Araştırma Makalesi
Combined use of essential oils with organic acids in modifying performance, intestinal health, caecal microflora, and selected blood and bone parameters in broilers
Öz
Essential oils (EOs) and organic acids (OAs) are promising feed additives with crucial roles in promoting animal health and performance. This study aimed to assess the combined effects of phytobiotics with organic acids (EOAs) in broiler diets for 39 days. A total of daily 300 male chicks were assigned to three groups, each containing 100 chicks with 5 replicates. The basal diet was supplemented with 0, 0.1, and 0.2% EOAs, respectively. EOAs supplementation did not significantly affect performance values. The villus height/crypt depth ratio in the jejunum and villus dimensions in the ileum showed improvement with EOAs. Dietary EOAs supplementation led to a reduction in the count of Enterobacteriaceae and an increase in Lactobacillus in the caecum. Serum IgA and IgG levels increased with EOAs. Ultimate load, yield load, and the levels of ash, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, and manganese in tibia and femur were higher at high levels of EOAs than in the other groups. In conclusion, the study suggests that 0.1% EOAs usage in diets could be a viable option for enhancing intestinal health, immunity, and bone mineralization as an alternative growth promoter, especially in commercial broiler production.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Broiler Essential Oil Intestinal Health Organic Acids Performance.
Kaynakça
- 1. Abdelli N, Perez JF, Vilarrasa E, et al (2020): Targeted-release organic acids and essential oils improve performance and digestive function in broilers under a necrotic enteritis challenge. Animals, 10, 259.
- 2. Abudabos AM, Al-Mufarrej SI (2014): Effects of organic acid supplementation on antioxidant capacity and immune responses of broilers challenged orally with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Typhimurium. S Afr J Anim, 44, 342-349.
- 3. Ajibaiye OE, Onimisi A, Moses O (2018): Effect of a commercial blend of essential oils and organic acids on the performance of broiler chickens. NJAP, 45, 218-227.
- 4. AOAC (2000): Official Methods of Analysis, 17th Ed. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD.
- 5. Aristimunha PC, Rosa AP, Boemo LS, et al (2016): A blend of benzoic acid and essential oil compounds as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in broiler diets. J Appl Poult Res, 25, 455-463.
- 6. Aviagen (2014): Ross 308 Broiler: Nutrient Specifications. Aviagen. 0814-AVNR-035.
- 7. Basiouni S, Tellez-Isaias G, Latorre JD et al (2023): Anti-inflammatory and antioxidative phytogenic substances against secret killers in poultry: Current status and prospects. Vet Sci, 10, 10055.
- 8. Basmacıoğlu-Malayoğlu H, Özdemir P, Bağrıyanık HA (2016): Influence of an organic acid blend and essential oil blend, individually or in combination, on growth performance, carcass parameters, apparent digestibility, intestinal microflora and intestinal morphology of broilers. Brt Poult Sci, 57, 227-234.
- 9. Boss CB, Freeden KJ (1989): Concepts, instrumentation and techniques in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Norwalk, CT: Perkin-Elmer Corporation.
- 10. Brekelmans P, van Ewijk W (1990): Phenotypic characterization of murine thymic microenvironments. Semin Immunol, 2, 13-24.
- 11. Dai D, Qiu K, Zhang HJ, et al (2021): Organic acids as alternatives for antibiotic growth promoters alter the intestinal structure and microbiota and improve the growth performance in broilers. Front Microbiol, 11, 1-14.
- 12. Dawson B, Trapp RG (2001): Basic and Clinical Biostatistics. 3rd Ed. Lange Med. Books/McGraw-Hill Med. Publ. Div. New York, NY.
- 13. Deniz G, Cengiz ŞŞ, Efil MM, et al (2025): Effects of dietary fennel volatile oil on performance, egg quality, and egg yolk oxidative stability of laying quails. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg, 72, 1, 59-66.
- 14. Dong Y, Gao X, Qiao C, et al (2024): Effects of mixed organic acids and essential oils in drinking water on growth performance, intestinal digestive capacity, and immune status in broiler chickens. Animals, 14, 2160.
