Derleme
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Küresel İklim Krizindeki Sömürge Bağlantıları: Tarihsel Adaletsizlikler ve Güncel Eşitsizlikler

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 19 - 36

Selçuk Gürçam

https://doi.org/10.62163/aucevrebilim.1592181

Öz

İklim krizi, çok boyutlu bir süreç olduğundan, çeşitli faktörlerden etkilenmektedir. Sömürge dönemi, bu faktörlerin önemli bir bileşenini temsil etmektedir. Bu nedenle, bu çalışma, sömürgecilik ile iklim krizi arasındaki bağlantıya odaklanmaktadır. Sömürgecilik, sömürgeci güçlerin ekonomik ve politik çıkarlarına uygun olarak genişleyen ekonomilerini sürdürebilecek kaynakları güvence altına alma çabalarıyla şekillenmiştir. Bu süreçte, doğal kaynakların sömürülmesi ve yerli halkların yerinden edilmesi gibi uygulamalar, toplumların ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel yapıları üzerinde kalıcı etkiler bırakmıştır. Sömürgeciliğin tarihsel mirasının bir devamı olarak, iklim krizi, küresel emisyonlara en az katkıda bulunmalarına rağmen, Küresel Güney üzerinde orantısız bir yük oluşturmuştur. Bu makale, iklim krizi ile sömürgecilik arasındaki bağlantının önemini vurgulamakta, yeni sömürgecilik zihniyetini incelemekte ve bu dinamiklerin küresel iklim politikaları üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sömürgecilik İklim Krizi Karbon Dengeleme Küresel Kuzey Küresel Güney

