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Antibiyotik Tedavisinde Farmakokinetik/Farmakodinamik Yaklașımın Önemi

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 71 Sayı: 1, 23 - 29, 16.10.2018

Tuğba Gümüștaș

Öz

Enfeksiyon hastalıklarının tedavisinde antibiyotiklerin uygun olmayan dozlamı bakterilerde direnç gelișimine ve buna bağlı olarak dirençli bakteriler ile yeni enfeksiyonların gelișmesine neden olmaktadır. Bu durum enfeksiyon hastalıkların tedavisinde büyük bir sorun olușturmaktadır.

Antimikrobiyal tedaviye cevabı belirleyen farmakodinamik (PD) ve farmakokinetik (PK) ilkelerin anlașılması ve beraber değerlendirilmesi, tedavide uygulanan doz rejimlerinin uygun șekilde düzenlenmesini sağlar.

Antibiyotik etkililiğini tahmin etmek için yaygın olarak kullanılan üç PD/PK parametre; 1) maksimum serum
konsantrasyonunun (Cmaks), minimum inhibitör konsantrasyona (MİK) oranı (Cmaks/MİK), 2) plazma konsantrasyonuna karșı zaman eğrisinde eğri altında kalan alan(EAA) ile MİK arasındaki oran (EAA/MİK) ve 3) antibiyotik plazma konsantrasyonunun MİK değerinin üzerinde olduğu süredir (T>MİK).

PK/PD yaklașıma göre antibiyotikler; 1) konsantrasyon bağımlı etki gösterenler (aminoglikozidler, florokinolonlar vs.), 2) zaman bağımlı etki gösterenler (beta-laktamlar, glikopeptidler vs.)șeklinde iki ana gruba ayrılmaktadırlar. Günlük dozun; birinci grupta tek doz halinde, ikinci grupta ise bölünmüș dozlar halinde verilmesinin daha etkili olduğu gösterilmiș ve bu durum kliniğe bașarılı bir șekilde yansıtılmıștır.

Doz rejimlerini sadece PD parametresi olan MİK değeri ile değil PK/PD yaklașımı ile belirlemek; bașarılı bakteri eradikasyonu sağladığı, toksisiteyi azalttığı, dirençli sușların olușma olasılığını azalttığı ve sonuç olarak klinik bașarıyı arttırdığı için son yıllarda tedavi yaklașımlarında göz önünde bulundurulmaktadır. Bu derlemede, enfeksiyon hastalıklarının tedavisinde PK/PD ilkelere göre antibiyotik kullanımının klinik yansımaları hakkında bilgi verilmiștir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antibiyotikler PK/PD T>MİK Cmaks/MİK EAA/MİK