- 15. Fascina VB, Pasquali GAM, Carvalho FB, et al (2017): Effects of phytogenic additives and organic acids, alone or in combination, on the performance, intestinal quality and immune responses of broiler chickens. Braz J Poult Sci, 19, 497-508.
- 16. Fascina VB, Sartori JR, Gonzales E, et al (2012): Phytogenic additives and organic acids in broiler chicken diets. Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci, 41, 2189-2197.
- 17. FDA (2001): Chapter 3 - Aerobic Plate Count. In: Bacteriological Analytical Manual. Available at http://www.fda.gov/Food/ScienceResearch/LaboratoryMethods/BacteriologicalAnalyticalManualBAM/ucm063346.htm. (Accessed 01.03.2019).
- 18. Giannenas I, Papaneophytou CP, Tsalie E, et al (2014): Dietary supplementation of benzoic acid and essential oil compounds affects buffering capacity of the feeds, performance of Turkey poults and their antioxidant status, pH in the digestive tract, intestinal microbiota and morphology. AJAS, 27, 225-236.
- 19. Gümüş E, Bayraktaroğlu AG, Kara K, et al (2024): Influence of the dietary supplement of protected calcium butyrate in growing Japanese quail diets on performance, carcass parameters, blood serum biochemical status, meat quality, and jejunum histomorphology. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg, 71, 2, 117-124.
- 20. Iqbal H, Rahman A, Khanum S, et al (2021): Effect of essential oil and organic acid on performance, gut health, bacterial count and serological parameters in broiler. Braz J Poult Sci, 23, 1443.
- 21. Isabel B, Santos Y (2009): Effects of dietary organic acids and essential oils on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. J Appl Poult Res, 18, 472-476.
- 22. ISO (1998): Microbiology of Food and Animal Feedingstuffs-Horizontal Method for the Enumeration of Mesophilic Lactic Acid Bacteria –Colony-Count Technique at 30 degrees C. ISO 15214:1998. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
- 23. ISO (2017): Microbiology of the Food Chain – Horizontal Method for the Detection and Enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae – Part 2: Colony-Count Technique. ISO 21528-2:2017, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
- 24. Janjic J, Sevic-Savic K, Markovic R, et al (2022): Influence of phytobiotics in feed on the cost-effectiveness of broiler production during fattening. Meat Tech, 63, 51-58.
- 25. Jerzsele A, Szeker K, Csizinszky R, et al (2012): Efficacy of protected sodium butyrate, a protected blend of essential oils, their combination, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens spore suspension against artificially induced necrotic enteritis in broilers. Poult Sci, 91, 837-843.
- 26. Julian RJ (2005): Production and growth related disorders and other metabolic diseases of poultry- A review. Vet J, 169, 350-369.
- 27. Karatzas AK, Kets EPW, Smid EJ et al (2001): The combined action of carvacrol and high hydrostatic pressure on Listeria monocytogenes Scott A. J Appl Microbiol, 90, 463-469.
- 28. Kaya CA, Tuncer ŞD (2009): The effects of an organic acids and etheric oils mixture on fattening performance, carcass quality and some blood parameters of broilers. J Anim Vet Adv, 8, 94-98.
- 29. Liu SD, Song MH, Yun W, et al (2019): Effects of a mixture of essential oils and organic acid supplementation on growth performance, blood profiles, leg bone length, and intestinal morphology in broilers. Korean J Agric Sci, 46, 285-292.
- 30. Liu Y, Yang X, Xin H, et al (2017): Effects of a protected inclusion of organic acids and essential oils as antibiotic growth promoter alternative on growth performance, intestinal morphology and gut microflora in broilers. Anim Sci J, 88, 1414-1424.
- 31. Ma J, Mahfuz S, Wang J, et al (2021): Effect of dietary supplementation with mixed organic acids on immune function, antioxidative characteristics, digestive enzymes activity, and intestinal health in broiler chickens. Front Nutr, 8, 673316.