Kaynakça

  • Abdi, A. A. (2012) ‘Decolonizing Philosophies of Education’, in Decolonizing Philosophies of Education. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, pp. 1–13. doi: 10.1007/978-94-6091-687-8_1.
  • Agboka, G. Y. (2014) ‘Decolonial Methodologies: Social Justice Perspectives in Intercultural Technical Communication Research’, Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, 44(3), pp. 297–327. doi: 10.2190/TW.44.3.e.
  • Alam, M. S. (2000) ‘Economic Impact of Colonialism, 1800-1950’, SSRN Electronic Journal. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.2029575.
  • Alanka, D. (2024) ‘Nitel Bir Araştırma Yöntemi Olarak İçerik Analizi: Teorik Bir Çerçeve’, Kronotop İletişim Dergisi, 1(1), pp. 62–82.
  • Althor, G., Watson, J. E. M. and Fuller, R. A. (2016) ‘Global mismatch between greenhouse gas emissions and the burden of climate change’, Scientific Reports, 6(1), p. 20281. doi: 10.1038/srep20281.
  • Amoo, L. M. and Layi Fagbenle, R. (2020) ‘Climate change in developing nations of the world’, in Applications of Heat, Mass and Fluid Boundary Layers. Elsevier, pp. 437–471. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-817949-9.00023-2.
  • Amorim-Maia, A. T. et al. (2022) ‘Intersectional climate justice: A conceptual pathway for bridging adaptation planning, transformative action, and social equity’, Urban Climate, 41, p. 101053. doi: 10.1016/j.uclim.2021.101053.
  • Arndt, C., Halikiopoulou, D. and Vrakopoulos, C. (2022) ‘The centre-periphery divide and attitudes towards climate change measures among Western Europeans’, Environmental Politics, 32(3), pp. 381–406. doi: 10.1080/09644016.2022.2075155.
  • Azad, R. and Chakraborty, S. (2019) ‘Balancing climate injustice’, in Handbook of Green Economics. Elsevier, pp. 117–134. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-816635-2.00007-9.
  • Bachram, H. (2004) ‘Climate fraud and carbon colonialism: the new trade in greenhouse gases’, Capitalism Nature Socialism, 15(4), pp. 5–20. doi: 10.1080/1045575042000287299.
  • Batut, C., Kaiser, J. and Surun, C. (2024) Executive summary of the report on climate debt, Institut Avant-garde. Available at: https://www.institutavantgarde.fr/executive-summary-of-the-report-on-climate-debt/.
  • Bhabha, H. K. (1994) The Location of Culture. Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780203820551.
  • Bourke, I. (2022) A further act of colonisation”: why indigenous peoples fear carbon offsetting, New Statesman. Available at: https://www.newstatesman.com/spotlight/sustainability/climate/2021/11/a-further-act-of-colonisation-why-indigenous-peoples-fear-carbon-offsetting.
  • Bumpus, A. G. and Liverman, D. M. (2008) ‘Accumulation by Decarbonization and the Governance of Carbon Offsets’, Economic Geography, 84(2), pp. 127–155. doi: 10.1111/j.1944-8287.2008.tb00401.x.
  • Cabello, J. and Hartlief, I. (2024) A brief history of colonialism, climate change and carbon markets, SOMO. Available at: https://www.somo.nl/history-colonialism-climate-change-carbon-markets/.
  • Carbon Brief (2023a) In-depth Q&A: Can ‘carbon offsets’ help to tackle climate change? Available at: https://interactive.carbonbrief.org/carbon-offsets-2023/#section-why-is-there-a-risk-of-greenwashing-with-carbon-offsets.
  • Carbon Brief (2023b) Mapped: The impacts of carbon-offset projects around the world. Available at: https://interactive.carbonbrief.org/carbon-offsets-2023/mapped.html.
  • Carbon Brief (2023c) Revealed: How colonial rule radically shifts historical responsibility for climate change. Available at: https://www.carbonbrief.org/revealed-how-colonial-rule-radically-shifts-historical-responsibility-for-climate-change/.
  • Care Climate Change (2021) New and additional climate finance contributed in 2018.
  • Carrington, D. (2023) British empire’s past emissions ‘double UK’s climate responsibility’, The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/nov/26/british-empire-past-emissions-double-uk-climate-responsibility-data-shows.
  • Césaire, A. (2000) Discourse on Colonialism. Monthly Review Press.
  • Chakrabarty, D. (2021) The Climate of History in a Planetary Age. University of Chicago Press.
  • Chapman, A. R. and Ahmed, A. K. (2020) ‘Climate Justice, Humans Rights, and the Case for Reparations’, Health and Human Rights, 23(2), pp. 81–94.
  • Chung, A. (2014) ‘Redefining Sovereignty for the 21st Century’, SSRN Electronic Journal. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.2440296.
  • Clements, B., Gupta, S. and Lıu, J. (2023) Settling the Climate Debt, International Monetary Fund. Available at: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/2023/09/settling-the-climate-debt-clements-gupta-liu.
  • Climate Emergency Institute (2024) Most Climate- vulnerable Indigenous Peoples. Available at: https://www.climateemergencyinstitute.com/indigenous_peoples.
  • Corbera, E. and Brown, K. (2010) ‘Offsetting Benefits? Analyzing Access to Forest Carbon’, Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 42(7), pp. 1739–1761. doi: 10.1068/a42437.
  • Dagens Nyheter (2019) Klimatkompensation är en ny slags kolonialism. Available at: https://www.dn.se/nyheter/sverige/klimatkompensation-ar-en-ny-slags-kolonialism/.
  • Daszkiewicz, C. et al. (2021) Shifting power through climate research: applying decolonial methodologies. Stockholm. doi: 10.51414/sei2021.028.
  • Earthly (2024) All you need to know about carbon offsetting. Available at: https://earthly.org/the-guide-to-carbon-offsetting.
  • Ebaye, S. (2010) ‘Neo-Colonialism and the Question of National Autonomy’, African Research Review, 4(1). doi: 10.4314/afrrev.v4i1.58219.
  • Eckstein, D., Künzel, V. and Schäfer, L. (2021) Global Climate Risk Index 2021. Bonn, Berlin. Engerman, S. and Sokoloff, K. (2005) Colonialism, Inequality, and Long-Run Paths of Development. Cambridge, MA. doi: 10.3386/w11057.
  • Fanon, F. (2001) The Wretched of the Earth. New York: Penguin Classics.
  • Fields, S. (2005) ‘Continental Divide: Why Africa’s Climate Change Burden Is Greater’, Environmental Health Perspectives, 113(8). doi: 10.1289/ehp.113-a534.
  • Ford, J. D. (2012) ‘Indigenous Health and Climate Change’, American Journal of Public Health, 102(7), pp. 1260–1266. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300752.
  • Frost, R. (2024) More than 1,700 oil and gas lobbyists at COP29: Which European delegations invited them?, Euro News. Available at: https://www.euronews.com/green/2024/11/15/more-than-1700-oil-and-gas-lobbyists-at-cop29-which-european-delegations-invited-them.
  • Gattey, E. (2021) ‘Global histories of empire and climate in the Anthropocene’, History Compass, 19(8). doi: 10.1111/hic3.12683.
  • Gerhart, G. M. (1997) The Wretched of the Earth, Foreign Affairs. doi: 10.2307/20048263.
  • Ghosh, J., Chakraborty, S. and Das, D. (2022) ‘Climate Imperialism in the Twenty-First Century’, Monthly Review, pp. 70–85. doi: 10.14452/MR-074-03-2022-07_4.
  • Giebelmann, T. (2023) 6 reasons why mass tree-planting to offset emissions makes no sense, Linkedin. Available at: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/6-reasons-why-mass-tree-planting-offset-emissions-tarryn-giebelmann/.