Proje Numarası

-

Teşekkür

Şekil 1 ve Şekil 2’yi oluştururken, hazırladıkları “Farmakokinetik Simulasyon Programı”nı kullanmamıza izin veren Prof. Dr. H. Ongun Onaran ve Doç. Dr. Kemal Sayar’a teşekkür ederiz.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Mouton JW, Dudley MN, Cars O, Derendorf H, Drusano GL. "Standardization of pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) terminology for anti-infective drugs: an update". J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 55(5):601–7
  • 2. Vaddady PK, Lee RE, Meibohm B. "In vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models in anti- infective drug development: focus on TB". Future Med Chem 2010; 2(8): 1355–1369
  • 3. McKinnon PS, Davis SL. "Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic issues in the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases". Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004; 23(4):271–88
  • 4. Eagle H, Fleischman R, Musselman AD. "The effective concentrations of penicillin in vitro and in vivo for streptococci, pneumococci, and Treponema pallidum". J Bacteriol 1950; 59(5):625–43
  • 5. Eagle H, Fleischman R, Levy M. "'Continuous' vs. 'discontinuous' therapy with penicillin; the effect of the interval between injections on therapeutic efficacy". N Engl J Med 1953; 248(12):481–8
  • 6. Eagle H, Fleischman R, Musselman AD. "Effect of schedule of administration on the therapeutic efficacy of penicillin". Am J Med 1950; 9(3):280–99
  • 7. Ambrose PG, Bhavnani SM, Rubino CM, et al. "Pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics of antimicrobial therapy: it’s not just for mice anymore". Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44(1):79–86
  • 8. Frimodt-Møller N. "How predictive is PK / PD for antibacterial agents?" Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002; 19:333–9
  • 9. Vogelman B, Craig WA. "Kinetics of antimicrobial activity". J Pediatr 1986; 108(5):835–40
  • 10. Ingerman MJ, Pitsakis PG, Rosenberg AF, Levison ME. "The Importance of Pharmacodynamics in Determining the Dosing Interval in Therapy for Experimental Pseudomonas Endocarditis in the Rat". J Infect Dis 1986; 153(4):707–14
  • 11. Craig WA. "Basic pharmacodynamics of antibacterials with clinical applications to the use of β-lactams, glycopeptides, and linezolid". Infect Dis Clin North Am 2003; 17(3):479–501
  • 12. Levison ME, Levison JH. "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antibacterial agents". Infect Dis Clin North Am 2009; 23(4):791–815
  • 13. Nishida M, Murakawa T, Kamimura T, Okada N. "Bactericidal Activity of Cephalosporins in an In Vitro Model Simulating Serum Levels". Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1978; 14(1):6–12
  • 14. Zinner SH, Dudley MN, Gilbert D, Matthew B. "Effect of dose and schedule on cefoperazone pharmacodynamics in an in vitro model of infection in a neutropenic host". Am J Med 1988; 85(1):56–8
  • 15. Vogelman B, Gudmundsson S, Leggett J, et al. "Correlation of Antimicrobial Pharmacokinetic Parameters with Therapeutic Efficacy in an Animal Model". J Infect Dis 1988; 158(4):831–47
  • 16. White CA, Toothaker RD, Smith AL, Slattery JT. "In vitro evaluation of the determinants of bactericidal activity of ampicillin dosing regimens against Escherichia coli". Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989; 33(7):1046–51
  • 17. Bodey GP, Ketchel SJ, Rodriguez V. "A randomized study of carbenicillin plus cefamandole or tobramycin in the treatment of febrile episodes in cancer patients". Am J Med 1979; 67(4):608–16
  • 18. Peetermans WE, Hoogeterp JJ, Hazekamp-van Dokkum AM, van den Broek P, Mattie H. "Antistaphylococcal activities of teicoplanin and vancomycin in vitro and in an experimental infection". Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34(10):1869–74
  • 19. Moise PA, Forrest A, Bhavnani SM, Birmingham MC, Schentag JJ. "Area under the inhibitory curve and a pneumonia scoring system for predicting outcomes of vancomycin therapy for respiratory infections by Staphylococcus aureus". Am J Health Syst Pharm 2000; 57 (Suppl 2):S4–9
  • 20. Holmes NE, Turnidge JD, Munckhof WJ, et al. "Vancomycin AUC/MIC ratio and 30-day mortality in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia". Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57(4):1654–63
  • 21. Rybak MJ, Lomaestro BM, Rotschafer JC, et al. "Vancomycin therapeutic guidelines: a summary of consensus recommendations from the infectious diseases Society of America, the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists". Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49(3):325–7
  • 22. Van Hal SJ, Paterson DL, Lodise TP. "Systematic review and meta-analysis of vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity associated with dosing schedules that maintain troughs between 15 and 20 milligrams per liter". Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57(2):734–44
  • 23. Jung Y, Song K-H, Cho J eun, et al. "Area under the concentration–time curve to minimum inhibitory concentration ratio as a predictor of vancomycin treatment outcome in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia". Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014; 43(2):179–83
  • 24. Casapao AM, Lodise TP, Davis SL, et al. "Association between vancomycin day 1 exposure profile and outcomes among patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis". Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59(6):2978–85
  • 25. Wilson APR, Grüneberg RN, Neu H. "A critical review of the dosage of teicoplanin in Europe and the USA". Int J Antimicrob Agents 1994; 4:1–30
  • 26. Harding I, MacGowan AP, White LO, Darley ESR, Reed V. "Teicoplanin therapy for Staphylococcus aureus septicaemia: relationship between pre-dose serumconcentrations and outcome". J Antimicrob Chemother 2000; 45(6):835–41
  • 27. Chambers HF, Kennedy S. "Effects of dosage, peak and trough concentrations in serum, protein binding, and bactericidal rate on efficacy of teicoplanin in a rabbit model of endocarditis". Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34(4):510–4
  • 28. Di Paolo A, Malacarne P, Guidotti E, Danesi R, Del Tacca M. "Pharmacological Issues of Linezolid". Clin Pharmacokinet 2010; 49(7):439–47