- 32. Onbaşılar E, Kahraman M, Ahlat O, et al (2017): Differences in egg nutrient availability and embryo development in White layer breeder genotypes. Poult Sci, 96, 3600-3607.
- 33. Onbaşılar EE, Kahraman M, Güngör Ö et al (2020): Effects of cage type on performance, welfare, and microbiological properties of laying hens during the molting period and the second production cycle. Trop Anim Health Prod, 52, 3713-3724.
- 34. Pham VH, Abbas W, Huang J, et al (2022). Effect of blending encapsulated essential oils and organic acids as an antibiotic growth promoter alternative on growth performance and intestinal health in broilers with necrotic enteritis. Poult Sci, 101, 101563.
- 35. Ruff J, Tellez G, Jr, Forga AJ, et al (2021): Evaluation of three formulations of essential oils in broiler chickens under cyclic heat stress. Animals, 11, 1084.
- 36. Sevim B, Çufadar Y (2021): Effects of essential oils and their combinations added to broiler diets on the mineral contents of some tissues and bone breaking strength. Rocz Nauk Pol Tow Zootech, 17, 59-69.
- 37. Shehata AA, Yalçın S, Latorre JD, et al (2022): Probiotics, prebiotics, and phytogenic substances for optimizing gut health in poultry. Microorganisms, 10, 395.
- 38. Simske S, Greenberg A, Luttges M (1991): Effects of suspension-induced osteopenia on the mechanical behaviour of mouse long bones. J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 2, 43-50.
- 39. Song ZH, Cheng K, Zheng XC, et al (2018): Effects of dietary supplementation with enzymatically treated Artemisia annua on growth performance, intestinal morphology, digestive enzyme activities, immunity, and antioxidant capacity of heat-stressed broilers. Poult Sci, 97, 430-437.
- 40. Stefanello C, Rosa DP, Dalmoro YK, et al (2020): Protected blend of organic acids and essential oils improves growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal health of broiler chickens undergoing an intestinal challenge. Front Vet Sci, 6, 1-10.
- 41. Timbermont L, Lanckriet A, Dewulf J, et al (2010): Control of Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis in broilers by target-released butyric acid, fatty acids and essential oils. Avian Pathol, 39, 117-121.
- 42. Waldenstedt L (2006): Nutritional factors of importance for optimal leg health in broilers: A review. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 126, 291-307.
- 43. Weber GM, Michalczuk M, Huyghebaert G, et al (2012): Effects of a blend of essential oil compounds and benzoic acid on performance of broiler chickens as revealed by a meta-analysis of 4 growth trials in various locations. Poult Sci 91, 2820-2828.
- 44. Williams B, Solomon S, Waddington D, et al (2000): Skeletal development in the meat-type chicken. Brt Poult Sci, 41, 141-149.
- 45. Yalçın S, Erol H, Özsoy B, et al (2008): Effects of the usage of dried brewing yeast in the diets on the performance, egg traits and blood parameters in quails. Animal, 2, 1780-1785.
- 46. Yalçın S, Onbaşılar İ, Kocaoğlu B (1997): The usage of lactic acid in quail fattening. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg, 44, 169-181.
- 47. Yalçın S, Ramay MS, Güntürkün OB, et al (2023): Efficacy of mono- and multistrain synbiotics supplementation in modifying performance, caecal fermentation, intestinal health, meat and bone quality, and some blood biochemical indices in broilers. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr, 107, 262-274.
- 48. Yang X, Liu Y, Yan F, et al (2019): Effects of encapsulated organic acids and essential oils on intestinal barrier, microbial count, and bacterial metabolites in broiler chickens. Poult Sci, 98, 2858-2865.
- 49. Yang X, Xin H, Yang C, et al (2018): Impact of essential oils and organic acids on the growth performance, digestive functions and immunity of broiler chickens. Anim Nutr, 4, 388-393.
- 50. Zhang KY, Yan F, Keen CA, et al (2005): Evaluation of microencapsulated essential oils and organic acids in diets for broiler chickens. Int J Poult Sci, 4, 612-619.