  • Gonzalez, C. (2020) ‘Climate Change, Race, and Migration’, Journal of Law and Political Economy, 1(1). doi: 10.5070/LP61146501.
  • Green, F. and Healy, N. (2022) ‘How inequality fuels climate change: The climate case for a Green New Deal’, One Earth, 5(6), pp. 635–649. doi: 10.1016/j.oneear.2022.05.005.
  • Guo, P. (2020) ‘Carbon Hegemony: A Long-standing but Neglected Reality of Setting Carbon Emissions Target’, in 2020 3rd International Conference on e-Education, e-Business and Information Management (EEIM 2020). Clausius Scientific Press. doi: 10.23977/EEIM2020017.
  • Gürçam, S. (2023) ‘İklim Krizi ve Egemenlik Çerçevesinde İklim Mağdurları’, Journal of International Relations and Political Science Studies, (7), pp. 19–36.
  • Hallegatte, S., Fay, M. and Barbier, E. B. (2018) ‘Poverty and climate change: introduction’, Environment and Development Economics, 23(3), pp. 217–233. doi: 10.1017/S1355770X18000141.
  • Hamouchene, H. (2023) ‘The Energy Transition in North Africa: Neocolonialism Again!’, in Dismantling Green Colonialism Energy and Climate Justice in the Arab Region. Pluto Press, p. 321. Available at: https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/77035/external_content.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
  • Harvey, D. (1997) Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference. Wiley.
  • Harvey, D. (2003) The New Imperialism. Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/oso/9780199264315.001.0001.
  • Heldring, L. and Robinson, J. A. (2012) Colonialism and Economic Development in Africa.
  • Hickel, J. (2020) ‘Quantifying national responsibility for climate breakdown: an equality-based attribution approach for carbon dioxide emissions in excess of the planetary boundary’, The Lancet Planetary Health, 4(9), pp. e399–e404. doi: 10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30196-0.
  • Holland, R. F. (1985) European Decolonization 1918–1981: An Introductory Survey. London: Macmillan Education UK. doi: 10.1007/978-1-349-17773-8.
  • Humphreys, S. (2014) ‘Climate justice: the claim of the past’, Journal of Human Rights and the Environment, 5, pp. 134–148. doi: 10.4337/jhre.2014.02.09.
  • Hyams, K. and Fawcett, T. (2013) ‘The ethics of carbon offsetting’, WIREs Climate Change, 4(2), pp. 91–98. doi: 10.1002/wcc.207.
  • IBFCR (2019) Climate Financing for Sustainable Development Budget Report 2019-20. Available at: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Climate_en_com.pdf.
  • IPCC (2023) ‘Summary for Policymakers’, in Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Cambridge University Press, pp. 3–34. doi: 10.1017/9781009325844.001.
  • Itawan, D. (2023) ‘Colonialism and Climate Crisis: The Root of Environmental Changes and the Rise of Environmental Awareness in Indonesia’, Indonesian Historical Studies, 6(2), pp. 192–205. doi: 10.14710/ihis.v6i2.16037.
  • Ivers, L. (2023) Social Dimensions of Climate Change, World Bank Group. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/social-dimensions-of-climate-change#1.
  • De Juan, A. and Pierskalla, J. H. (2017) ‘The Comparative Politics of Colonialism and Its Legacies: An Introduction’, Politics & Society, 45(2), pp. 159–172. doi: 10.1177/0032329217704434.
  • Karataş, Z. (2015) ‘Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri’, Manevi Temelli Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), pp. 62–80.
  • Khaine, I. and Woo, S. Y. (2014) ‘An overview of interrelationship between climate change and forests’, Forest Science and Technology, 11(1), pp. 11–18. doi: 10.1080/21580103.2014.932718.
  • Kneifl, C. (2024) Global North vs. Global South: The Climate Divide, Scientists Warning Europe. Available at: https://www.scientistswarningeurope.org.uk/discover/global-north-vs-global-south-the-climate-divide.
  • Kohn, M. and Reddy, K. (2023) ‘Colonialism’, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Available at: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/colonialism/.
  • Lakhani, N. (2023) Why loss and damage funds are key to climate justice for developing countries at Cop28, The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/nov/29/why-loss-and-damage-funds-are-key-to-climate-justice-for-developing-countries-at-cop28.
  • Lane, K. (2012) ‘A History of Mining in Latin America from the Colonial Era to the Present by Kendall W. Brown’, The Latin Americanist, 56(3), pp. 104–107. doi: 10.1111/j.1557-203X.2012.01162_3.x.
  • Larsson, C. and Orvehed, M. (2021) Carbon Offsetting, a new form of CO2lonialism? Local implications of tree-planting projects in East Africa. Södertörn University. Available at: https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1564383/FULLTEXT01.pdf.
  • Lyons, K. and Westoby, P. (2014) ‘Carbon colonialism and the new land grab: Plantation forestry in Uganda and its livelihood impacts’, Journal of Rural Studies, 36, pp. 13–21. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2014.06.002.
  • Marshall, C. (2023) Kenya’s Ogiek people being evicted for carbon credits - lawyers, BBC. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-67352067.
  • Maseland, R. (2018) ‘Is colonialism history? The declining impact of colonial legacies on African institutional and economic development’, Journal of Institutional Economics, 14(2), pp. 259–287. doi: 10.1017/S1744137417000315.
  • Matthews, H. D. (2016) ‘Quantifying historical carbon and climate debts among nations’, Nature Climate Change, 6(1), pp. 60–64. doi: 10.1038/nclimate2774.
  • Mbembe, A. (2003) ‘Necropolitics’, Public Culture, 15(1), pp. 11–40. doi: 10.1215/08992363-15-1-11.
  • Memmi, A. (1965) The Colonizer and the Colonized. Beacon Press.
  • Meng, J. et al. (2018) ‘The rise of South–South trade and its effect on global CO2 emissions’, Nature Communications, 9(1), p. 1871. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-04337-y.
  • Monbiot, G. (2009) The rich can relax. We just need the poor world to cut emissions. By 125%, The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/jul/13/climate-change-emissions-uk.
  • Monbiot, G. (2022) Carbon offsetting is not warding off environmental collapse – it’s accelerating it, The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/jan/26/carbon-offsetting-environmental-collapse-carbon-land-grab.
  • Nkrumah, K. (1965) Neo-Colonialism, the Last Stage of Imperialism. Published in the USA by International Publishers Co.
  • Novak, C. (2009) ‘Transfer of technology: the considerations in international trade and cross-border investment’, International Journal of Liability and Scientific Enquiry, 2(3), p. 325. doi: 10.1504/IJLSE.2009.024894.
  • Ocheni, S. and Nwankwo, B. C. (2012) ‘Analysis of Colonialism and Its Impact in Africa’, Cross-Cultural Communication, 8(3).
  • Omvedt, G. (1973) ‘Towards a Theory of Colonialism’, Insurgent Sociologist, 3(3), pp. 1–24. doi: 10.1177/089692057300300301.
  • Pardikar, R. (2020) ‘Global North Is Responsible for 92% of Excess Emissions’, Eos, 101. doi: 10.1029/2020EO150969.
  • Peace Direct (2020) Time to Decolonise Aid Insights and lessons from a global consultation. London. Available at: https://www.peacedirect.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/PD-Decolonising-Aid_Second-Edition.pdf.