  • 29. Rayner CR, Forrest A, Meagher AK, Birmingham MC, Schentag JJ. "Clinical Pharmacodynamics of Linezolid in Seriously Ill Patients Treated in a Compassionate Use Programme". Clin Pharmacokinet 2003; 42(15):1411–23
  • 30. Dong H, Xie J, Wang T, et al. "Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic evaluation of linezolid for the treatment of staphylococcal infections in critically ill patients". Int J Antimicrob Agents 2016; 48(3):259–64
  • 31. Roberts JA, Paul SK, Akova M, et al. "DALI: Defining Antibiotic Levels in Intensive Care Unit Patients: Are Current Beta-Lactam Antibiotic Doses Sufficient for Critically Ill Patients?" Clin Infect Dis 2014; 58(8):1072–83
  • 32. Bhavnani SM, Hammel JP, Van Wart SA, et al. "Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis for efficacy of ceftaroline fosamil in patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections". Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59(1):372–80
  • 33. Muller AE, Punt N, Mouton JW. "Optimal exposures of ceftazidime predict the probability of microbiological and clinical outcome in the treatment of nosocomialpneumonia". J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68(4):900–6
  • 34. MacVane SH, Kuti JL, Nicolau DP. "Clinical pharmacodynamics of antipseudomonal cephalosporins in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia". Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58(3):1359–64
  • 35. Falagas ME, Tansarli GS, Ikawa K, Vardakas KZ. "Clinical Outcomes With Extended or Continuous Versus Short-term Intravenous Infusion of Carbapenems and Piperacillin/Tazobactam: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56(2):272–82
  • 36. Bauer KA, West JE, O’Brien JM, Goff DA. "Extended-infusion cefepime reduces mortality in patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections". Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57(7):2907–12
  • 37. Dulhunty JM, Roberts JA, Davis JS, et al. "Continuous Infusion of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics in Severe Sepsis: A Multicenter Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial". Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56(2):236–44
  • 38. Yang H, Zhang C, Zhou Q, Wang Y, Chen L. "Clinical Outcomes with Alternative Dosing Strategies for Piperacillin/Tazobactam: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". PLoS One 2015; 10(1):e0116769
  • 39. Drusano GL. "Human pharmacodynamics of beta-lactams, aminoglycosides and their combination". Scand J Infect Dis 1990; 74(Suppl): 235–48
  • 40. Lode H, Borner K, Koeppe P. "Pharmacodynamics of Fluoroquinolones". Clin Infect Dis 1998; 27(1):33–9
  • 41. Abdelraouf K, Linder KE, Nailor MD, Nicolau DP. "Predicting and preventing antimicrobial resistance utilizing pharmacodynamics: part II Gramnegative bacteria". Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2017; 13(7):705–14
  • 42. Moore RD, Smith CR, Lietman PS. "The Association of Aminoglycoside Plasma Levels with Mortality in Patients with Gram-Negative Bacteremia". J Infect Dis 1984; 149(3):443–8
  • 43. Moore RD, Lietman PS, Smith CR. "Clinical Response to Aminoglycoside Therapy: Importance of the Ratio of Peak Concentration to Minimal Inhibitory Concentration". J Infect Dis 1987; 155(1):93–9
  • 44. Preston SL. "Pharmacodynamics of Levofloxacin". JAMA 1998; 279(2):125
  • 45. Forrest A, Nix DE, Ballow CH, et al. "Pharmacodynamics of intravenous ciprofloxacin in seriously ill patients". Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37(5):1073–81
  • 46. Woodnutt G. "Pharmacodynamics to combat resistance". J Antimicrob Chemother 2000; 46 (Suppl T1): 25–31
  • 47. Lister PD. "Pharmacodynamics of moxifloxacin, levofloxacin and sparfloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae". J Antimicrob Chemother 2001; 47(6):811–8
  • 48. Kashuba AD, Nafziger AN, Drusano GL, Bertino JS. "Optimizing aminoglycoside therapy for nosocomial pneumonia caused by gram-negative bacteria". Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43(3):623–9
  • 49. Nicolau DP, Freeman CD, Belliveau PP, et al. "Experience with a once-daily aminoglycoside program administered to 2,184 adult patients". Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39(3):650–5
  • 50. Hatala R. "Once-Daily Aminoglycoside Dosing in Immunocompetent Adults". Ann Intern Med 1996; 124(8):717-25
  • 51. Munckhof WJ, Grayson ML, Turnidge JD. "A meta-analysis of studies on the safety and efficacy of aminoglycosides given either once daily or as divided doses". J Antimicrob Chemother 1996; 37(4):645–63
  • 52. Buijk SE, Mouton JW, Gyssens IC, Verbrugh HA, Bruining HA. "Experience with a once-daily dosing program of aminoglycosides in critically ill patients". Intensive Care Med 2002; 28(7):936–42
  • 53. Rybak MJ, Abate BJ, Kang SL, et al. "Prospective evaluation of the effect of an aminoglycoside dosing regimen on rates of observed nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity". Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43(7):1549–55
  • 54. Drusano GL, Preston SL, Fowler C, et al. "Relationship between fluoroquinolone area under the curve: minimum inhibitory concentration ratio and the probability of eradication of the infecting pathogen, in patients with nosocomial pneumonia". J Infect Dis 2004; 189(9):1590–7
  • 55. Vidaillac C, Rybak MJ. "Daptomycin: Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamic, and Dose Optimization." In: Vinks A., Derendorf H., Mouton J. eds. Fundamentals of Antimicrobial Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. Springer, New York, NY; 2014. p:381–99
  • 56. Safdar N, Andes D, Craig WA. "In Vivo Pharmacodynamic Activity of Daptomycin." Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48(1):63–8
  • 57. Dandekar PK, Tessier PR, Williams P, Nightingale CH, Nicolau DP. "Pharmacodynamic profile of daptomycin against Enterococcus species and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a murine thigh infection model." J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 405–11
  • 58. Oleson FB, Berman CL, Kirkpatrick JB, et al. "Once-Daily Dosing in Dogs Optimizes Daptomycin Safety." Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44(11): 2948–53
  • 59. Kosmidis C, Levine DP. "Daptomycin : pharmacology and clinical use." Expert Opin Pharmacother 2010; 615–25

