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Adaptation of the Short-Form of State Self-Esteem Scale into Turkish: A Study of Validity and Reliability

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 58 Sayı: 1, 51 - 85, 15.04.2025

M. Furkan Kurnaz , Nilüfer Koçtürk

https://doi.org/10.30964/auebfd.1500410

Öz

State self-esteem focuses on the relatively short-term fluctuations in feelings of self-worth experienced by individuals. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Short-Form of the State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES-S) in adult Turkish sample. The confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency, validity, and measurement invariance of the SSES-S in the context of gender through multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) were evaluated with the participation of 405 adult individuals (73.33% female, mean age: 24.53 years). Finally, the test-retest reliability of the SSES-S was tested with 25 participants (88% female, mean age: 22.92 years). The confirmatory of three different factorial structures of the SSES-S was examined and the results of the CFAs showed that the 10-item, three-factor structure of the SSES-S had the best goodness-of-fit values in the Turkish sample. Reliability analyses showed that the SSES-S was within an acceptable reliability range. Convergent validity, criterion-related validity, and discriminant validity indicate that the SSES-S is a valid measurement tool. Furthermore, the findings of the MGCFA confirmed the measurement invariance of the SSES-S in the context of gender. The results confirm that the SSES-S, which consists of 10 items and three factors, is reliable and valid in the Turkish adult sample.

Anahtar Kelimeler

state self-esteem self-esteem scale self-concept adaptation validity

Kaynakça

  • Ab Rahman, Z., Mohd Noor, A. Y., Kashim, M. I. A. M., Saari, C. Z., Hasan, A. Z., Pa'ad, N. S., Ridzuan, A. R., Sham, F. M., & Mohammed, A. F. (2020). Critical review of the relationship between resilience, self-esteem and religiosity among the tabligh during the fight of COVID-19. Journal of Critical Review, 7(5), 1136-1144.
  • Bozorgpour, F., & Salimi, A. (2012). State self-esteem, loneliness and life satisfaction. Procedia: Social & Behavioral Sciences, 69, 2004–2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.12.157
  • Brito, T. R. de S., Pereira, C. R., Santos, F. Á. dos, & Nery, N. N. de F. (2023). Measuring the general and specific domains of self-esteem: The Short-form of the State Self-Esteem Scale. Psychological Reports, 126(6), 3123-3149. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941221077909
  • Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (ss. 136–162). Sage Publications.
  • Chang, A. M., & Mackenzie, A. E. (1998). State self-esteem following stroke. Stroke, 29(11), 2325–2328. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.29.11.2325
  • Chau, J. P., Thompson, D. R., Chang, A. M., & Woo, J. (2012). Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of State Self‐Esteem Scale: An analysis of data from a cross‐sectional survey of patients in the first four months after stroke. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21(21-22), 3268–3275. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03724.x
  • Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
  • Chen, X., Huang, Y., Xiao, M., Luo, Y., Liu, Y., Song, S., Gao, X., & Chen, H. (2021). Self and the brain: Self-concept mediates the effect of resting-state brain activity and connectivity on self-esteem in school-aged children. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110287
  • Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
  • Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02310555
  • Curtis, E. A., Comiskey, C., & Dempsey, O. (2016). Importance and use of correlational research. Nurse Researcher, 23(6), 20-25. https://doi.org/10.7748/nr.2016.e1382
  • Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Self-esteem in adolescents. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Hacettepe University. Türkiye.
  • De Ruiter, N. M. P. (2022). Practices in state self-esteem research: An analysis of enacted ontologies. Identity, 23(1), 67–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2022.2130323
  • Dimitrov, D. (2012). Statistical methods for validation of assessment scale data in counseling and related fields. American Counseling Association.
  • Dolan, C. V. (2000). Investigating Spearman's hypothesis by means of multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 35(1), 21–50. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3501_2
  • Efstathiou, G. (2018). Translation, adaptation and validation process of research instruments. In Springer eBooks (pp. 65–78). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319- 89899-5_7
  • Fleiss, J. L. (1986). The design and analysis of clinical experiments. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
  • Furr, M. (2011). Scale construction and psychometrics for social and personality psychology. Sage.
  • Geukes, K., Nestler, S., Hutteman, R., Dufner, M., Küfner, A. C. P., Egloff, B., Denissen, J. J. A., & Back, M. D. (2017). Puffed-up but shaky selves: State self- esteem level and variability in narcissists. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 112(5), 769–786. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000093
  • Gold, A. H., Malhotra, A., & Segars, A. H. (2001). Knowledge management: An organizational capabilities perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(1), 185–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2001.11045669
  • González-Romá, V., Hernandez, A., & Gomez-Benito, J. (2006). Power and Type I error of the mean and covariance structure analysis model for detecting differential item functioning in graded response items. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 41(1), 29–53. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr4101_3
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Prentice-Hall.
  • Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/ebr-11-2018-0203
  • Heatherton, T. F., & Polivy, J. (1991). Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(6), 895–910. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.6.895
  • Heatherton, T. F., & Wyland, C. L. (2003). Assessing self-esteem. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures (pp. 219–233). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10612-014
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  • Hutteman, R., Nestler, S., Wagner, J., Egloff, B., & Back, M. D. (2015). Wherever I may roam: Processes of self-esteem development from adolescence to emerging adulthood in the context of international student exchange. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(5), 767–783. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000015
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Durumluluk Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği Kısa Formu'nun Türkçeye Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 58 Sayı: 1, 51 - 85, 15.04.2025