Combined use of essential oils with organic acids in modifying performance, ıntestinal health, cecal microflora, and selected blood and bone parameters in broilers
Öz
Essential oils (EOs) and organic acids (OAs) are promising feed additives with crucial roles in promoting animal health and performance. This study aimed to assess the combined effects of phytobiotics with organic acids (EOAs) in broiler diets for 39 days. Daily 300 male chicks were assigned to three groups, each containing 100 chicks with 5 replicates. The basal diet was supplemented with 0, 0.1, and 0.2% EOAs, respectively. EOAs supplementation did not significantly affect performance values. The villus height/crypt depth ratio in the jejunum and villus dimensions in the ileum showed improvement with EOAs. Dietary EOAs supplementation led to a reduction in the count of Enterobacteriaceae and an increase in Lactobacillus in the caecum. Serum IgA and IgG levels increased with EOAs. Ultimate load, yield load, and the levels of ash, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, and manganese in the tibia and femur were higher at high levels of EOAs than in the other groups. In conclusion, the study suggests that 0.1% EOAs usage in diets could be a viable option for enhancing intestinal health, immunity, and bone mineralization as an alternative growth promoter, especially in commercial broiler production.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Bone Parameters Broiler Essential Oil Intestinal Health Organic Acids Performance.
Kaynakça
- 1. Abdelli N, Perez JF, Vilarrasa E, et al (2020): Targeted-release organic acids and essential oils improve performance and digestive function in broilers under a necrotic enteritis challenge. Animals, 10, 259.
- 2. Abudabos AM, Al-Mufarrej SI (2014): Effects of organic acid supplementation on antioxidant capacity and immune responses of broilers challenged orally with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Typhimurium. S Afr J Anim, 44, 342-349.
- 3. Ajibaiye OE, Onimisi A, Moses O (2018): Effect of a commercial blend of essential oils and organic acids on the performance of broiler chickens. NJAP, 45, 218-227.
- 4. AOAC (2000): Official Methods of Analysis, 17th Ed. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD.
- 5. Aristimunha PC, Rosa AP, Boemo LS, et al (2016): A blend of benzoic acid and essential oil compounds as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in broiler diets. J Appl Poult Res, 25, 455-463.
- 6. Aviagen (2014): Ross 308 Broiler: Nutrient Specifications. Aviagen. 0814-AVNR-035.
- 7. Basiouni S, Tellez-Isaias G, Latorre JD et al (2023): Anti-inflammatory and antioxidative phytogenic substances against secret killers in poultry: Current status and prospects. Vet Sci, 10, 10055.
- 8. Basmacıoğlu-Malayoğlu H, Özdemir P, Bağrıyanık HA (2016): Influence of an organic acid blend and essential oil blend, individually or in combination, on growth performance, carcass parameters, apparent digestibility, intestinal microflora and intestinal morphology of broilers. Brt Poult Sci, 57, 227-234.
- 9. Boss CB, Freeden KJ (1989): Concepts, instrumentation and techniques in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Norwalk, CT: Perkin-Elmer Corporation.
- 10. Brekelmans P, van Ewijk W (1990): Phenotypic characterization of murine thymic microenvironments. Semin Immunol, 2, 13-24.
- 11. Dai D, Qiu K, Zhang HJ, et al (2021): Organic acids as alternatives for antibiotic growth promoters alter the intestinal structure and microbiota and improve the growth performance in broilers. Front Microbiol, 11, 1-14.
- 12. Dawson B, Trapp RG (2001): Basic and Clinical Biostatistics. 3rd Ed. Lange Med. Books/McGraw-Hill Med. Publ. Div. New York, NY.
- 13. Deniz G, Cengiz ŞŞ, Efil MM, et al (2025): Effects of dietary fennel volatile oil on performance, egg quality, and egg yolk oxidative stability of laying quails. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg, 72, 1, 59-66.
- 14. Dong Y, Gao X, Qiao C, et al (2024): Effects of mixed organic acids and essential oils in drinking water on growth performance, intestinal digestive capacity, and immune status in broiler chickens. Animals, 14, 2160.