Importance of Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Concept in Antibiotic Therapy

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 71 Sayı: 1, 23 - 29, 16.10.2018

Tuğba Gümüștaș

Öz

Inappropriate dosing of antibiotics used in the treatment of infectious diseases leads to the emergence of bacterial resistance which in turn, gives rise to the development of new infections with these resistant bacteria. This issue constitutes the major problem in the treatment of infectious diseases.

The recognition and the co-evaluation of the principles of pharmacodynamics (PD) and pharmacokinetics (PK) determining the treatment response to antimicrobial therapy provides the proper arrangement of the dosing regimens used in the treatment.

The three widespreadly used PD/PK parameters for the prediction of antibiotic efficacy are; (1)the ratio of maximum serum concentration (Cmax) to minimum inhibitory conncentration(MIC) (Cmax/MIC), (2) the ratio of the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) to MIC (AUC/MIC), and (3) the duration of the dosing interval that plasma concentrations exceed the MIC value (T>MIC).

According to PD/PK approach, antibiotics are classified as; 1) concentration-dependent (aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, etc.), and 2) time-dependent (betalactams, glycopeptides, etc.). It is demonstrated that the antibiotics in the first group act better when the daily dose is given at a single dose, whereas the antibiotics in the second group act better when the daily dose is given in divided doses.

The determination of dosing regimens by the way of PD/PK approach instead of the MIC value only, has been considered recently in the treatment modalities since it enables successful eradication of bacteria, reduces toxicity, alleviates the likelihood of the generation of resistant strains and consequently increases the clinical success rate. In this review, clinical implications of antibiotic use according to PK/PD principles in the treatment of infectious diseases have been discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antibiotics PK/PD T>MIC Cmax/MIC AUC/MIC

