Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Çevre kalitesine yeni bir bakış açısı: Farklı sektörlere gelen DYY’lerin yük kapasitesi faktörleri yoluyla incelenmesi - Türkiye'den ampirik kanıt

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 53, 193 - 214, 12.06.2025

Emre Gökçeli , Nurullah Altıntaş , Mohammad Hakkak

https://doi.org/10.31795/baunsobed.1567950

Öz

İklim değişikliği, son on yıllarda sadece doğal habitatlar için değil, insanlık için de ciddi bir tehdit oluşturmaktadır. Bu durum göz önüne alındığında, iklim değişikliğinin altında yatan nedenler literatürde kapsamlı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. Ekonomik faaliyetler ile çevresel bozulma arasında pozitif bir ilişki olduğu bulunmuştur. Ekonomik faaliyetlerin önemli bir bileşeni olarak, doğrudan yabancı yatırımın (DYY) çevre kalitesi üzerindeki etkisi son zamanlarda araştırmacıların ilgisini çekmektedir. Mevcut çalışmalar genel DYY girişlerinin çevresel tahribat üzerindeki etkisine odaklanmakta olup, sektörel bazda DYY girişlerinin çevre kalitesi üzerindeki etkisini inceleyen bir çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışmanın amacı söz konusu boşluğu doldurarak birincil, imalat ve hizmet sektörlerine gelen DYY akışlarının çevresel bozulma üzerindeki etkisini Türkiye için 1992-2018 dönemi boyunca Otoregresif Dağıtılmış Gecikme (ARDL) modelinin uygulayarak incelemektir. Çalışmanın sonuçları, Türkiye'de hizmet sektörüne yapılan DYY akışlarının hem kısa hem de uzun vadede çevre kalitesi üzerinde olumlu bir etki yarattığını göstermektedir. Öte yandan, imalat sektörüne yapılan DYY ise her iki dönemde de çevresel bozulmayı hızlandırdığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Benzer şekilde, birincil sektöre yapılan DYY akışlarının çevre kalitesi üzerinde negatif etki yarattığı, ancak kısa dönemde anlamlı bir etkisinin olmadığı bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, bu çalışma gelir ile yük kapasitesi faktörü (LCF) arasındaki U şeklinde bir ilişki olup olmadığını, yük kapasitesi eğrisi (LCC) hipotezi çerçevesinde incelemiştir. Sonuçlar, LCC hipotezinin Türkiye'de geçerliliğini doğrulamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sektörel DYY girişleri Yük kapasitesi faktörü Yük kapasitesi eğrisi