  • Pickering, J. and Barry, C. (2012) ‘On the concept of climate debt: its moral and political value’, Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 15(5), pp. 667–685. doi: 10.1080/13698230.2012.727311.
  • Redvers, N. et al. (2023) ‘Indigenous Peoples: Traditional knowledges, climate change, and health’, PLOS Global Public Health. Edited by M. Pai, 3(10), p. e0002474. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002474.
  • Reibold, K. (2023) ‘Settler Colonialism, Decolonization, and Climate Change’, Journal of Applied Philosophy, 40(4), pp. 624–641. doi: 10.1111/japp.12573.
  • Ritchie, H. (2023) Sub-Saharan Africa emits a tiny fraction of the world’s CO2, Energy for Growth Hub. Available at: https://energyforgrowth.org/article/sub-saharan-africa-emits-a-tiny-fraction-of-the-worlds-co2/ (Accessed: 10 October 2024).
  • Roberts, J. T. and Parks, B. (2006) A Climate of Injustice Global Inequality, North-South Politics, and Climate Policy. The MIT Press.
  • Roberts, J. T. and Parks, B. C. (2009) ‘Ecologically Unequal Exchange, Ecological Debt, and Climate Justice’, International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 50(3–4), pp. 385–409. doi: 10.1177/0020715209105147.
  • Rodney, W. (1972) How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Bogle-L’Ouverture Publications.
  • Said, E. W. (1978) Orientalism. Pantheon Books.
  • Sallan, I. F. and Achampong, L. (2024) ‘Debt and Climate Change: Twin Crises Burdening Women in the Global South’, in Feminism in Public Debt A Human Rights Approach, p. 372.
  • Scarlett, J. P. (2022) ‘The harmful legacy of colonialism in natural hazard risk’, Nature Communications, 13(1), p. 6945. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-34792-7.
  • Sen, A. and Dabi, N. (2021) Tightening the Net: Net zero climate targets – implications for land and food equity. doi: 10.21201/2021.7796.
  • Singh, N. (2023) Climate Justice in the Global South: Understanding the Environmental Legacy of Colonialism, E-International Relations. Available at: https://www.e-ir.info/2023/02/02/climate-justice-in-the-global-south-understanding-the-environmental-legacy-of-colonialism/.
  • Snyder, B. (2020) ‘Climate Justice and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa’, South Central Review, 37(2–3), pp. 58–70. doi: 10.1353/scr.2020.0015.
  • Song, L. (2019) Cap and Trade Is Supposed to Solve Climate Change, but Oil and Gas Company Emissions Are Up, Pro Publica Inc. Available at: https://www.propublica.org/article/cap-and-trade-is-supposed-to-solve-climate-change-but-oil-and-gas-company-emissions-are-up.
  • Spivak, G. C. (1988) Can the Subaltern Speak? University of Illinois Press.
  • Sultana, F. (2022) ‘The unbearable heaviness of climate coloniality’, Political Geography, 99, p. 102638. doi: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2022.102638.
  • The Oakland Institute (2023) Green Colonialism 2.0 Tree Plantations and Carbon Offsets in Africa. Available at: https://www.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/green-colonialism.pdf.
  • Thomas, A. et al. (2020) ‘Climate Change and Small Island Developing States’, Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 45(1), pp. 1–27. doi: 10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083355.
  • Thompson, H. E., Berrang-Ford, L. and Ford, J. D. (2010) ‘Climate Change and Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Literature Review’, Sustainability, 2(8), pp. 2719–2733. doi: 10.3390/su2082719.
  • Tinsley, M. (2022) ‘Towards a Postcolonial Critical Realism’, Critical Sociology, 48(2), pp. 235–250. doi: 10.1177/08969205211003962.
  • Toker, A. (2022) ‘Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Veri Analizi İçin Bir Kılavuz’, Pamukkale University Journal of Social Sciences Institute. doi: 10.30794/pausbed.1112493.
  • United Nations (2024) Climate Change. Available at: https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/climate-change.html.
  • Varansi, A. (2022) How Colonialism Spawned and Continues to Exacerbate the Climate Crisis, Columbia Climate School. Available at: https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2022/09/21/how-colonialism-spawned-and-continues-to-exacerbate-the-climate-crisis/ (Accessed: 1 November 2024).
  • Vasques, F. R., Nakaoshi, I. L. and Fortunato, I. (2022) ‘Socio-Environmental Complexities of the Global South: a Historical, Decolonial, Eco-Socialist and a Freirean Environmental Educational View’, Interdisciplinary Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 18(3), p. e2285. doi: 10.21601/ijese/12060.
  • Vigna, L., Friedrich, J. and Damassa, T. (2024) The History of Carbon Dioxide Emissions, World Resources Institute. Available at: https://www.wri.org/insights/history-carbon-dioxide-emissions.
  • Wang, J. (2021) Carbon Offsets, a New Form of Neocolonialism, Columbia University. Available at: https://climatesociety.climate.columbia.edu/news/carbon-offsets-new-form-neocolonialism.
  • Warlenius, R. (2018) ‘Decolonizing the Atmosphere: The Climate Justice Movement on Climate Debt’, The Journal of Environment & Development, 27(2), pp. 131–155. doi: 10.1177/1070496517744593.
  • Warner, E. et al. (2023) ‘Young mixed planted forests store more carbon than monocultures—a meta-analysis’, Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 6. doi: 10.3389/ffgc.2023.1226514.
  • Whyte, K. (2017) ‘Indigenous Climate Change Studies: Indigenizing Futures, Decolonizing the Anthropocene’, English Language Notes, 55(1–2), pp. 153–162. doi: 10.1215/00138282-55.1-2.153.
  • Wijaya, W. A. (2021) ‘The Effect of CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Coal Consumption on Gross Domestic Product per Capita in Indonesia’, AFEBI Economic and Finance Review, 6(1), p. 18. doi: 10.47312/aefr.v6i01.377.
  • Wilkens, J. and Datchoua-Tirvaudey, A. R. C. (2022) ‘Researching climate justice: a decolonial approach to global climate governance’, International Affairs, 98(1), pp. 125–143. doi: 10.1093/ia/iiab209.
  • WMO (2024a) State of the Climate 2024 Update for COP29. Geneva. Available at: https://library.wmo.int/viewer/69075/download?file=State-Climate-2024-Update-COP29_en.pdf&type=pdf&navigator=1.
  • WMO (2024b) UN Secretary-General issues call to action on extreme heat. Available at: https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/un-secretary-general-issues-call-action-extreme-heat-0.
  • Wood, L. (2015) The Environmental Impacts of Colonialism. Bridgewater State University. Available at: https://vc.bridgew.edu/honors_proj/119/.
  • World Bank (2020) Global Action Urgently Needed to Halt Historic Threats to Poverty Reduction. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/10/07/global-action-urgently-needed-to-halt-historic-threats-to-poverty-reduction.
  • World Bank (2021) Groundswell Acting on Internal Climate Migration Part II. Washington, DC.
  • Wynter, S. (2003) ‘Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom: Towards the Human, After Man, Its Overrepresentation--An Argument’, CR: The New Centennial Review, 3(3), pp. 257–337. doi: 10.1353/ncr.2004.0015.
  • Ziltener, P. and Kunzler, D. (2013) ‘Impacts of Colonialism: A Research Survey’, Journal of World-Systems Research, pp. 290–311. doi: 10.5195/jwsr.2013.507.