Etik Beyan

-

Destekleyen Kurum

-

Proje Numarası

-

Kaynakça

  • 1. Mouton JW, Dudley MN, Cars O, Derendorf H, Drusano GL. "Standardization of pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) terminology for anti-infective drugs: an update". J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 55(5):601–7
  • 2. Vaddady PK, Lee RE, Meibohm B. "In vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models in anti- infective drug development: focus on TB". Future Med Chem 2010; 2(8): 1355–1369
  • 3. McKinnon PS, Davis SL. "Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic issues in the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases". Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004; 23(4):271–88
  • 4. Eagle H, Fleischman R, Musselman AD. "The effective concentrations of penicillin in vitro and in vivo for streptococci, pneumococci, and Treponema pallidum". J Bacteriol 1950; 59(5):625–43
  • 5. Eagle H, Fleischman R, Levy M. "'Continuous' vs. 'discontinuous' therapy with penicillin; the effect of the interval between injections on therapeutic efficacy". N Engl J Med 1953; 248(12):481–8
  • 6. Eagle H, Fleischman R, Musselman AD. "Effect of schedule of administration on the therapeutic efficacy of penicillin". Am J Med 1950; 9(3):280–99
  • 7. Ambrose PG, Bhavnani SM, Rubino CM, et al. "Pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics of antimicrobial therapy: it’s not just for mice anymore". Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44(1):79–86
  • 8. Frimodt-Møller N. "How predictive is PK / PD for antibacterial agents?" Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002; 19:333–9
  • 9. Vogelman B, Craig WA. "Kinetics of antimicrobial activity". J Pediatr 1986; 108(5):835–40
  • 10. Ingerman MJ, Pitsakis PG, Rosenberg AF, Levison ME. "The Importance of Pharmacodynamics in Determining the Dosing Interval in Therapy for Experimental Pseudomonas Endocarditis in the Rat". J Infect Dis 1986; 153(4):707–14
  • 11. Craig WA. "Basic pharmacodynamics of antibacterials with clinical applications to the use of β-lactams, glycopeptides, and linezolid". Infect Dis Clin North Am 2003; 17(3):479–501
  • 12. Levison ME, Levison JH. "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antibacterial agents". Infect Dis Clin North Am 2009; 23(4):791–815
  • 13. Nishida M, Murakawa T, Kamimura T, Okada N. "Bactericidal Activity of Cephalosporins in an In Vitro Model Simulating Serum Levels". Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1978; 14(1):6–12
  • 14. Zinner SH, Dudley MN, Gilbert D, Matthew B. "Effect of dose and schedule on cefoperazone pharmacodynamics in an in vitro model of infection in a neutropenic host". Am J Med 1988; 85(1):56–8
  • 15. Vogelman B, Gudmundsson S, Leggett J, et al. "Correlation of Antimicrobial Pharmacokinetic Parameters with Therapeutic Efficacy in an Animal Model". J Infect Dis 1988; 158(4):831–47
  • 16. White CA, Toothaker RD, Smith AL, Slattery JT. "In vitro evaluation of the determinants of bactericidal activity of ampicillin dosing regimens against Escherichia coli". Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989; 33(7):1046–51
  • 17. Bodey GP, Ketchel SJ, Rodriguez V. "A randomized study of carbenicillin plus cefamandole or tobramycin in the treatment of febrile episodes in cancer patients". Am J Med 1979; 67(4):608–16
  • 18. Peetermans WE, Hoogeterp JJ, Hazekamp-van Dokkum AM, van den Broek P, Mattie H. "Antistaphylococcal activities of teicoplanin and vancomycin in vitro and in an experimental infection". Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34(10):1869–74
  • 19. Moise PA, Forrest A, Bhavnani SM, Birmingham MC, Schentag JJ. "Area under the inhibitory curve and a pneumonia scoring system for predicting outcomes of vancomycin therapy for respiratory infections by Staphylococcus aureus". Am J Health Syst Pharm 2000; 57 (Suppl 2):S4–9
  • 20. Holmes NE, Turnidge JD, Munckhof WJ, et al. "Vancomycin AUC/MIC ratio and 30-day mortality in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia". Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57(4):1654–63
  • 21. Rybak MJ, Lomaestro BM, Rotschafer JC, et al. "Vancomycin therapeutic guidelines: a summary of consensus recommendations from the infectious diseases Society of America, the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists". Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49(3):325–7
  • 22. Van Hal SJ, Paterson DL, Lodise TP. "Systematic review and meta-analysis of vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity associated with dosing schedules that maintain troughs between 15 and 20 milligrams per liter". Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57(2):734–44
  • 23. Jung Y, Song K-H, Cho J eun, et al. "Area under the concentration–time curve to minimum inhibitory concentration ratio as a predictor of vancomycin treatment outcome in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia". Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014; 43(2):179–83
  • 24. Casapao AM, Lodise TP, Davis SL, et al. "Association between vancomycin day 1 exposure profile and outcomes among patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis". Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59(6):2978–85
  • 25. Wilson APR, Grüneberg RN, Neu H. "A critical review of the dosage of teicoplanin in Europe and the USA". Int J Antimicrob Agents 1994; 4:1–30
  • 26. Harding I, MacGowan AP, White LO, Darley ESR, Reed V. "Teicoplanin therapy for Staphylococcus aureus septicaemia: relationship between pre-dose serumconcentrations and outcome". J Antimicrob Chemother 2000; 45(6):835–41
  • 27. Chambers HF, Kennedy S. "Effects of dosage, peak and trough concentrations in serum, protein binding, and bactericidal rate on efficacy of teicoplanin in a rabbit model of endocarditis". Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34(4):510–4
  • 28. Di Paolo A, Malacarne P, Guidotti E, Danesi R, Del Tacca M. "Pharmacological Issues of Linezolid". Clin Pharmacokinet 2010; 49(7):439–47
  • 29. Rayner CR, Forrest A, Meagher AK, Birmingham MC, Schentag JJ. "Clinical Pharmacodynamics of Linezolid in Seriously Ill Patients Treated in a Compassionate Use Programme". Clin Pharmacokinet 2003; 42(15):1411–23