Kaynakça

  • Alam, I., & Quazi, R. (2003). Determinants of capital flight: An econometric case study of Bangladesh. International Review of Applied Economics, 17(1), 85-103. https://doi.org/10.1080/713673164
  • Alfaro, L., Chanda, A., Kalemli-Ozcan, S., & Sayek, S. (2004). FDI and economic growth: the role of local financial markets. Journal Of International Economics, 64(1), 89-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1996(03)00081-3
  • Al-Mulali, U., Saboori, B., & Ozturk, I. (2015). Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Vietnam. Energy Policy, 76(1), 123-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.11.019
  • Apergis, N., Payne, J. E., Menyah, K., & Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2010). On the causal dynamics between emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy, and economic growth. Ecological Economics, 69(11), 2255-2260. https://doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.014
  • Atici, G., & Gursoy, G. (2012). Foreign direct investment and export decision relationship in the large Turkish firms. Journal of Applied Finance & Banking, 2(4), 167-184. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2142419
  • Behera, S. R., & Dash, D. P. (2017). The effect of urbanization, energy consumption, and foreign direct investment on the carbon dioxide emission in the SSEA (South and Southeast Asian) region. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70(1), 96-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.201
  • Bilgili, F., Koçak, E., & Bulut, Ü. (2016). The dynamic impact of renewable energy consumption on CO2 emissions: a revisited Environmental Kuznets Curve approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54(1), 838-845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.080
  • Bölük, G., & Mert, M. (2014). Fossil & renewable energy consumption, GHGs (greenhouse gases) and economic growth: Evidence from a panel of EU (European Union) countries. Energy, 74(1), 439-446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.07.008
  • Bruns, S. B., & Gross, C. (2013). What if energy time series are not independent? Implications for energy-GDP causality analysis. Energy Economics, 40(1), 753-759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2013.08.020
  • Caglar, A. E. (2020). The importance of renewable energy consumption and FDI inflows in reducing environmental degradation: bootstrap ARDL bound test in selected 9 countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 264, 121663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121663
  • Carkovic, M., & Levine, R. (2005). Does foreign direct investment accelerate economic growth? In T. H. Moran, E. M. Graham, & M. Blomström (Ed.), Does foreign direct investment promote development? (pp. 195–220). Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics.
  • Chang, S. C. (2015). Threshold effect of foreign direct investment on environmental degradation. Portuguese Economic Journal, 14, 75-102. https://doi 10.1007/s10258-015-0112-3
  • Chen, H., Jia, B., & Lau, S. S. Y. (2008). Sustainable urban form for Chinese compact cities: Challenges of a rapid urbanized economy. Habitat international, 32(1), 28-40. https://doi: 10.1016/j.habitatint.2007.06.005
  • Christoforidis, T., & Katrakilidis, C. (2022). Does foreign direct investment matter for environmental degradation? Empirical Evidence from Central–Eastern European Countries. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 13(4), 2665-2694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-021-00820-y
  • Cil, N. (2023). Re-examination of pollution haven hypothesis for Türkiye with Fourier approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(4), 10024-10036. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22800-8
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American statistical association, 74(366a), 427-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1979.10482531
  • Dinda, S. (2004). Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: a survey. Ecological Economics, 49(4), 431-455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.02.011
  • Dogan, E., & Turkekul, B. (2016). CO 2 emissions, real output, energy consumption, trade, urbanization and financial development: testing the EKC hypothesis for the USA. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 1203-1213. https://doi10.1007/s11356-015-5323-8
  • Durham, J. B. (2004). Absorptive capacity and the effects of foreign direct investment and equity foreign portfolio investment on economic growth. European Economic Review, 48(2), 285-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2921(02)00264-7
  • Faheem, M., Hussain, S., ArsalanTanveer, Safdar, N., & Anwer, M. A. (2022). Does foreign direct investment asymmetrically affect the mitigation of environmental degradation in Malaysia?. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16231-0
  • Höhne, N., Khosla, S., Fekete, H., & Gilbert, A. (2012). Mapping of green finance delivered. The Netherlands: Ecofys
  • Gokceli, E. (2022). The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on Environmental Degradation: Evidence from Türkiye . Düzce İktisat Dergisi, 3(2), 149-163.
  • Hakkak, M., Altintaş, N., & Hakkak, S. (2023). Exploring the relationship between nuclear and renewable energy usage, ecological footprint, and load capacity factor: A study of the Russian Federation testing the EKC and LCC hypothesis. Renewable Energy Focus, 46, 356–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2023.07.005
  • Haug, A. A., & Ucal, M. (2019). The role of trade and FDI for CO2 emissions in Türkiye: Nonlinear relationships. Energy Economics, 81, 297-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.04.006
