the Double Movement. Global Governance, 26(3), 500-521.
- Mihaela Gavrila, M. C. (2022). Memories of the Future. Ulrich Beck, Risk and Prevention: The Difference that Defeats Indifference. Italian Sociological Review, 991-1010.
- Mingst, K. A., Karns, M. P., & Lyon, A. J. (2022). The United Nations in the 21st Century. Routledge.
- Mujadid, G., & Kiran, S. (2024). Changing Geopolitical Realities in Europe: The Case of Russia-Ukraine Conflict. NUML-Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 12(1), 1-24.
- Mylonas, H., & Whalley, N. (2020). Pandemic Nationalism. Nationalities Papers, 50 (1), 3-12.
- Obstfeld, M. (2020). THE G20 MUST STEP UP TO CONFRONT THE GLOBAL HEALTH CRISIS. How the G20 Can Hasten Recovery from COVID-19 (s. 11-16). PETERSON INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS.
- Phillips, W., & Rimkunas, R. (1978). The Concept of Crisis in International Politics. Journal of Peace Research, 15(3), 259-272.
- Pushkaran, A., Chattu, V. K., & Narayanan, P. (2024, April). COVAX and COVID-19 Vaccine Inequity: A case study of G-20 and African Union. Public Health Challenges.
- Seeger, M. W. (2002). Chaos and crisis: propositions for a general theory of crisis communication. Public Relations Review, 329-337.
- Tdk. (tarih yok). yönetişim. TDK.
- The World Bank. (1989). Sub-Saharan Africa: From Crisis to Sustainable Growth.
- The World Health Organization. (1948). CONSTITUTION OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION.
- Tuter, M. (2023). Greater Eurasia Partnership: Domestic and Regional Elements of Foreign Policy Convergence. Eurasian Research Journal, 5(1).
- UN News (2024). UN General Assembly presses Security Council to give ‘favourable consideration’ to full Palestinian membership.. https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/05/1149596 adresinden alındı
- United Nations. (1945). Charter of the United Nations and Statute of the International Cort of Justice . San Francisco.
- United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect (2017). About the Responsibility to Protect. https://www.un.org/en/genocide-prevention/responsibility-protect/about
- United Nations World Summit (14-16 September 2005). The Responsibility to Protect. World Summit . New York.
- Walt, S. M. (2020, May). The Global Order after Covid19. The Institute for Security Policy.
- What is R2P ? (tarih yok). Global Centre For The Responsibility To Protect: https://www.globalr2p.org/what-is-r2p/
- Zakaria, F. (2013). Post-Amerikan Dünya. Kırmızı Yayınları.
The Crises of the 21st Century and Global Governance: Transformation and the Search for New Alternatives
Öz
Globalization, by simultaneously advancing economic, political, and social integrations, has created a platform vulnerable to new challenges and crises for the global system. The crises of the 21st century have shaken the foundational assumptions of international relations, accelerating the evolution of the concept of global governance. International organizations have largely failed to address global crises effectively in the neoliberal global system. The global order, shaped by Western-centric hegemony and unequal representation mechanisms, has lost its capacity for effective intervention, transforming into an elitist structure. The economic, political, social and humanitarian crises that have unfolded since the 2000s have brought the sustainability of the existing system into question. The ineffective responses of governance mechanisms to 21st-century crises, coupled with their exclusionary policy arguments in post-crisis phases, have cumulatively exacerbated the challenges in the post-pandemic era. During the pandemic, which profoundly impacted global society in all areas, the failure of collective action mechanisms to ensure cooperation led states to seek solutions within their own borders. This shift resulted in a regressive momentum for the globalization process. The Post-COVID period discourse has made existing injustices in global governance more evident, sparking the search for alternative governance models that are more inclusive and equitable.
Anahtar Kelimeler
21st Century Crisis Global Governance Globalization International Organizations
Kaynakça
- (TDK), T. D. (tarih yok). "kriz". 2022 tarihinde https://sozluk.gov.tr/ adresinden alındı
- Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı (2014, Eylül 24). “Dünya 5’ten Büyüktür; BM Küresel ve Bölgesel Sorunlara Ağırlığını Koymalıdır”. https://www.tccb.gov.tr/haberler/410/1373/dunya-5ten-buyuktur-bm-kuresel-ve-bolgesel-sorunlara-agirligini-koymalidir
- Archer, C. (2001). International Organizations. Routledge.
- Awan, D. H., & Malik, H. (2024). Humanitarian Crisis and Crumbling Pillars of R2P in Gaza. JSSA, 10 (1).
- Bhusal, M. K. (2020, May). The World After COVID-19: An Opportunity For a New Beginning. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 10 (5), 735-741.