M. Furkan Kurnaz , Nilüfer Koçtürk

https://doi.org/10.30964/auebfd.1500410

Öz

Durumluluk benlik saygısı, bireylerin öz-değer duygularında yaşadıkları görece kısa süreli dalgalanmalara odaklanmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Durumluluk Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği Kısa Formu'nun (DBSÖ-K) psikometrik özelliklerini Türkiye örnekleminde incelemektir. DBSÖ-K'nin doğrulayıcı faktör analizi, iç tutarlılığı, geçerliği ve cinsiyet bağlamında ölçme değişmezliği çoklu-grup doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (ÇGDFA) ile 405 yetişkin bireyin (%73,33' ükadın, yaş ortalaması: 24.53) katılımı ile değerlendirilmiştir. Son olarak DBSÖ-K'nin test-tekrar test güvenirliği 25 katılımcı ile (%88'i kadın, yaş ortalaması: 22.92) test edilmiştir. DBSÖ-K'nin üç farklı faktör yapısının doğruluğu incelenmiş ve analizler elde edilen sonuçlarda, Türk örnekleminde DBSÖ-K'nin 10 maddeli, üç faktörlü yapısının en iyi uyum iyiliği değerlerine sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Güvenirlik analizleri DBSÖ-K'nin kabul edilebilir bir güvenirlik aralığında olduğunu göstermiştir. Yakınsak geçerlik, ölçüt bağıntılı geçerlik ve ayırt edici geçerlik DBSÖ-K'nin geçerli bir ölçüm aracı olduğunu göstermektedir. Öte yandan, ÇGDFA bulguları DBSÖ-K'nin cinsiyet bağlamında ölçme değişmezliğini doğrulamıştır. Sonuçlar, 10 maddeden ve üç faktörden oluşan DBSÖ-K'nin yetişkin Türkiye örnekleminde güvenilir ve geçerli olduğunu doğrulamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