  • Hitam, M. B., & Borhan, H. B. (2012). FDI, growth and the environment: impact on quality of life in Malaysia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 50, 333-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.08.038
  • International Direct Investment Statistics Yearbook (from 2002 to 2019). 2023. Available online: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/finance-and-investment/international-direct-investment-statistics-yearbook-2002_idis-2002-en-fr (Accessed on 18 August 2023).
  • Jailani, M. Z., & Masih, M. (2015). Determining the relationship between financial development and economic growth: An application of ARDL technique to Singapore. Jailani, (Working paper). INCEIF, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
  • Jiang, L., Zhou, H. F., Bai, L., & Zhou, P. (2018). Does foreign direct investment drive environmental degradation in China? An empirical study based on air quality index from a spatial perspective. Journal of cleaner production, 176, 864-872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.048
  • Kanas, A., & Kouretas, G. P. (2005). A cointegration approach to the lead–lag effect among size-sorted equity portfolios. International Review of Economics & Finance, 14(2), 181-201.
  • Kaya Kanlı, N., & Küçükefe, B. (2023). Is the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis valid? A global analysis for carbon dioxide emissions. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25(3), 2339-2367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02138-4
  • Khan, M. A., & Ozturk, I. (2020). Examining foreign direct investment and environmental pollution linkage in Asia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 7244-7255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07387-x
  • Kim, M. H., & Adilov, N. (2012). The lesser of two evils: an empirical investigation of foreign direct investment-pollution tradeoff. Applied Economics, 44(20), 2597-2606. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2011.566187
  • Kirikkaleli, D., Güngör, H., & Adebayo, T. S. (2022). Consumption‐based carbon emissions, renewable energy consumption, financial development and economic growth in Chile. Business Strategy and the Environment, 31(3), 1123-1137. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2945
  • Kisswani, K. M., & Zaitouni, M. (2021). Does FDI affect environmental degradation? Examining pollution haven and pollution halo hypotheses using ARDL modelling. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/13547860.2021.1949086
  • Koçak, E., & Şarkgüneşi, A. (2018). The impact of foreign direct investment on CO2 emissions in Türkiye: new evidence from cointegration and bootstrap causality analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(1), 790-804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0468-2
  • Lee, J., & Strazicich, M. C. (2003). Minimum Lagrange multiplier unit root test with two structural breaks. Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 1082-1089. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465303772815961
  • Lee, J. H. (2013). An overview of phytoremediation as a potentially promising technology for environmental pollution control. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, 18, 431-439. https://doi 10.1007/s12257-013-0193-8
  • Mert, M., & Bölük, G. (2016). Do foreign direct investment and renewable energy consumption affect the CO 2 emissions? New evidence from a panel ARDL approach to Kyoto Annex countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 21669-21681. DOI 10.1007/s11356-016-7413-7
  • Muhammad, B., Khan, M. K., Khan, M. I., & Khan, S. (2021). Impact of foreign direct investment, natural resources, renewable energy consumption, and economic growth on environmental degradation: evidence from BRICS, developing, developed and global countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 21789-21798. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-12084-1
  • Nadeem, A. M., Ali, T., Khan, M. T., & Guo, Z. (2020). Relationship between inward FDI and environmental degradation for Pakistan: an exploration of pollution haven hypothesis through ARDL approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 15407-15425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08083-x
  • Narayan, P. K., & Narayan, S. (2010). Carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth: Panel data evidence from developing countries. Energy Policy, 38(1), 661-666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.09.005
  • Ozturk, I. (2007). Foreign direct investment-growth nexus: a review of the recent literature. International Journal of Applied Econometrics and Quantitative Studies, 4(2). https://ssrn.com/abstract=1127314
  • Omri, A., Nguyen, D. K., & Rault, C. (2014). Causal interactions between CO2 emissions, FDI, and economic growth: Evidence from dynamic simultaneous-equation models. Economic Modelling, 42, 382-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.07.026Get rights and content
  • Pata, U., & Isik, C. (2021). Determinants of the load capacity factor in China: A novel dynamic ARDL approach for ecological footprint accounting. Resources Policy, 74, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102313
  • Pata, U. K. (2021). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, economic complexity, CO 2 emissions, and ecological footprint in the USA: testing the EKC hypothesis with a structural break. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 846-861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10446-3
  • Pata, U. K., & Tanriover, B. (2023). Is the load capacity curve hypothesis valid for the top ten tourism destinations?. Sustainability, 15(2), 960. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15020960