- 15. Fascina VB, Pasquali GAM, Carvalho FB, et al (2017): Effects of phytogenic additives and organic acids, alone or in combination, on the performance, intestinal quality and immune responses of broiler chickens. Braz J Poult Sci, 19, 497-508.
- 16. Fascina VB, Sartori JR, Gonzales E, et al (2012): Phytogenic additives and organic acids in broiler chicken diets. Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci, 41, 2189-2197.
- 17. FDA (2001): Chapter 3 - Aerobic Plate Count. In: Bacteriological Analytical Manual. Available at http://www.fda.gov/Food/ScienceResearch/LaboratoryMethods/BacteriologicalAnalyticalManualBAM/ucm063346.htm. (Accessed 01.03.2019).
- 18. Giannenas I, Papaneophytou CP, Tsalie E, et al (2014): Dietary supplementation of benzoic acid and essential oil compounds affects buffering capacity of the feeds, performance of Turkey poults and their antioxidant status, pH in the digestive tract, intestinal microbiota and morphology. AJAS, 27, 225-236.
- 19. Gümüş E, Bayraktaroğlu AG, Kara K, et al (2024): Influence of the dietary supplement of protected calcium butyrate in growing Japanese quail diets on performance, carcass parameters, blood serum biochemical status, meat quality, and jejunum histomorphology. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg, 71, 2, 117-124.
- 20. Iqbal H, Rahman A, Khanum S, et al (2021): Effect of essential oil and organic acid on performance, gut health, bacterial count and serological parameters in broiler. Braz J Poult Sci, 23, 1443.
- 21. Isabel B, Santos Y (2009): Effects of dietary organic acids and essential oils on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. J Appl Poult Res, 18, 472-476.
- 22. ISO (1998): Microbiology of Food and Animal Feedingstuffs-Horizontal Method for the Enumeration of Mesophilic Lactic Acid Bacteria –Colony-Count Technique at 30 degrees C. ISO 15214:1998. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
- 23. ISO (2017): Microbiology of the Food Chain – Horizontal Method for the Detection and Enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae – Part 2: Colony-Count Technique. ISO 21528-2:2017, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
- 24. Janjic J, Sevic-Savic K, Markovic R, et al (2022): Influence of phytobiotics in feed on the cost-effectiveness of broiler production during fattening. Meat Tech, 63, 51-58.
- 25. Jerzsele A, Szeker K, Csizinszky R, et al (2012): Efficacy of protected sodium butyrate, a protected blend of essential oils, their combination, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens spore suspension against artificially induced necrotic enteritis in broilers. Poult Sci, 91, 837-843.
- 26. Julian RJ (2005): Production and growth related disorders and other metabolic diseases of poultry- A review. Vet J, 169, 350-369.
- 27. Karatzas AK, Kets EPW, Smid EJ et al (2001): The combined action of carvacrol and high hydrostatic pressure on Listeria monocytogenes Scott A. J Appl Microbiol, 90, 463-469.
- 28. Kaya CA, Tuncer ŞD (2009): The effects of an organic acids and etheric oils mixture on fattening performance, carcass quality and some blood parameters of broilers. J Anim Vet Adv, 8, 94-98.
- 29. Liu SD, Song MH, Yun W, et al (2019): Effects of a mixture of essential oils and organic acid supplementation on growth performance, blood profiles, leg bone length, and intestinal morphology in broilers. Korean J Agric Sci, 46, 285-292.
- 30. Liu Y, Yang X, Xin H, et al (2017): Effects of a protected inclusion of organic acids and essential oils as antibiotic growth promoter alternative on growth performance, intestinal morphology and gut microflora in broilers. Anim Sci J, 88, 1414-1424.
- 31. Ma J, Mahfuz S, Wang J, et al (2021): Effect of dietary supplementation with mixed organic acids on immune function, antioxidative characteristics, digestive enzymes activity, and intestinal health in broiler chickens. Front Nutr, 8, 673316.
- 32. Onbaşılar E, Kahraman M, Ahlat O, et al (2017): Differences in egg nutrient availability and embryo development in White layer breeder genotypes. Poult Sci, 96, 3600-3607.