durumluluk benlik saygısı benlik saygısı ölçeği benlik kavramı uyarlama geçerlik

Kaynakça

  • Ab Rahman, Z., Mohd Noor, A. Y., Kashim, M. I. A. M., Saari, C. Z., Hasan, A. Z., Pa'ad, N. S., Ridzuan, A. R., Sham, F. M., & Mohammed, A. F. (2020). Critical review of the relationship between resilience, self-esteem and religiosity among the tabligh during the fight of COVID-19. Journal of Critical Review, 7(5), 1136-1144.
  • Bozorgpour, F., & Salimi, A. (2012). State self-esteem, loneliness and life satisfaction. Procedia: Social & Behavioral Sciences, 69, 2004–2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.12.157
  • Brito, T. R. de S., Pereira, C. R., Santos, F. Á. dos, & Nery, N. N. de F. (2023). Measuring the general and specific domains of self-esteem: The Short-form of the State Self-Esteem Scale. Psychological Reports, 126(6), 3123-3149. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941221077909
  • Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (ss. 136–162). Sage Publications.
  • Chang, A. M., & Mackenzie, A. E. (1998). State self-esteem following stroke. Stroke, 29(11), 2325–2328. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.29.11.2325
  • Chau, J. P., Thompson, D. R., Chang, A. M., & Woo, J. (2012). Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of State Self‐Esteem Scale: An analysis of data from a cross‐sectional survey of patients in the first four months after stroke. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21(21-22), 3268–3275. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03724.x
  • Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
  • Chen, X., Huang, Y., Xiao, M., Luo, Y., Liu, Y., Song, S., Gao, X., & Chen, H. (2021). Self and the brain: Self-concept mediates the effect of resting-state brain activity and connectivity on self-esteem in school-aged children. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110287
  • Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
  • Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02310555
  • Curtis, E. A., Comiskey, C., & Dempsey, O. (2016). Importance and use of correlational research. Nurse Researcher, 23(6), 20-25. https://doi.org/10.7748/nr.2016.e1382
  • Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Self-esteem in adolescents. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Hacettepe University. Türkiye.
  • De Ruiter, N. M. P. (2022). Practices in state self-esteem research: An analysis of enacted ontologies. Identity, 23(1), 67–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2022.2130323
  • Dimitrov, D. (2012). Statistical methods for validation of assessment scale data in counseling and related fields. American Counseling Association.
  • Dolan, C. V. (2000). Investigating Spearman's hypothesis by means of multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 35(1), 21–50. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3501_2
  • Efstathiou, G. (2018). Translation, adaptation and validation process of research instruments. In Springer eBooks (pp. 65–78). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319- 89899-5_7
  • Fleiss, J. L. (1986). The design and analysis of clinical experiments. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
  • Furr, M. (2011). Scale construction and psychometrics for social and personality psychology. Sage.
  • Geukes, K., Nestler, S., Hutteman, R., Dufner, M., Küfner, A. C. P., Egloff, B., Denissen, J. J. A., & Back, M. D. (2017). Puffed-up but shaky selves: State self- esteem level and variability in narcissists. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 112(5), 769–786. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000093
  • Gold, A. H., Malhotra, A., & Segars, A. H. (2001). Knowledge management: An organizational capabilities perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(1), 185–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2001.11045669
  • González-Romá, V., Hernandez, A., & Gomez-Benito, J. (2006). Power and Type I error of the mean and covariance structure analysis model for detecting differential item functioning in graded response items. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 41(1), 29–53. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr4101_3
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Prentice-Hall.
  • Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/ebr-11-2018-0203
  • Heatherton, T. F., & Polivy, J. (1991). Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(6), 895–910. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.6.895
  • Heatherton, T. F., & Wyland, C. L. (2003). Assessing self-esteem. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures (pp. 219–233). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10612-014
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Hutteman, R., Nestler, S., Wagner, J., Egloff, B., & Back, M. D. (2015). Wherever I may roam: Processes of self-esteem development from adolescence to emerging adulthood in the context of international student exchange. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(5), 767–783. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000015
  • James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Jørgensen, M., Kristensen, S. M., & Breivik, K. (2023). Scar, vulnerability, or both? A longitudinal study of the association between depressive tendencies and global negative self-esteem from early adolescence to young adulthood with gender as a moderating factor. Personality and Individual Differences, 214, 112349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2023.112349
  • Kalkbrenner, M. T., Perez, M. a. G., & Hubbard, J. S. (2023). Measurement invariance of scores on the somatic symptom Scale-8: National Sample of Non-Clinical Adults in the United States. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 57(3), 263–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2023.2243269
  • Kapadia, A., & Patki, S. (2024). Effect of fitspiration on state Self-Esteem among young adults. Identity, 24(1), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2023.2253828
  • Kernis, M. H. (2003). TARGET ARTICLE: Toward a conceptualization of optimal self-esteem. Psychological Inquiry, 14(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1401_01
  • Kline, R. B. (2011). Convergence of structural equation modeling and multilevel modeling. The SAGE Handbook of Innovation in Social Research Methods, 562- 589. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446268261.n31
  • Krauss, S., & Orth, U. (2022). Work experiences and self-esteem development: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. European Journal of Personality, 36(6), 849-869. https://doi.org/10.1177/08902070211027142
  • Kurnaz, M. F., Teke, E., & Günaydın, H. A. (2020). Relationship between self-esteem and life satisfaction: A meta-analysis study. Research on Education and Psychology, 4(2), 236-253.
  • Lei, F., & Lee, E.. (2021). Cross-cultural modification strategies for ınstruments measuring health beliefs about cancer screening: Systematic review. JMIR Cancer, 7(4), e28393. https://doi.org/10.2196/28393
  • Leung, G. Y. S., Ng, A. K. T., & Lau, H. Y. K. (2021). Effect of height perception on state Self-Esteem and cognitive performance in virtual reality. In Lecture notes in computer science (pp. 172–184). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77932- 0_15