  • Pavlovi´c, A.; Njegovan, M.; Ivaniševi´c, A.; Radiši´c, M.; Takaˇci, A.; Lošonc, A.; Kot, S.(2021) The Impact of Foreign Direct Investments and Economic Growth on Environmental Degradation: The Case of the Balkans. Energies 2021, 14 (3), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030566
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (1999). An autoregressive distributed lag modelling approach to cointegration analysis. In S. Strøm (Ed.), Econometrics and economic theory in the 20th century: The Ragnar Frisch centennial symposium (pp. 371–413). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y., Smith, R.J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics. 16 (3): 289–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  • Pradhan, A. K., Sachan, A., Sahu, U. K., & Mohindra, V. (2022). Do foreign direct investment inflows affect environmental degradation in BRICS nations?. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 690-701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15678-5
  • Rahman, Z.U., Chongbo, W., & Ahmad, M. (2019). An (a)symmetric analysis of the pollution haven hypothesis in the context of Pakistan: a non-linear approach. Carbon Management. 10(3): 227-239. https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2019.1577179
  • Repkine, A., & Min, D. (2020). Foreign-funded enterprises and pollution halo hypothesis: A spatial econometric analysis of thirty Chinese regions. Sustainability, 12(12), 5048. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125048
  • Iamsiraroj, S., & Ulubaşoğlu, M.A. (2015). Foreign direct investment and economic growth: A real relationship or wishful thinking?. Economic Modelling. 51: 200-2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2015.08.009
  • Sabir, S., Qayyum, U., & Majeed, T. (2020). FDI and environmental degradation: the role of political institutions in South Asian countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 27: 32544-32553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09464-y
  • Schaefer, U.L., Steinbach, N. Cabeça, J. & Hanauer, J. (2006). Ecological Footprint and Biocapacity, European Commission, Working Papers and Studies, Luxembourg.
  • Seker, F., Ertugrul, H. M., & Cetin, M. (2015). The impact of foreign direct investment on environmental quality: a bounds testing and causality analysis for Türkiye. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 347-356.
  • Shaari, M.S., Hussain, N.E. Abdullah, H. & Kamil, S. (2014). Relationship among Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Growth and CO2 Emission: A Panel Data Analysis. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. 4(4): 706-715.
  • Shahbaz, M., Nasir, M. A., & Roubaud, D. (2018). Environmental degradation in France: the effects of FDI, financial development, and energy innovations. Energy Economics, 74, 843-857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.07.020
  • Sharif, A., Raza, S. A., Ozturk, I., & Afshan, S. (2019). The dynamic relationship of renewable and nonrenewable energy consumption with carbon emission: a global study with the application of heterogeneous panel estimations. Renewable Energy, 133, 685-691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.10.052
  • Siche, R., Pereira, L., Agostinho, F., & Ortega, E. (2010). Convergence of ecological footprint and emergy analysis as a sustainability indicator of countries: Peru as case study. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 15(10), 3182-3192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2009.10.027
  • Solarin, S. A., & Al-Mulali, U. (2018). Influence of foreign direct investment on indicators of environmental degradation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 24845-24859. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2562-5
  • Solarin, S. A., Al-Mulali, U., Musah, I., & Ozturk, I. (2017). Investigating the pollution haven hypothesis in Ghana: an empirical investigation. Energy, 124, 706-719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.02.089
  • Sung, B., Song, W. Y., & Park, S. D. (2018). How foreign direct investment affects CO2 emission levels in the Chinese manufacturing industry: evidence from panel data. Economic Systems, 42(2), 320-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2017.06.002
  • To, A. H., Ha, D. T. T., Nguyen, H. M., & Vo, D. H. (2019). The impact of foreign direct investment on environment degradation: evidence from emerging markets in Asia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(9), 1636. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091636
  • United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2023. Available online: https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=96740. (Accessed on 18 August 2023).
  • World Development Indicators. (2023). Available online: https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&series=BN.KLT.DINV.CD&country= (Accessed on 18 August 2023)
  • Xu, D., Salem, S., Awosusi, A. A., Abdurakhmanova, G., Altuntaş, M., Oluwajana, D., ... & Ojekemi, O. (2022). Load capacity factor and financial globalization in Brazil: the role of renewable energy and urbanization. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9, 823185. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.823185
  • Zakarya, G. Y., Mostefa, B. E. L. M. O. K. A. D. D. E. M., Abbes, S. M., & Seghir, G. M. (2015). Factors affecting CO2 emissions in the BRICS countries: a panel data analysis. Procedia Economics and Finance, 26, 114-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00890-4
  • Zubair, A. O., Samad, A. R. A., & Dankumo, A. M. (2020). Does gross domestic income, trade integration, FDI inflows, GDP, and capital reduces CO2 emissions? An empirical evidence from Nigeria. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability, 2, 100009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crsust.2020.100009