Colonial Connections in the Global Climate Crisis: Historical Injustices and Contemporary Inequalities

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 19 - 36

Selçuk Gürçam

https://doi.org/10.62163/aucevrebilim.1592181

Öz

The climate crisis is influenced by various factors, as it is a multidimensional process. The colonial period represents a significant component of these factors. This study, therefore, focuses on the connection between colonialism and the climate crisis. Colonialism was driven by the efforts of colonial powers to secure resources that would sustain their expanding economies, in line with their economic and political interests. During this process, practices such as the exploitation of natural resources and the displacement of indigenous peoples left lasting impacts on the economic, social, and cultural structures of societies. As a continuation of the historical legacy of colonialism, the climate crisis has disproportionately burdened the Global South, despite its minimal contribution to global emissions. This article underscores the importance of understanding the link between the climate crisis and colonialism, explores the neo-colonial mentality, and examines the implications of these dynamics for global climate policies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Colonialism Climate Crisis Carbon Offsetting Global North Global South

Kaynakça

  • Abdi, A. A. (2012) ‘Decolonizing Philosophies of Education’, in Decolonizing Philosophies of Education. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, pp. 1–13. doi: 10.1007/978-94-6091-687-8_1.
  • Agboka, G. Y. (2014) ‘Decolonial Methodologies: Social Justice Perspectives in Intercultural Technical Communication Research’, Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, 44(3), pp. 297–327. doi: 10.2190/TW.44.3.e.
  • Alam, M. S. (2000) ‘Economic Impact of Colonialism, 1800-1950’, SSRN Electronic Journal. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.2029575.
  • Alanka, D. (2024) ‘Nitel Bir Araştırma Yöntemi Olarak İçerik Analizi: Teorik Bir Çerçeve’, Kronotop İletişim Dergisi, 1(1), pp. 62–82.
  • Althor, G., Watson, J. E. M. and Fuller, R. A. (2016) ‘Global mismatch between greenhouse gas emissions and the burden of climate change’, Scientific Reports, 6(1), p. 20281. doi: 10.1038/srep20281.
  • Amoo, L. M. and Layi Fagbenle, R. (2020) ‘Climate change in developing nations of the world’, in Applications of Heat, Mass and Fluid Boundary Layers. Elsevier, pp. 437–471. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-817949-9.00023-2.
  • Amorim-Maia, A. T. et al. (2022) ‘Intersectional climate justice: A conceptual pathway for bridging adaptation planning, transformative action, and social equity’, Urban Climate, 41, p. 101053. doi: 10.1016/j.uclim.2021.101053.
  • Arndt, C., Halikiopoulou, D. and Vrakopoulos, C. (2022) ‘The centre-periphery divide and attitudes towards climate change measures among Western Europeans’, Environmental Politics, 32(3), pp. 381–406. doi: 10.1080/09644016.2022.2075155.
  • Azad, R. and Chakraborty, S. (2019) ‘Balancing climate injustice’, in Handbook of Green Economics. Elsevier, pp. 117–134. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-816635-2.00007-9.
  • Bachram, H. (2004) ‘Climate fraud and carbon colonialism: the new trade in greenhouse gases’, Capitalism Nature Socialism, 15(4), pp. 5–20. doi: 10.1080/1045575042000287299.
  • Batut, C., Kaiser, J. and Surun, C. (2024) Executive summary of the report on climate debt, Institut Avant-garde. Available at: https://www.institutavantgarde.fr/executive-summary-of-the-report-on-climate-debt/.
  • Bhabha, H. K. (1994) The Location of Culture. Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780203820551.
  • Bourke, I. (2022) A further act of colonisation”: why indigenous peoples fear carbon offsetting, New Statesman. Available at: https://www.newstatesman.com/spotlight/sustainability/climate/2021/11/a-further-act-of-colonisation-why-indigenous-peoples-fear-carbon-offsetting.
  • Bumpus, A. G. and Liverman, D. M. (2008) ‘Accumulation by Decarbonization and the Governance of Carbon Offsets’, Economic Geography, 84(2), pp. 127–155. doi: 10.1111/j.1944-8287.2008.tb00401.x.
  • Cabello, J. and Hartlief, I. (2024) A brief history of colonialism, climate change and carbon markets, SOMO. Available at: https://www.somo.nl/history-colonialism-climate-change-carbon-markets/.
  • Carbon Brief (2023a) In-depth Q&A: Can ‘carbon offsets’ help to tackle climate change? Available at: https://interactive.carbonbrief.org/carbon-offsets-2023/#section-why-is-there-a-risk-of-greenwashing-with-carbon-offsets.
  • Carbon Brief (2023b) Mapped: The impacts of carbon-offset projects around the world. Available at: https://interactive.carbonbrief.org/carbon-offsets-2023/mapped.html.
  • Carbon Brief (2023c) Revealed: How colonial rule radically shifts historical responsibility for climate change. Available at: https://www.carbonbrief.org/revealed-how-colonial-rule-radically-shifts-historical-responsibility-for-climate-change/.
  • Care Climate Change (2021) New and additional climate finance contributed in 2018.
  • Carrington, D. (2023) British empire’s past emissions ‘double UK’s climate responsibility’, The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/nov/26/british-empire-past-emissions-double-uk-climate-responsibility-data-shows.
  • Césaire, A. (2000) Discourse on Colonialism. Monthly Review Press.
  • Chakrabarty, D. (2021) The Climate of History in a Planetary Age. University of Chicago Press.
  • Chapman, A. R. and Ahmed, A. K. (2020) ‘Climate Justice, Humans Rights, and the Case for Reparations’, Health and Human Rights, 23(2), pp. 81–94.
  • Chung, A. (2014) ‘Redefining Sovereignty for the 21st Century’, SSRN Electronic Journal. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.2440296.
  • Clements, B., Gupta, S. and Lıu, J. (2023) Settling the Climate Debt, International Monetary Fund. Available at: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/2023/09/settling-the-climate-debt-clements-gupta-liu.
  • Climate Emergency Institute (2024) Most Climate- vulnerable Indigenous Peoples. Available at: https://www.climateemergencyinstitute.com/indigenous_peoples.
  • Corbera, E. and Brown, K. (2010) ‘Offsetting Benefits? Analyzing Access to Forest Carbon’, Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 42(7), pp. 1739–1761. doi: 10.1068/a42437.
  • Dagens Nyheter (2019) Klimatkompensation är en ny slags kolonialism. Available at: https://www.dn.se/nyheter/sverige/klimatkompensation-ar-en-ny-slags-kolonialism/.
  • Daszkiewicz, C. et al. (2021) Shifting power through climate research: applying decolonial methodologies. Stockholm. doi: 10.51414/sei2021.028.
  • Earthly (2024) All you need to know about carbon offsetting. Available at: https://earthly.org/the-guide-to-carbon-offsetting.
  • Ebaye, S. (2010) ‘Neo-Colonialism and the Question of National Autonomy’, African Research Review, 4(1). doi: 10.4314/afrrev.v4i1.58219.
  • Eckstein, D., Künzel, V. and Schäfer, L. (2021) Global Climate Risk Index 2021. Bonn, Berlin. Engerman, S. and Sokoloff, K. (2005) Colonialism, Inequality, and Long-Run Paths of Development. Cambridge, MA. doi: 10.3386/w11057.
  • Fanon, F. (2001) The Wretched of the Earth. New York: Penguin Classics.
  • Fields, S. (2005) ‘Continental Divide: Why Africa’s Climate Change Burden Is Greater’, Environmental Health Perspectives, 113(8). doi: 10.1289/ehp.113-a534.
  • Ford, J. D. (2012) ‘Indigenous Health and Climate Change’, American Journal of Public Health, 102(7), pp. 1260–1266. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300752.