  • Lewis, N. (2020). Experiences of upward social comparison in entertainment contexts: Emotions, state self-esteem, and enjoyment. The Social Science Journal, 58(3), 339–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2019.04.011
  • Linton, K. E., & Marriott, R. G. (1996). Self-esteem in adolescents: Validation of the state self-esteem scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 21(1), 85–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(96)83741-x
  • Liu, Q., Jiang, M., Li, S., & Yang, Y. (2021). Social support, resilience, and self- esteem protect against common mental health problems in early adolescence: A nonrecursive analysis from a two-year longitudinal study. Medicine, 100(4), e24334. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000024334
  • Luciano, E. C., & Orth, U. (2017). Transitions in romantic relationships and development of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 112(2), 307–328. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000109
  • Mahadevan, N., Gregg, A. P., & Sedikides, C. (2023). How does social status relate to self-esteem and emotion? An integrative test of hierometer theory and social rank theory. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 152(3), 632–656. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001286
  • Mann, M., Hosman, C. M., Schaalma, H. P., & De Vries, N. K. (2004). Self-esteem in a broad-spectrum approach for mental health promotion. Health Education Research, 19(4), 357-372. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyg041
  • Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
  • McCain, J. L., Jonason, P. K., Foster, J. D., & Campbell, W. K. (2015). The bifactor structure and the “dark nomological network” of the State Self-Esteem Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 72, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.08.006
  • Meade, A. W., Johnson, E. C., & Braddy, P. W. (2008). Power and sensitivity of alternative fit indices in tests of measurement invariance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3), 568-592.
  • Mouatsou, C., & Koutra, K. (2023). Emotion regulation in relation with resilience in emerging adults: The mediating role of self-esteem. Current Psychology, 42(1), 734–747. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01427-x
  • Orth, U., & Luciano, E. C. (2015). Self-esteem, narcissism, and stressful life events: Testing for selection and socialization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(4), 707–721. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000049 Orth, U., & Robins, R. W. (2022). Is high self-esteem beneficial? Revisiting a classic question. American Psychologist, 77(1), 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000922
  • Orth, U., Robins, R. W., & Widaman, K. F. (2012). Life-span development of self- esteem and its effects on important life outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(6), 1271–1288. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025558
  • Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Malhotra, A. (2005). E-S-QUAL: A multiple- item scale for assessing electronic service quality. Journal of Service Research, 7(3), 213-233. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670504271156
  • Pendergast, L. L., Von Der Embse, N., Kilgus, S. P., & Eklund, K. R. (2017). Measurement equivalence: A non-technical primer on categorical multi-group confirmatory factor analysis in school psychology. Journal of School Psychology, 60, 65–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2016.11.002
  • Roberts, J. E., & Gamble, S. A. (2001). Current mood-state and past depression as predictors of self-esteem and dysfunctional attitudes among adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(6), 1023–1037. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00093-3
  • Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) [Database record]. APA PsycTests. https://doi.org/10.1037/t01038-000
  • Srivastava, S., & Beer, J. S. (2005). How self-evaluations relate to being liked by others: Integrating sociometer and attachment perspectives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(6), 966–977. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.966
  • Swann, W. B., Jr., Chang-Schneider, C., & Larsen McClarty, K. (2007). Do people's self-views matter? Self-concept and self-esteem in everyday life. American Psychologist, 62(2), 84–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.62.2.84
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2014). Using multivariate statistics (Ed. 6). Pearson.
  • Taber, K. S. (2017). The use of Cronbach’s Alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 48(6), 1273–1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
  • Thomaes, S., Reijntjes, A., Orobio De Castro, B., Bushman, B. J., Poorthuis, A., & Telch, M. J. (2010). I like me if you like me: On the interpersonal modulation and regulation of preadolescents’ state self‐esteem. Child Development, 81(3), 811–825. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01435.x
  • Tse, W. W.-Y., Lai, M. H. C., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Does strict invariance matter? Valid group mean comparisons with ordered-categorical items. Behavior Research Methods, 56(4), 3117–3139. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-023- 02247-6
  • Van Griethuijsen, R. a. L. F., Van Eijck, M. W., Haste, H., Brok, P. J. D., Skinner, N. C., Mansour, N., Gencer, A. S., & BouJaoude, S. (2014). Global patterns in students’ views of science and interest in science. Research in Science Education, 45(4), 581–603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-014-9438-6
  • Vrabel, J. K., Zeigler-Hill, V., & Southard, A. C. (2018). Self-esteem and envy: Is state self-esteem instability associated with the benign and malicious forms of envy? Personality and Individual Differences, 123, 100–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.11.001
  • Yu, M., Lin, H., Wang, G. G., Liu, Y., & Zheng, X. (2022). Is too much as bad as too little? The S-curve relationship between corporate philanthropy and employee performance. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 39(4), 1511–1534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-021-09775-9
  • Zaman, U., Florez-Perez, L., Farías, P., Abbasi, S., Khwaja, M. G., & Wijaksana, T. I. (2021). Shadow of your former self: Exploring project leaders’ post-failure behaviors (resilience, self-esteem and self-efficacy) in high-tech startup projects. Sustainability, 13(22), 12868. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212868.
Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Rehberlik ve Psikolojik Danışmanlık (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

M. Furkan Kurnaz 0000-0003-3773-9418

Nilüfer Koçtürk 0000-0001-6124-1842

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 8 Kasım 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Nisan 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Haziran 2024
Kabul Tarihi 4 Ağustos 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 58 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kurnaz, M. F., & Koçtürk, N. (2025). Adaptation of the Short-Form of State Self-Esteem Scale into Turkish: A Study of Validity and Reliability. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences (JFES), 58(1), 51-85. https://doi.org/10.30964/auebfd.1500410
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