A novel perspective on environmental quality: Exploring load capacity factors through FDI inflows across diverse sectors - Empirical evidence from Türkiye

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 53, 193 - 214, 12.06.2025

Emre Gökçeli , Nurullah Altıntaş , Mohammad Hakkak

https://doi.org/10.31795/baunsobed.1567950

Öz

Climate change represents a severe threat not only to natural habitats but also to humankind in recent decades. Considering this, the underlying reasons for climate change have been extensively studied in the literature. It has been found that there is a positive relationship between economic activities and environmental degradation. As an essential component of economic activities, the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on environmental quality is a subject that has recently attracted researchers' attention. The existing studies focus on the impact of overall FDI inflows on environmental destruction; there are no studies considering the effect of FDI inflows in specific sectors on environmental quality. Within this context, the purpose of this study is to fill the gap and contribute to the literature by examining the effect of FDI flows into the primary, manufacturing, and service sectors on environmental degradation. This will be achieved by employing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model over the period 1992-2018 in Türkiye. The outcomes of the study indicate that FDI flows in the service sector have a positive effect on environmental quality in both the short and long run in Türkiye. On the other hand, FDI in the manufacturing sector contributes to environmental degradation in both terms. Similarly, FDI flows into the primary sector have a reverse effect on environmental quality, but a significant effect in the short run has not been observed. Furthermore, this study also examines if there is a U-shaped relationship between income and the load capacity factor, termed the Load Capacity Curve (LCC) hypothesis. The results demonstrate that the validity of the LCC hypothesis is confirmed in Türkiye.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sectoral FDI inflows Load capacity factor Load capacity curve

