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AI AND AUTOMATION: RESHAPING THE LABOR MARKET

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 63 - 85, 30.04.2025

Aras Yolusever

https://doi.org/10.70754/biibfd.1594580

Öz

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) and automation technologies is transforming labor markets around the globe, prompting both optimism and concern. This article seeks to critically analyze the economic implications of AI and automation on the labor market, focusing on their potential to disrupt traditional employment structures, influence productivity, and either exacerbate or alleviate economic inequality. By examining historical precedents of technological disruptions alongside contemporary data, this study aims to assess whether these technologies serve as a means of economic empowerment or as a catalyst for inequality. The primary objective is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and opportunities presented by AI-driven transformations, along with actionable policy recommendations for managing this transition, ensuring inclusive growth, and cultivating a workforce equipped for the demands of the AI era.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Artificial Intelligence Automation Labor Market

Kaynakça

  • Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2018). Artificial Intelligence, Automation, and Work. NBER Working Paper No. 24196.
  • Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2019). Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 33(2), 3–30.
  • Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2020). Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets. Journal of Political Economy, 128(6), 2188–2244.
  • Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2012). Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty. Crown Publishing Group.
  • Agrawal, A., Gans, J., & Goldfarb, A. (2018). Prediction Machines: The Simple Economics of Artificial Intelligence. Harvard Business Review Press.
  • Algaze, G. (2005). The Uruk World System: The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization. University of Chicago Press, Chiago.
  • Allen, R. C. (2014). The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective. Cambridge University Press.
  • Andersen, T. M., & Svarer, M. (2007). Flexicurity—Labour Market Performance in Denmark. CESifo Economic Studies, 53(3), 389-429.
  • Atkinson, R. D., & Ezell, J. S. (2014). Innovation Economics: The Race for Global Advantage. Yale University Press, New Haven.
  • Autor, D. H., Levy, F., & Murnane, R. J. (2003). The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(4), 1279–1333.
  • Autor, D. H. (2015). Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29(3), 3–30.
  • Baldwin, R. (2019). The Globotics Upheaval: Globalization, Robotics, and the Future of Work. Oxford University Press.
  • Barker, G. (2009). The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory: Why Did Foragers Become Farmers? Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Barocas, S., & Selbst, A. D. (2016). Big Data's Disparate Impact. California Law Review, 104(3), 671-732.
  • Berg, J., Furrer, M., Harmon, E., Rani, U., & Silberman, M. S. (2018). Digital Labour Platforms and the Future of Work: Towards Decent Work in the Online World. International Labour Organization. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_645337/lang--en/index.htm
  • Bessen, J. (2019). AI and Jobs: The Role of Demand. NBER Working Paper No. 24235.
  • Boserup, E. (1965). The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change Under Population Pressure. Allen and Unwin, London.
  • Bostrom, N. (2016). Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Bresnahan, T., & Trajtenberg, M. (1995). General Purpose Technologies: Engines of Growth?. Journal of Econometrics, 65(1), 83–108.
  • Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2014). The second Machine Age: Work, progress, androsperity in a time of brilliant technologies. W W Norton & Co, New York.
  • Brynjolfsson, E., Rock, D., & Syverson, C. (2017). Artificial Intelligence and the Modern Productivity Paradox: A Clash of Expectations and Statistics. NBER Working Paper No. 24001.
  • Buolamwini, J., & Gebru, T. (2018). Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification. Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency.
  • Busemeyer, M. R., & Trampusch, C. (Eds.). (2012). The Political Economy of Collective Skill Formation. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Chang, K. C. (1987). The Archaeology of Ancient China. Yale University Press, New Heawen.
  • Childe, V. G. (1936). Man Makes Himself. Watts & Co, Leeds.
  • Cohen, M. N., & Armelagos, G. J. (1984). Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture. Academic Press, Cambridge.
  • Cusumano, M. A., Gawer, A., & Yoffie, D. B. (2019). The Business of Platforms: Strategy in the Age of Digital Competition, Innovation, and Power. Harper Business, New York.
  • Das, T. K. (2016). Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) as Social Safety Net: Analysis of Public Works in Odisha, India. Review of Economic Perspectives, 16(4), 337-360.
  • David, P. A. (1990). The Dynamo and the Computer: An Historical Perspective on the Modern Productivity Paradox. American Economic Review, 80(2), 355–361.
  • De Stefano, V. (2016). The Rise of the "Just-in-Time Workforce": On-Demand Work, Crowdwork, and Labor Protection in the "Gig Economy". ILO Working Papers 994899823402676.
  • Diamond, J. (1997). Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. W. W. Norton & Company.
  • Engels, F. (1845). The Condition of the Working Class in England. Panther Edition.
  • Eubanks, V. (2018). Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor. St. Martin's Press.
  • European Commission. (2021). Proposal for a Directive on Improving Working Conditions in Platform Work.
  • Eurofound. (2020). Living, Working and COVID-19: Teleworking During the Pandemic. Publications Office of the European Union.
  • Fagnant, D. J., & Kockelman, K. (2015). Preparing a Nation for Autonomous Vehicles: Opportunities, Barriers and Policy Recommendations. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 77, 167–181.
  • Freeman, R. B. (2015). Who Owns the Robots Rules the World. IZA World of Labor, 5.
  • Frey, C. B., & Osborne, M. A. (2017). The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerization? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 114, 254–280.
  • Gereffi, G., & Fernandez-Stark, K. (2016). Global Value Chain Analysis: A Primer. Duke University Press.
  • Glassdoor. (2024). Software Engineer Salaries in Silicon Valley and London. Glassdoor Economic Research. https://www.glassdoor.com/Salaries/software-engineer-salary-SRCH_IM1035_KO0,17.htm