  • Frost, R. (2024) More than 1,700 oil and gas lobbyists at COP29: Which European delegations invited them?, Euro News. Available at: https://www.euronews.com/green/2024/11/15/more-than-1700-oil-and-gas-lobbyists-at-cop29-which-european-delegations-invited-them.
  • Gattey, E. (2021) ‘Global histories of empire and climate in the Anthropocene’, History Compass, 19(8). doi: 10.1111/hic3.12683.
  • Gerhart, G. M. (1997) The Wretched of the Earth, Foreign Affairs. doi: 10.2307/20048263.
  • Ghosh, J., Chakraborty, S. and Das, D. (2022) ‘Climate Imperialism in the Twenty-First Century’, Monthly Review, pp. 70–85. doi: 10.14452/MR-074-03-2022-07_4.
  • Giebelmann, T. (2023) 6 reasons why mass tree-planting to offset emissions makes no sense, Linkedin. Available at: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/6-reasons-why-mass-tree-planting-offset-emissions-tarryn-giebelmann/.
  • Gonzalez, C. (2020) ‘Climate Change, Race, and Migration’, Journal of Law and Political Economy, 1(1). doi: 10.5070/LP61146501.
  • Green, F. and Healy, N. (2022) ‘How inequality fuels climate change: The climate case for a Green New Deal’, One Earth, 5(6), pp. 635–649. doi: 10.1016/j.oneear.2022.05.005.
  • Guo, P. (2020) ‘Carbon Hegemony: A Long-standing but Neglected Reality of Setting Carbon Emissions Target’, in 2020 3rd International Conference on e-Education, e-Business and Information Management (EEIM 2020). Clausius Scientific Press. doi: 10.23977/EEIM2020017.
  • Gürçam, S. (2023) ‘İklim Krizi ve Egemenlik Çerçevesinde İklim Mağdurları’, Journal of International Relations and Political Science Studies, (7), pp. 19–36.
  • Hallegatte, S., Fay, M. and Barbier, E. B. (2018) ‘Poverty and climate change: introduction’, Environment and Development Economics, 23(3), pp. 217–233. doi: 10.1017/S1355770X18000141.
  • Hamouchene, H. (2023) ‘The Energy Transition in North Africa: Neocolonialism Again!’, in Dismantling Green Colonialism Energy and Climate Justice in the Arab Region. Pluto Press, p. 321. Available at: https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/77035/external_content.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
  • Harvey, D. (1997) Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference. Wiley.
  • Harvey, D. (2003) The New Imperialism. Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/oso/9780199264315.001.0001.
  • Heldring, L. and Robinson, J. A. (2012) Colonialism and Economic Development in Africa.
  • Hickel, J. (2020) ‘Quantifying national responsibility for climate breakdown: an equality-based attribution approach for carbon dioxide emissions in excess of the planetary boundary’, The Lancet Planetary Health, 4(9), pp. e399–e404. doi: 10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30196-0.
  • Holland, R. F. (1985) European Decolonization 1918–1981: An Introductory Survey. London: Macmillan Education UK. doi: 10.1007/978-1-349-17773-8.
  • Humphreys, S. (2014) ‘Climate justice: the claim of the past’, Journal of Human Rights and the Environment, 5, pp. 134–148. doi: 10.4337/jhre.2014.02.09.
  • Hyams, K. and Fawcett, T. (2013) ‘The ethics of carbon offsetting’, WIREs Climate Change, 4(2), pp. 91–98. doi: 10.1002/wcc.207.
  • IBFCR (2019) Climate Financing for Sustainable Development Budget Report 2019-20. Available at: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Climate_en_com.pdf.
  • IPCC (2023) ‘Summary for Policymakers’, in Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Cambridge University Press, pp. 3–34. doi: 10.1017/9781009325844.001.
  • Itawan, D. (2023) ‘Colonialism and Climate Crisis: The Root of Environmental Changes and the Rise of Environmental Awareness in Indonesia’, Indonesian Historical Studies, 6(2), pp. 192–205. doi: 10.14710/ihis.v6i2.16037.
  • Ivers, L. (2023) Social Dimensions of Climate Change, World Bank Group. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/social-dimensions-of-climate-change#1.
  • De Juan, A. and Pierskalla, J. H. (2017) ‘The Comparative Politics of Colonialism and Its Legacies: An Introduction’, Politics & Society, 45(2), pp. 159–172. doi: 10.1177/0032329217704434.
  • Karataş, Z. (2015) ‘Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri’, Manevi Temelli Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), pp. 62–80.
  • Khaine, I. and Woo, S. Y. (2014) ‘An overview of interrelationship between climate change and forests’, Forest Science and Technology, 11(1), pp. 11–18. doi: 10.1080/21580103.2014.932718.
  • Kneifl, C. (2024) Global North vs. Global South: The Climate Divide, Scientists Warning Europe. Available at: https://www.scientistswarningeurope.org.uk/discover/global-north-vs-global-south-the-climate-divide.
  • Kohn, M. and Reddy, K. (2023) ‘Colonialism’, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Available at: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/colonialism/.
  • Lakhani, N. (2023) Why loss and damage funds are key to climate justice for developing countries at Cop28, The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/nov/29/why-loss-and-damage-funds-are-key-to-climate-justice-for-developing-countries-at-cop28.
  • Lane, K. (2012) ‘A History of Mining in Latin America from the Colonial Era to the Present by Kendall W. Brown’, The Latin Americanist, 56(3), pp. 104–107. doi: 10.1111/j.1557-203X.2012.01162_3.x.
  • Larsson, C. and Orvehed, M. (2021) Carbon Offsetting, a new form of CO2lonialism? Local implications of tree-planting projects in East Africa. Södertörn University. Available at: https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1564383/FULLTEXT01.pdf.
  • Lyons, K. and Westoby, P. (2014) ‘Carbon colonialism and the new land grab: Plantation forestry in Uganda and its livelihood impacts’, Journal of Rural Studies, 36, pp. 13–21. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2014.06.002.
  • Marshall, C. (2023) Kenya’s Ogiek people being evicted for carbon credits - lawyers, BBC. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-67352067.
  • Maseland, R. (2018) ‘Is colonialism history? The declining impact of colonial legacies on African institutional and economic development’, Journal of Institutional Economics, 14(2), pp. 259–287. doi: 10.1017/S1744137417000315.
  • Matthews, H. D. (2016) ‘Quantifying historical carbon and climate debts among nations’, Nature Climate Change, 6(1), pp. 60–64. doi: 10.1038/nclimate2774.
  • Mbembe, A. (2003) ‘Necropolitics’, Public Culture, 15(1), pp. 11–40. doi: 10.1215/08992363-15-1-11.
  • Memmi, A. (1965) The Colonizer and the Colonized. Beacon Press.
  • Meng, J. et al. (2018) ‘The rise of South–South trade and its effect on global CO2 emissions’, Nature Communications, 9(1), p. 1871. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-04337-y.
  • Monbiot, G. (2009) The rich can relax. We just need the poor world to cut emissions. By 125%, The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/jul/13/climate-change-emissions-uk.
  • Monbiot, G. (2022) Carbon offsetting is not warding off environmental collapse – it’s accelerating it, The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/jan/26/carbon-offsetting-environmental-collapse-carbon-land-grab.
  • Nkrumah, K. (1965) Neo-Colonialism, the Last Stage of Imperialism. Published in the USA by International Publishers Co.
  • Novak, C. (2009) ‘Transfer of technology: the considerations in international trade and cross-border investment’, International Journal of Liability and Scientific Enquiry, 2(3), p. 325. doi: 10.1504/IJLSE.2009.024894.
  • Ocheni, S. and Nwankwo, B. C. (2012) ‘Analysis of Colonialism and Its Impact in Africa’, Cross-Cultural Communication, 8(3).
  • Omvedt, G. (1973) ‘Towards a Theory of Colonialism’, Insurgent Sociologist, 3(3), pp. 1–24. doi: 10.1177/089692057300300301.