Kaynakça

  • Alam, I., & Quazi, R. (2003). Determinants of capital flight: An econometric case study of Bangladesh. International Review of Applied Economics, 17(1), 85-103. https://doi.org/10.1080/713673164
  • Alfaro, L., Chanda, A., Kalemli-Ozcan, S., & Sayek, S. (2004). FDI and economic growth: the role of local financial markets. Journal Of International Economics, 64(1), 89-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1996(03)00081-3
  • Al-Mulali, U., Saboori, B., & Ozturk, I. (2015). Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Vietnam. Energy Policy, 76(1), 123-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.11.019
  • Apergis, N., Payne, J. E., Menyah, K., & Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2010). On the causal dynamics between emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy, and economic growth. Ecological Economics, 69(11), 2255-2260. https://doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.014
  • Atici, G., & Gursoy, G. (2012). Foreign direct investment and export decision relationship in the large Turkish firms. Journal of Applied Finance & Banking, 2(4), 167-184. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2142419
  • Behera, S. R., & Dash, D. P. (2017). The effect of urbanization, energy consumption, and foreign direct investment on the carbon dioxide emission in the SSEA (South and Southeast Asian) region. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70(1), 96-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.201
  • Bilgili, F., Koçak, E., & Bulut, Ü. (2016). The dynamic impact of renewable energy consumption on CO2 emissions: a revisited Environmental Kuznets Curve approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54(1), 838-845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.080
  • Bölük, G., & Mert, M. (2014). Fossil & renewable energy consumption, GHGs (greenhouse gases) and economic growth: Evidence from a panel of EU (European Union) countries. Energy, 74(1), 439-446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.07.008
  • Bruns, S. B., & Gross, C. (2013). What if energy time series are not independent? Implications for energy-GDP causality analysis. Energy Economics, 40(1), 753-759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2013.08.020
  • Caglar, A. E. (2020). The importance of renewable energy consumption and FDI inflows in reducing environmental degradation: bootstrap ARDL bound test in selected 9 countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 264, 121663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121663
  • Carkovic, M., & Levine, R. (2005). Does foreign direct investment accelerate economic growth? In T. H. Moran, E. M. Graham, & M. Blomström (Ed.), Does foreign direct investment promote development? (pp. 195–220). Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics.
  • Chang, S. C. (2015). Threshold effect of foreign direct investment on environmental degradation. Portuguese Economic Journal, 14, 75-102. https://doi 10.1007/s10258-015-0112-3
  • Chen, H., Jia, B., & Lau, S. S. Y. (2008). Sustainable urban form for Chinese compact cities: Challenges of a rapid urbanized economy. Habitat international, 32(1), 28-40. https://doi: 10.1016/j.habitatint.2007.06.005
  • Christoforidis, T., & Katrakilidis, C. (2022). Does foreign direct investment matter for environmental degradation? Empirical Evidence from Central–Eastern European Countries. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 13(4), 2665-2694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-021-00820-y
  • Cil, N. (2023). Re-examination of pollution haven hypothesis for Türkiye with Fourier approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(4), 10024-10036. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22800-8
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American statistical association, 74(366a), 427-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1979.10482531
  • Dinda, S. (2004). Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: a survey. Ecological Economics, 49(4), 431-455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.02.011
  • Dogan, E., & Turkekul, B. (2016). CO 2 emissions, real output, energy consumption, trade, urbanization and financial development: testing the EKC hypothesis for the USA. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 1203-1213. https://doi10.1007/s11356-015-5323-8
  • Durham, J. B. (2004). Absorptive capacity and the effects of foreign direct investment and equity foreign portfolio investment on economic growth. European Economic Review, 48(2), 285-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2921(02)00264-7
  • Faheem, M., Hussain, S., ArsalanTanveer, Safdar, N., & Anwer, M. A. (2022). Does foreign direct investment asymmetrically affect the mitigation of environmental degradation in Malaysia?. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16231-0
  • Höhne, N., Khosla, S., Fekete, H., & Gilbert, A. (2012). Mapping of green finance delivered. The Netherlands: Ecofys
  • Gokceli, E. (2022). The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on Environmental Degradation: Evidence from Türkiye . Düzce İktisat Dergisi, 3(2), 149-163.
  • Hakkak, M., Altintaş, N., & Hakkak, S. (2023). Exploring the relationship between nuclear and renewable energy usage, ecological footprint, and load capacity factor: A study of the Russian Federation testing the EKC and LCC hypothesis. Renewable Energy Focus, 46, 356–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2023.07.005
  • Haug, A. A., & Ucal, M. (2019). The role of trade and FDI for CO2 emissions in Türkiye: Nonlinear relationships. Energy Economics, 81, 297-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.04.006
  • Hitam, M. B., & Borhan, H. B. (2012). FDI, growth and the environment: impact on quality of life in Malaysia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 50, 333-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.08.038