  • Goldin, C., & Katz, L. F. (2008). The Race Between Education and Technology. Harvard University Press. Goos, M., Manning, A., & Salomons, A. (2014). Explaining Job Polarization: Routine-Biased Technological Change and Offshoring. American Economic Review, 104(8), 2509-2526.
  • Gray, R. (2002). The Factory Question and Industrial England, 1830–1860. Cambridge University Press.
  • Harris, S. D., & Krueger, A. B. (2015). A Proposal for Modernizing Labor Laws for Twenty-First-Century Work: The “Independent Worker”. The Hamilton Project Discussion Paper 10.
  • Hobsbawm, E. J. (1999). Industry and Empire: From 1750 to Present Day. The New Press, New York.
  • Hodder, I. (2006). The Leopard’s Tale: Revealing the Mysteries of Çatalhöyük. Thames & Hudson, Londra.
  • Humphries, J. (2010). Childhood and Child Labour in the British Industrial Revolution. Cambridge University Press.
  • Chalcatana, J., Berhouet, M.P., Perrot, B., & Lindgren, B. (2025). Digital transformation in employment policies. Geneva : ILO, https://www.ilo.org/publications/digital-transformation-employment-policies International Labour Organization (ILO). (2018). Digital labour platforms and the future of work: Towards decent work in the online world. Geneva: ILO, https://www.ilo.org/publications/digital-labour-platforms-and-future-work-towards-decent-work-online-world
  • International Labour Organization (ILO). (2021). World Employment and Social Outlook 2021: The Role of Digital Labor Platforms in Transforming the World of Work. Geneva: ILO, https://files.ilo.org/digitalguides/en-gb/story/world-employment-social-outlook-2021#what-makes-digital-labour-platforms-so-different
  • International Labour Organization (ILO). (2022). Digitalization and Employment Policies. Geneva: ILO. https://www.ilo.org/resource/article/digitalization-and-employment-policies
  • International Labour Organization. (2025, January 16). World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2025. ILO Flagship Report. https://www.ilo.org/publications/flagship-reports/world-employment-and-social-outlook-trends-2025
  • Jack, W., & Suri, T. (2014). Risk Sharing and Transactions Costs: Evidence from Kenya’s Mobile Money Revolution. American Economic Review, 104(1), 183–223.
  • Kalleberg, A. L. (2018). Precarious Lives: Job Insecurity and Well-Being in Rich Democracies. Polity Press.
  • Kangas, O., Simanainen, M., & Honkanen, P. (2019). The Basic Income Experiment 2017–2018 in Finland: Preliminary Results. Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, Helsinki.
  • Katz, L. F., & Krueger, A. B. (2016). The Rise and Nature of Alternative Work Arrangements in the United States, 1995–2015. National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Landes, D. S. (2014). The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present. Cambridge University Press, Cambrigde.
  • Lim et al., (2024). Advancing Lifelong Learning in the Digital Age: A Narrative Review of Singapore’s SkillsFuture Programme. Social Sciences, 13(2), 73.
  • Marx, K., & Engels, F. (2002). The Communist Manifesto (S. Moore, Trans.). Penguin Books. (Original work published 1848)
  • Mantoux, P. (2006). The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century: An Outline of the Beginnings of the Modern Factory System in England. Taylor & Francis, Londra.
  • Mokyr, J. (1992). The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Nasscom. (2021). Indian IT Industry Report 2021. National Association of Software and Service Companies.
  • OECD. (2021). The future of work: OECD Employment Outlook 2021. Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • OECD. (2024). OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market. OECD Publishing.
  • O’Neil, C. (2016). Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy. Crown.
  • Overton, M. (1996). Agricultural Revolution in England: The Transformation of the Agrarian Economy 1500-1850. Cambridge University Press.
  • Pasquale, F. (2016). The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
  • Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
  • Ravenelle, A. J. (2019). Hustle and Gig: Struggling and Surviving in the Sharing Economy. University of California Press.
  • Resolution Foundation. (2022). Low Pay Britain 2022: Improving Living Standards for the Low Paid.
  • Rodrik, D. (2011). The Globalization Paradox: Democracy and the Future of the World Economy. W. W. Norton & Company, New York.
  • Rodrik, D. (2018). Straight Talk on Trade: Ideas for a Sane World Economy. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • Rogers, B. (2015). The Social Costs of Uber. University of Chicago Law Review Online, 82(1), 85–102.
  • Rolnick, D., et al. (2019). Tackling Climate Change with Machine Learning. Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Machine Learning. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 55(2), 1-96.
  • Sale, K. (1995). Rebels Against the Future: The Luddites and Their War on the Industrial Revolution. Addison-Wesley, Boston.
  • Schmandt-Besserat, D. (2022). Before Writing: From Counting to Cuneiform. University of Texas Press, Texas. Schumpeter, J. A. (1942). Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. Harper & Brothers, Manhattan.
  • Scott, J. C. (2017). Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States. Yale University Press, New Heaven.
  • Standing, G. (2021). The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class Covid19 Special Edition. I.B. Tauris, Londra.
  • Steinberg, T. (2015). Down to Earth: Nature’s Role in American History. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Syverson, C. (2011). What Determines Productivity?. Journal of Economic Literature, 49(2), 326–365.
  • Szreter, S. (2005). Health and Wealth: Studies in History and Policy. University of Rochester Press.
  • Thompson, E. P. (1963). The Making of the English Working Class. Pantheon Books, New York.
  • Topol, E. (2019). Deep Medicine: How Artificial Intelligence Can Make Healthcare Human Again. Basic Books, New York.
  • Turkle, S. (2016). Reclaiming Conversation: The Power of Talk in a Digital Age. Penguin Press.
  • UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). (2021). Technology and Innovation Report 2021.
  • UNESCO. (2021). Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
  • Vallas, S., & Schor, J. B. (2020). What Do Platforms Do? Understanding the Gig Economy. Annual Review of Sociology, 46, 273-294.
  • van Dijk, J. (2019). The Digital Divide. Polity Press, Cambridge.
  • Zuboff, S. (2019). The Age of Surveillance Capitalism. PublicAffairs, New York.
  • Weil, D. (2014). The Fissured Workplace: Why Work Became So Bad for So Many and What Can Be Done to Improve It. Harvard University Press.
  • Woodcock, J., & Graham, M. (2020). The Gig Economy: A Critical Introduction. Polity Press, Cambridge.