  • 30. Dong H, Xie J, Wang T, et al. "Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic evaluation of linezolid for the treatment of staphylococcal infections in critically ill patients". Int J Antimicrob Agents 2016; 48(3):259–64
  • 31. Roberts JA, Paul SK, Akova M, et al. "DALI: Defining Antibiotic Levels in Intensive Care Unit Patients: Are Current Beta-Lactam Antibiotic Doses Sufficient for Critically Ill Patients?" Clin Infect Dis 2014; 58(8):1072–83
  • 32. Bhavnani SM, Hammel JP, Van Wart SA, et al. "Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis for efficacy of ceftaroline fosamil in patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections". Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59(1):372–80
  • 33. Muller AE, Punt N, Mouton JW. "Optimal exposures of ceftazidime predict the probability of microbiological and clinical outcome in the treatment of nosocomialpneumonia". J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68(4):900–6
  • 34. MacVane SH, Kuti JL, Nicolau DP. "Clinical pharmacodynamics of antipseudomonal cephalosporins in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia". Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58(3):1359–64
  • 35. Falagas ME, Tansarli GS, Ikawa K, Vardakas KZ. "Clinical Outcomes With Extended or Continuous Versus Short-term Intravenous Infusion of Carbapenems and Piperacillin/Tazobactam: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56(2):272–82
  • 36. Bauer KA, West JE, O’Brien JM, Goff DA. "Extended-infusion cefepime reduces mortality in patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections". Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57(7):2907–12
  • 37. Dulhunty JM, Roberts JA, Davis JS, et al. "Continuous Infusion of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics in Severe Sepsis: A Multicenter Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial". Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56(2):236–44
  • 38. Yang H, Zhang C, Zhou Q, Wang Y, Chen L. "Clinical Outcomes with Alternative Dosing Strategies for Piperacillin/Tazobactam: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". PLoS One 2015; 10(1):e0116769
  • 39. Drusano GL. "Human pharmacodynamics of beta-lactams, aminoglycosides and their combination". Scand J Infect Dis 1990; 74(Suppl): 235–48
  • 40. Lode H, Borner K, Koeppe P. "Pharmacodynamics of Fluoroquinolones". Clin Infect Dis 1998; 27(1):33–9
  • 41. Abdelraouf K, Linder KE, Nailor MD, Nicolau DP. "Predicting and preventing antimicrobial resistance utilizing pharmacodynamics: part II Gramnegative bacteria". Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2017; 13(7):705–14
  • 42. Moore RD, Smith CR, Lietman PS. "The Association of Aminoglycoside Plasma Levels with Mortality in Patients with Gram-Negative Bacteremia". J Infect Dis 1984; 149(3):443–8
  • 43. Moore RD, Lietman PS, Smith CR. "Clinical Response to Aminoglycoside Therapy: Importance of the Ratio of Peak Concentration to Minimal Inhibitory Concentration". J Infect Dis 1987; 155(1):93–9
  • 44. Preston SL. "Pharmacodynamics of Levofloxacin". JAMA 1998; 279(2):125
  • 45. Forrest A, Nix DE, Ballow CH, et al. "Pharmacodynamics of intravenous ciprofloxacin in seriously ill patients". Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37(5):1073–81
  • 46. Woodnutt G. "Pharmacodynamics to combat resistance". J Antimicrob Chemother 2000; 46 (Suppl T1): 25–31
  • 47. Lister PD. "Pharmacodynamics of moxifloxacin, levofloxacin and sparfloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae". J Antimicrob Chemother 2001; 47(6):811–8
  • 48. Kashuba AD, Nafziger AN, Drusano GL, Bertino JS. "Optimizing aminoglycoside therapy for nosocomial pneumonia caused by gram-negative bacteria". Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43(3):623–9
  • 49. Nicolau DP, Freeman CD, Belliveau PP, et al. "Experience with a once-daily aminoglycoside program administered to 2,184 adult patients". Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39(3):650–5
  • 50. Hatala R. "Once-Daily Aminoglycoside Dosing in Immunocompetent Adults". Ann Intern Med 1996; 124(8):717-25
  • 51. Munckhof WJ, Grayson ML, Turnidge JD. "A meta-analysis of studies on the safety and efficacy of aminoglycosides given either once daily or as divided doses". J Antimicrob Chemother 1996; 37(4):645–63
  • 52. Buijk SE, Mouton JW, Gyssens IC, Verbrugh HA, Bruining HA. "Experience with a once-daily dosing program of aminoglycosides in critically ill patients". Intensive Care Med 2002; 28(7):936–42
  • 53. Rybak MJ, Abate BJ, Kang SL, et al. "Prospective evaluation of the effect of an aminoglycoside dosing regimen on rates of observed nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity". Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43(7):1549–55
  • 54. Drusano GL, Preston SL, Fowler C, et al. "Relationship between fluoroquinolone area under the curve: minimum inhibitory concentration ratio and the probability of eradication of the infecting pathogen, in patients with nosocomial pneumonia". J Infect Dis 2004; 189(9):1590–7
  • 55. Vidaillac C, Rybak MJ. "Daptomycin: Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamic, and Dose Optimization." In: Vinks A., Derendorf H., Mouton J. eds. Fundamentals of Antimicrobial Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. Springer, New York, NY; 2014. p:381–99
  • 56. Safdar N, Andes D, Craig WA. "In Vivo Pharmacodynamic Activity of Daptomycin." Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48(1):63–8
  • 57. Dandekar PK, Tessier PR, Williams P, Nightingale CH, Nicolau DP. "Pharmacodynamic profile of daptomycin against Enterococcus species and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a murine thigh infection model." J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 405–11
  • 58. Oleson FB, Berman CL, Kirkpatrick JB, et al. "Once-Daily Dosing in Dogs Optimizes Daptomycin Safety." Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44(11): 2948–53
  • 59. Kosmidis C, Levine DP. "Daptomycin : pharmacology and clinical use." Expert Opin Pharmacother 2010; 615–25
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Temel Farmakoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Tuğba Gümüștaș