  • International Direct Investment Statistics Yearbook (from 2002 to 2019). 2023. Available online: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/finance-and-investment/international-direct-investment-statistics-yearbook-2002_idis-2002-en-fr (Accessed on 18 August 2023).
  • Jailani, M. Z., & Masih, M. (2015). Determining the relationship between financial development and economic growth: An application of ARDL technique to Singapore. Jailani, (Working paper). INCEIF, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
  • Jiang, L., Zhou, H. F., Bai, L., & Zhou, P. (2018). Does foreign direct investment drive environmental degradation in China? An empirical study based on air quality index from a spatial perspective. Journal of cleaner production, 176, 864-872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.048
  • Kanas, A., & Kouretas, G. P. (2005). A cointegration approach to the lead–lag effect among size-sorted equity portfolios. International Review of Economics & Finance, 14(2), 181-201.
  • Kaya Kanlı, N., & Küçükefe, B. (2023). Is the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis valid? A global analysis for carbon dioxide emissions. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25(3), 2339-2367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02138-4
  • Khan, M. A., & Ozturk, I. (2020). Examining foreign direct investment and environmental pollution linkage in Asia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 7244-7255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07387-x
  • Kim, M. H., & Adilov, N. (2012). The lesser of two evils: an empirical investigation of foreign direct investment-pollution tradeoff. Applied Economics, 44(20), 2597-2606. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2011.566187
  • Kirikkaleli, D., Güngör, H., & Adebayo, T. S. (2022). Consumption‐based carbon emissions, renewable energy consumption, financial development and economic growth in Chile. Business Strategy and the Environment, 31(3), 1123-1137. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2945
  • Kisswani, K. M., & Zaitouni, M. (2021). Does FDI affect environmental degradation? Examining pollution haven and pollution halo hypotheses using ARDL modelling. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/13547860.2021.1949086
  • Koçak, E., & Şarkgüneşi, A. (2018). The impact of foreign direct investment on CO2 emissions in Türkiye: new evidence from cointegration and bootstrap causality analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(1), 790-804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0468-2
  • Lee, J., & Strazicich, M. C. (2003). Minimum Lagrange multiplier unit root test with two structural breaks. Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 1082-1089. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465303772815961
  • Lee, J. H. (2013). An overview of phytoremediation as a potentially promising technology for environmental pollution control. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, 18, 431-439. https://doi 10.1007/s12257-013-0193-8
  • Mert, M., & Bölük, G. (2016). Do foreign direct investment and renewable energy consumption affect the CO 2 emissions? New evidence from a panel ARDL approach to Kyoto Annex countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 21669-21681. DOI 10.1007/s11356-016-7413-7
  • Muhammad, B., Khan, M. K., Khan, M. I., & Khan, S. (2021). Impact of foreign direct investment, natural resources, renewable energy consumption, and economic growth on environmental degradation: evidence from BRICS, developing, developed and global countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 21789-21798. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-12084-1
  • Nadeem, A. M., Ali, T., Khan, M. T., & Guo, Z. (2020). Relationship between inward FDI and environmental degradation for Pakistan: an exploration of pollution haven hypothesis through ARDL approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 15407-15425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08083-x
  • Narayan, P. K., & Narayan, S. (2010). Carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth: Panel data evidence from developing countries. Energy Policy, 38(1), 661-666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.09.005
  • Ozturk, I. (2007). Foreign direct investment-growth nexus: a review of the recent literature. International Journal of Applied Econometrics and Quantitative Studies, 4(2). https://ssrn.com/abstract=1127314
  • Omri, A., Nguyen, D. K., & Rault, C. (2014). Causal interactions between CO2 emissions, FDI, and economic growth: Evidence from dynamic simultaneous-equation models. Economic Modelling, 42, 382-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.07.026Get rights and content
  • Pata, U., & Isik, C. (2021). Determinants of the load capacity factor in China: A novel dynamic ARDL approach for ecological footprint accounting. Resources Policy, 74, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102313
  • Pata, U. K. (2021). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, economic complexity, CO 2 emissions, and ecological footprint in the USA: testing the EKC hypothesis with a structural break. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 846-861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10446-3
  • Pata, U. K., & Tanriover, B. (2023). Is the load capacity curve hypothesis valid for the top ten tourism destinations?. Sustainability, 15(2), 960. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15020960
  • Pavlovi´c, A.; Njegovan, M.; Ivaniševi´c, A.; Radiši´c, M.; Takaˇci, A.; Lošonc, A.; Kot, S.(2021) The Impact of Foreign Direct Investments and Economic Growth on Environmental Degradation: The Case of the Balkans. Energies 2021, 14 (3), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030566