- 33. Onbaşılar EE, Kahraman M, Güngör Ö et al (2020): Effects of cage type on performance, welfare, and microbiological properties of laying hens during the molting period and the second production cycle. Trop Anim Health Prod, 52, 3713-3724.
- 34. Pham VH, Abbas W, Huang J, et al (2022). Effect of blending encapsulated essential oils and organic acids as an antibiotic growth promoter alternative on growth performance and intestinal health in broilers with necrotic enteritis. Poult Sci, 101, 101563.
- 35. Ruff J, Tellez G, Jr, Forga AJ, et al (2021): Evaluation of three formulations of essential oils in broiler chickens under cyclic heat stress. Animals, 11, 1084.
- 36. Sevim B, Çufadar Y (2021): Effects of essential oils and their combinations added to broiler diets on the mineral contents of some tissues and bone breaking strength. Rocz Nauk Pol Tow Zootech, 17, 59-69.
- 37. Shehata AA, Yalçın S, Latorre JD, et al (2022): Probiotics, prebiotics, and phytogenic substances for optimizing gut health in poultry. Microorganisms, 10, 395.
- 38. Simske S, Greenberg A, Luttges M (1991): Effects of suspension-induced osteopenia on the mechanical behaviour of mouse long bones. J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 2, 43-50.
- 39. Song ZH, Cheng K, Zheng XC, et al (2018): Effects of dietary supplementation with enzymatically treated Artemisia annua on growth performance, intestinal morphology, digestive enzyme activities, immunity, and antioxidant capacity of heat-stressed broilers. Poult Sci, 97, 430-437.
- 40. Stefanello C, Rosa DP, Dalmoro YK, et al (2020): Protected blend of organic acids and essential oils improves growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal health of broiler chickens undergoing an intestinal challenge. Front Vet Sci, 6, 1-10.
- 41. Timbermont L, Lanckriet A, Dewulf J, et al (2010): Control of Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis in broilers by target-released butyric acid, fatty acids and essential oils. Avian Pathol, 39, 117-121.
- 42. Waldenstedt L (2006): Nutritional factors of importance for optimal leg health in broilers: A review. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 126, 291-307.
- 43. Weber GM, Michalczuk M, Huyghebaert G, et al (2012): Effects of a blend of essential oil compounds and benzoic acid on performance of broiler chickens as revealed by a meta-analysis of 4 growth trials in various locations. Poult Sci 91, 2820-2828.
- 44. Williams B, Solomon S, Waddington D, et al (2000): Skeletal development in the meat-type chicken. Brt Poult Sci, 41, 141-149.
- 45. Yalçın S, Erol H, Özsoy B, et al (2008): Effects of the usage of dried brewing yeast in the diets on the performance, egg traits and blood parameters in quails. Animal, 2, 1780-1785.
- 46. Yalçın S, Onbaşılar İ, Kocaoğlu B (1997): The usage of lactic acid in quail fattening. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg, 44, 169-181.
- 47. Yalçın S, Ramay MS, Güntürkün OB, et al (2023): Efficacy of mono- and multistrain synbiotics supplementation in modifying performance, caecal fermentation, intestinal health, meat and bone quality, and some blood biochemical indices in broilers. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr, 107, 262-274.
- 48. Yang X, Liu Y, Yan F, et al (2019): Effects of encapsulated organic acids and essential oils on intestinal barrier, microbial count, and bacterial metabolites in broiler chickens. Poult Sci, 98, 2858-2865.
- 49. Yang X, Xin H, Yang C, et al (2018): Impact of essential oils and organic acids on the growth performance, digestive functions and immunity of broiler chickens. Anim Nutr, 4, 388-393.
- 50. Zhang KY, Yan F, Keen CA, et al (2005): Evaluation of microencapsulated essential oils and organic acids in diets for broiler chickens. Int J Poult Sci, 4, 612-619.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Zootekni, Genetik ve Biyoistatistik |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 13 Haziran 2025 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Temmuz 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 6 Ocak 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 16 Mayıs 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 72 Sayı: 3 |