  • Pardikar, R. (2020) ‘Global North Is Responsible for 92% of Excess Emissions’, Eos, 101. doi: 10.1029/2020EO150969.
  • Peace Direct (2020) Time to Decolonise Aid Insights and lessons from a global consultation. London. Available at: https://www.peacedirect.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/PD-Decolonising-Aid_Second-Edition.pdf.
  • Pickering, J. and Barry, C. (2012) ‘On the concept of climate debt: its moral and political value’, Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 15(5), pp. 667–685. doi: 10.1080/13698230.2012.727311.
  • Redvers, N. et al. (2023) ‘Indigenous Peoples: Traditional knowledges, climate change, and health’, PLOS Global Public Health. Edited by M. Pai, 3(10), p. e0002474. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002474.
  • Reibold, K. (2023) ‘Settler Colonialism, Decolonization, and Climate Change’, Journal of Applied Philosophy, 40(4), pp. 624–641. doi: 10.1111/japp.12573.
  • Ritchie, H. (2023) Sub-Saharan Africa emits a tiny fraction of the world’s CO2, Energy for Growth Hub. Available at: https://energyforgrowth.org/article/sub-saharan-africa-emits-a-tiny-fraction-of-the-worlds-co2/ (Accessed: 10 October 2024).
  • Roberts, J. T. and Parks, B. (2006) A Climate of Injustice Global Inequality, North-South Politics, and Climate Policy. The MIT Press.
  • Roberts, J. T. and Parks, B. C. (2009) ‘Ecologically Unequal Exchange, Ecological Debt, and Climate Justice’, International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 50(3–4), pp. 385–409. doi: 10.1177/0020715209105147.
  • Rodney, W. (1972) How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Bogle-L’Ouverture Publications.
  • Said, E. W. (1978) Orientalism. Pantheon Books.
  • Sallan, I. F. and Achampong, L. (2024) ‘Debt and Climate Change: Twin Crises Burdening Women in the Global South’, in Feminism in Public Debt A Human Rights Approach, p. 372.
  • Scarlett, J. P. (2022) ‘The harmful legacy of colonialism in natural hazard risk’, Nature Communications, 13(1), p. 6945. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-34792-7.
  • Sen, A. and Dabi, N. (2021) Tightening the Net: Net zero climate targets – implications for land and food equity. doi: 10.21201/2021.7796.
  • Singh, N. (2023) Climate Justice in the Global South: Understanding the Environmental Legacy of Colonialism, E-International Relations. Available at: https://www.e-ir.info/2023/02/02/climate-justice-in-the-global-south-understanding-the-environmental-legacy-of-colonialism/.
  • Snyder, B. (2020) ‘Climate Justice and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa’, South Central Review, 37(2–3), pp. 58–70. doi: 10.1353/scr.2020.0015.
  • Song, L. (2019) Cap and Trade Is Supposed to Solve Climate Change, but Oil and Gas Company Emissions Are Up, Pro Publica Inc. Available at: https://www.propublica.org/article/cap-and-trade-is-supposed-to-solve-climate-change-but-oil-and-gas-company-emissions-are-up.
  • Spivak, G. C. (1988) Can the Subaltern Speak? University of Illinois Press.
  • Sultana, F. (2022) ‘The unbearable heaviness of climate coloniality’, Political Geography, 99, p. 102638. doi: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2022.102638.
  • The Oakland Institute (2023) Green Colonialism 2.0 Tree Plantations and Carbon Offsets in Africa. Available at: https://www.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/green-colonialism.pdf.
  • Thomas, A. et al. (2020) ‘Climate Change and Small Island Developing States’, Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 45(1), pp. 1–27. doi: 10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083355.
  • Thompson, H. E., Berrang-Ford, L. and Ford, J. D. (2010) ‘Climate Change and Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Literature Review’, Sustainability, 2(8), pp. 2719–2733. doi: 10.3390/su2082719.
  • Tinsley, M. (2022) ‘Towards a Postcolonial Critical Realism’, Critical Sociology, 48(2), pp. 235–250. doi: 10.1177/08969205211003962.
  • Toker, A. (2022) ‘Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Veri Analizi İçin Bir Kılavuz’, Pamukkale University Journal of Social Sciences Institute. doi: 10.30794/pausbed.1112493.
  • United Nations (2024) Climate Change. Available at: https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/climate-change.html.
  • Varansi, A. (2022) How Colonialism Spawned and Continues to Exacerbate the Climate Crisis, Columbia Climate School. Available at: https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2022/09/21/how-colonialism-spawned-and-continues-to-exacerbate-the-climate-crisis/ (Accessed: 1 November 2024).
  • Vasques, F. R., Nakaoshi, I. L. and Fortunato, I. (2022) ‘Socio-Environmental Complexities of the Global South: a Historical, Decolonial, Eco-Socialist and a Freirean Environmental Educational View’, Interdisciplinary Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 18(3), p. e2285. doi: 10.21601/ijese/12060.
  • Vigna, L., Friedrich, J. and Damassa, T. (2024) The History of Carbon Dioxide Emissions, World Resources Institute. Available at: https://www.wri.org/insights/history-carbon-dioxide-emissions.
  • Wang, J. (2021) Carbon Offsets, a New Form of Neocolonialism, Columbia University. Available at: https://climatesociety.climate.columbia.edu/news/carbon-offsets-new-form-neocolonialism.
  • Warlenius, R. (2018) ‘Decolonizing the Atmosphere: The Climate Justice Movement on Climate Debt’, The Journal of Environment & Development, 27(2), pp. 131–155. doi: 10.1177/1070496517744593.
  • Warner, E. et al. (2023) ‘Young mixed planted forests store more carbon than monocultures—a meta-analysis’, Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 6. doi: 10.3389/ffgc.2023.1226514.
  • Whyte, K. (2017) ‘Indigenous Climate Change Studies: Indigenizing Futures, Decolonizing the Anthropocene’, English Language Notes, 55(1–2), pp. 153–162. doi: 10.1215/00138282-55.1-2.153.
  • Wijaya, W. A. (2021) ‘The Effect of CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Coal Consumption on Gross Domestic Product per Capita in Indonesia’, AFEBI Economic and Finance Review, 6(1), p. 18. doi: 10.47312/aefr.v6i01.377.
  • Wilkens, J. and Datchoua-Tirvaudey, A. R. C. (2022) ‘Researching climate justice: a decolonial approach to global climate governance’, International Affairs, 98(1), pp. 125–143. doi: 10.1093/ia/iiab209.
  • WMO (2024a) State of the Climate 2024 Update for COP29. Geneva. Available at: https://library.wmo.int/viewer/69075/download?file=State-Climate-2024-Update-COP29_en.pdf&type=pdf&navigator=1.
  • WMO (2024b) UN Secretary-General issues call to action on extreme heat. Available at: https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/un-secretary-general-issues-call-action-extreme-heat-0.
  • Wood, L. (2015) The Environmental Impacts of Colonialism. Bridgewater State University. Available at: https://vc.bridgew.edu/honors_proj/119/.
  • World Bank (2020) Global Action Urgently Needed to Halt Historic Threats to Poverty Reduction. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/10/07/global-action-urgently-needed-to-halt-historic-threats-to-poverty-reduction.
  • World Bank (2021) Groundswell Acting on Internal Climate Migration Part II. Washington, DC.
  • Wynter, S. (2003) ‘Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom: Towards the Human, After Man, Its Overrepresentation--An Argument’, CR: The New Centennial Review, 3(3), pp. 257–337. doi: 10.1353/ncr.2004.0015.
  • Ziltener, P. and Kunzler, D. (2013) ‘Impacts of Colonialism: A Research Survey’, Journal of World-Systems Research, pp. 290–311. doi: 10.5195/jwsr.2013.507.
Toplam 118 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İklim Değişikliğinin Ekolojik Etkileri ve Ekolojik Adaptasyon
Bölüm Makale
Yazarlar