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (1999). An autoregressive distributed lag modelling approach to cointegration analysis. In S. Strøm (Ed.), Econometrics and economic theory in the 20th century: The Ragnar Frisch centennial symposium (pp. 371–413). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y., Smith, R.J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics. 16 (3): 289–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  • Pradhan, A. K., Sachan, A., Sahu, U. K., & Mohindra, V. (2022). Do foreign direct investment inflows affect environmental degradation in BRICS nations?. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 690-701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15678-5
  • Rahman, Z.U., Chongbo, W., & Ahmad, M. (2019). An (a)symmetric analysis of the pollution haven hypothesis in the context of Pakistan: a non-linear approach. Carbon Management. 10(3): 227-239. https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2019.1577179
  • Repkine, A., & Min, D. (2020). Foreign-funded enterprises and pollution halo hypothesis: A spatial econometric analysis of thirty Chinese regions. Sustainability, 12(12), 5048. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125048
  • Iamsiraroj, S., & Ulubaşoğlu, M.A. (2015). Foreign direct investment and economic growth: A real relationship or wishful thinking?. Economic Modelling. 51: 200-2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2015.08.009
  • Sabir, S., Qayyum, U., & Majeed, T. (2020). FDI and environmental degradation: the role of political institutions in South Asian countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 27: 32544-32553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09464-y
  • Schaefer, U.L., Steinbach, N. Cabeça, J. & Hanauer, J. (2006). Ecological Footprint and Biocapacity, European Commission, Working Papers and Studies, Luxembourg.
  • Seker, F., Ertugrul, H. M., & Cetin, M. (2015). The impact of foreign direct investment on environmental quality: a bounds testing and causality analysis for Türkiye. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 347-356.
  • Shaari, M.S., Hussain, N.E. Abdullah, H. & Kamil, S. (2014). Relationship among Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Growth and CO2 Emission: A Panel Data Analysis. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. 4(4): 706-715.
  • Shahbaz, M., Nasir, M. A., & Roubaud, D. (2018). Environmental degradation in France: the effects of FDI, financial development, and energy innovations. Energy Economics, 74, 843-857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.07.020
  • Sharif, A., Raza, S. A., Ozturk, I., & Afshan, S. (2019). The dynamic relationship of renewable and nonrenewable energy consumption with carbon emission: a global study with the application of heterogeneous panel estimations. Renewable Energy, 133, 685-691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.10.052
  • Siche, R., Pereira, L., Agostinho, F., & Ortega, E. (2010). Convergence of ecological footprint and emergy analysis as a sustainability indicator of countries: Peru as case study. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 15(10), 3182-3192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2009.10.027
  • Solarin, S. A., & Al-Mulali, U. (2018). Influence of foreign direct investment on indicators of environmental degradation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 24845-24859. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2562-5
  • Solarin, S. A., Al-Mulali, U., Musah, I., & Ozturk, I. (2017). Investigating the pollution haven hypothesis in Ghana: an empirical investigation. Energy, 124, 706-719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.02.089
  • Sung, B., Song, W. Y., & Park, S. D. (2018). How foreign direct investment affects CO2 emission levels in the Chinese manufacturing industry: evidence from panel data. Economic Systems, 42(2), 320-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2017.06.002
  • To, A. H., Ha, D. T. T., Nguyen, H. M., & Vo, D. H. (2019). The impact of foreign direct investment on environment degradation: evidence from emerging markets in Asia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(9), 1636. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091636
  • United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. 2023. Available online: https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=96740. (Accessed on 18 August 2023).
  • World Development Indicators. (2023). Available online: https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&series=BN.KLT.DINV.CD&country= (Accessed on 18 August 2023)
  • Xu, D., Salem, S., Awosusi, A. A., Abdurakhmanova, G., Altuntaş, M., Oluwajana, D., ... & Ojekemi, O. (2022). Load capacity factor and financial globalization in Brazil: the role of renewable energy and urbanization. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9, 823185. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.823185
  • Zakarya, G. Y., Mostefa, B. E. L. M. O. K. A. D. D. E. M., Abbes, S. M., & Seghir, G. M. (2015). Factors affecting CO2 emissions in the BRICS countries: a panel data analysis. Procedia Economics and Finance, 26, 114-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00890-4
  • Zubair, A. O., Samad, A. R. A., & Dankumo, A. M. (2020). Does gross domestic income, trade integration, FDI inflows, GDP, and capital reduces CO2 emissions? An empirical evidence from Nigeria. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability, 2, 100009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crsust.2020.100009
Toplam 69 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Makro İktisat (Diğer)
Bölüm İktisat
Yazarlar

Emre Gökçeli 0000-0002-8454-0041

Nurullah Altıntaş 0000-0001-9425-3516

Mohammad Hakkak 0000-0002-1313-8274

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 11 Haziran 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 12 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Ekim 2024
Kabul Tarihi 25 Mart 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 28 Sayı: 53

Kaynak Göster

APA Gökçeli, E., Altıntaş, N., & Hakkak, M. (2025). A novel perspective on environmental quality: Exploring load capacity factors through FDI inflows across diverse sectors - Empirical evidence from Türkiye. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 28(53), 193-214. https://doi.org/10.31795/baunsobed.1567950
 Kapak Resmi İndir

BAUNSOBED