Proje Numarası -
Yayımlanma Tarihi 16 Ekim 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 71 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Gümüștaș, T. (2018). Importance of Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Concept in Antibiotic Therapy. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, 71(1), 23-29.
AMA Gümüștaș T. Importance of Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Concept in Antibiotic Therapy. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. Ekim 2018;71(1):23-29.
Chicago Gümüștaș, Tuğba. “Importance of Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Concept in Antibiotic Therapy”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 71, sy. 1 (Ekim 2018): 23-29.
EndNote Gümüștaș T (01 Ekim 2018) Importance of Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Concept in Antibiotic Therapy. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 71 1 23–29.
IEEE T. Gümüștaș, “Importance of Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Concept in Antibiotic Therapy”, Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, c. 71, sy. 1, ss. 23–29, 2018.
ISNAD Gümüștaș, Tuğba. “Importance of Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Concept in Antibiotic Therapy”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 71/1 (Ekim 2018), 23-29.
JAMA Gümüștaș T. Importance of Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Concept in Antibiotic Therapy. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. 2018;71:23–29.
MLA Gümüștaș, Tuğba. “Importance of Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Concept in Antibiotic Therapy”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, c. 71, sy. 1, 2018, ss. 23-29.
Vancouver Gümüștaș T. Importance of Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Concept in Antibiotic Therapy. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. 2018;71(1):23-9.
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