Selçuk Gürçam 0000-0003-0426-329X

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 12 Haziran 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Kasım 2024
Kabul Tarihi 27 Aralık 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Gürçam, S. (2025). Colonial Connections in the Global Climate Crisis: Historical Injustices and Contemporary Inequalities. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, 12(1), 19-36. https://doi.org/10.62163/aucevrebilim.1592181
AMA Gürçam S. Colonial Connections in the Global Climate Crisis: Historical Injustices and Contemporary Inequalities. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi. Haziran 2025;12(1):19-36. doi:10.62163/aucevrebilim.1592181
Chicago Gürçam, Selçuk. “Colonial Connections in the Global Climate Crisis: Historical Injustices and Contemporary Inequalities”. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi 12, sy. 1 (Haziran 2025): 19-36. https://doi.org/10.62163/aucevrebilim.1592181.
EndNote Gürçam S (01 Haziran 2025) Colonial Connections in the Global Climate Crisis: Historical Injustices and Contemporary Inequalities. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi 12 1 19–36.
IEEE S. Gürçam, “Colonial Connections in the Global Climate Crisis: Historical Injustices and Contemporary Inequalities”, Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, c. 12, sy. 1, ss. 19–36, 2025, doi: 10.62163/aucevrebilim.1592181.
ISNAD Gürçam, Selçuk. “Colonial Connections in the Global Climate Crisis: Historical Injustices and Contemporary Inequalities”. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi 12/1 (Haziran 2025), 19-36. https://doi.org/10.62163/aucevrebilim.1592181.
JAMA Gürçam S. Colonial Connections in the Global Climate Crisis: Historical Injustices and Contemporary Inequalities. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi. 2025;12:19–36.
MLA Gürçam, Selçuk. “Colonial Connections in the Global Climate Crisis: Historical Injustices and Contemporary Inequalities”. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, c. 12, sy. 1, 2025, ss. 19-36, doi:10.62163/aucevrebilim.1592181.
Vancouver Gürçam S. Colonial Connections in the Global Climate Crisis: Historical Injustices and Contemporary Inequalities. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi. 2025;12(1):19-36.
 Kapak Resmi İndir