- Dexter, H. (2008). The ‘New War’ on Terror, Cosmopolitanism and the ‘Just War’ Revival. Government and Opposition, 43(1), 55-78.
- Fukuyama, F. (2020, July / August). The Pandemic and Political Order. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2020-06-09/pandemic-and-political-order
- G20 Research Group (2008). Declaration of the Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy. Washington DC. https://g20.utoronto.ca/2008/2008declaration1115.html
- Gaens, B., & Sinkkonen, V. (2023). Contentious Connectivity—the USA, Japan, and the Free and Open Indo Pacifc. East Asia, 265-291.
- Grady, D. (2020, January). Coronavirus Is Spreading, but W.H.O. Says It’s Not a Global Emergency. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/23/health/china-virus-who-emergency.html
- Hecke, S. V., Fuhr, H., & Wolfs, W. (2021). The Politics of Crises Management by Regional and International Organizations in Fighting Against a Global Pandemic: The Member States at a Crossroads. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 87(3), 672-690.
- Heywood, A. (2012). Siyasetin ve Uluslararası İlişkilerin Temel Kavramları. BB101 Yayınları.
- Ikenberry, G. J. (2020, July / August). The Next Liberal Order. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-06-09/next-liberal-order
- Kandel, M. (2021). 2001 - 2021: How September 11 Changed the United States. Instıtute Montaigne: https://www.institutmontaigne.org/en/expressions/2001-2021-how-september-11-changed-united-states
- Kissinger, H. A. (2020, April 3). The Coronavirus Pandemic Will Forever Alter the World Order. Wall Street Journal: https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-coronavirus-pandemic-will-forever-alter-the-world-order-11585953005
- Kuan-Yu, C. (2024). Applying the Responsibilty to Protect and Instant Customary International Law in Conflicts: Comparative Analysis of NATO’s Intervention in Kosovo and the 2023 Israel-HAMAS Conflict. The International Law Journal of Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 16(1).
- Mahrenbach, L. C., & Shaw, T. M. (2019). Continuities and Change in IPE at the Start of the 21st Century. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Mendly, D. (2020). Global Governance and the Double Movement. Global Governance, 26(3), 500-521.
- Mihaela Gavrila, M. C. (2022). Memories of the Future. Ulrich Beck, Risk and Prevention: The Difference that Defeats Indifference. Italian Sociological Review, 991-1010.
- Mingst, K. A., Karns, M. P., & Lyon, A. J. (2022). The United Nations in the 21st Century. Routledge.
- Mujadid, G., & Kiran, S. (2024). Changing Geopolitical Realities in Europe: The Case of Russia-Ukraine Conflict. NUML-Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 12(1), 1-24.
- Mylonas, H., & Whalley, N. (2020). Pandemic Nationalism. Nationalities Papers, 50 (1), 3-12.
- Obstfeld, M. (2020). THE G20 MUST STEP UP TO CONFRONT THE GLOBAL HEALTH CRISIS. How the G20 Can Hasten Recovery from COVID-19 (s. 11-16). PETERSON INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS.
- Phillips, W., & Rimkunas, R. (1978). The Concept of Crisis in International Politics. Journal of Peace Research, 15(3), 259-272.
- Pushkaran, A., Chattu, V. K., & Narayanan, P. (2024, April). COVAX and COVID-19 Vaccine Inequity: A case study of G-20 and African Union. Public Health Challenges.
- Seeger, M. W. (2002). Chaos and crisis: propositions for a general theory of crisis communication. Public Relations Review, 329-337.
- Tdk. (tarih yok). yönetişim. TDK.
- The World Bank. (1989). Sub-Saharan Africa: From Crisis to Sustainable Growth.
- The World Health Organization. (1948). CONSTITUTION OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION.
- Tuter, M. (2023). Greater Eurasia Partnership: Domestic and Regional Elements of Foreign Policy Convergence. Eurasian Research Journal, 5(1).
- UN News (2024). UN General Assembly presses Security Council to give ‘favourable consideration’ to full Palestinian membership.. https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/05/1149596 adresinden alındı
- United Nations. (1945). Charter of the United Nations and Statute of the International Cort of Justice . San Francisco.
- United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect (2017). About the Responsibility to Protect. https://www.un.org/en/genocide-prevention/responsibility-protect/about
- United Nations World Summit (14-16 September 2005). The Responsibility to Protect. World Summit . New York.
- Walt, S. M. (2020, May). The Global Order after Covid19. The Institute for Security Policy.
- What is R2P ? (tarih yok). Global Centre For The Responsibility To Protect: https://www.globalr2p.org/what-is-r2p/
- Zakaria, F. (2013). Post-Amerikan Dünya. Kırmızı Yayınları.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Uluslararası Kurumlar, Uluslararası Siyaset |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Haziran 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 23 Aralık 2024 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 15 Nisan 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1 |