Yapay Zeka ve Otomasyon : İş Gücü Piyasasının Yeniden Şekillendirilmesi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 63 - 85, 30.04.2025

Aras Yolusever

https://doi.org/10.70754/biibfd.1594580

Öz

Yapay zekâ ve otomasyon teknolojilerinin hızla ilerlemesi, dünya çapında işgücü piyasalarını dönüştürmekte ve bu durum olumlu veya olumsuz görüşlere sebep olmaktadır.. Bu çalışma, yapay zekâ ve otomasyonun işgücü piyasası üzerindeki ekonomik etkilerini eleştirel bir şekilde analiz etmeyi ve yapay zekanın geleneksel istihdam yapılarını bozma, üretkenliği etkileme ve ekonomik eşitsizliği şiddetlendirme potansiyeline odaklanmayı amaçlamaktadır.. Çalışmada teknolojik ilerlemenin yaratabileceği tahribatın tarihsel örnekleri incelenecek,, bu teknolojik devrimlerin iktisadi gelişmeye mi yoksa eşitsizliğe mi hizmet ettiği değerlendirilecektir.. Yapay zeka odaklı dönüşümlerin sunduğu zorluklar ve fırsatlar hakkında kapsamlı bir anlayış sağlamak, bu geçişi yönetmek, kapsayıcı büyümeyi sağlamak ve yapay zeka çağının talepleri için donanımlı bir işgücü yetiştirmek için uygulanabilir politika önerileri sunmak diğer amaçlar olarak öne çıkmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yapay Zekâ Otomasyon İş Gücü Piyasası

Kaynakça

  • Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2018). Artificial Intelligence, Automation, and Work. NBER Working Paper No. 24196.
  • Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2019). Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 33(2), 3–30.
  • Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2020). Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets. Journal of Political Economy, 128(6), 2188–2244.
  • Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2012). Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty. Crown Publishing Group.
  • Agrawal, A., Gans, J., & Goldfarb, A. (2018). Prediction Machines: The Simple Economics of Artificial Intelligence. Harvard Business Review Press.
  • Algaze, G. (2005). The Uruk World System: The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization. University of Chicago Press, Chiago.
  • Allen, R. C. (2014). The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective. Cambridge University Press.
  • Andersen, T. M., & Svarer, M. (2007). Flexicurity—Labour Market Performance in Denmark. CESifo Economic Studies, 53(3), 389-429.
  • Atkinson, R. D., & Ezell, J. S. (2014). Innovation Economics: The Race for Global Advantage. Yale University Press, New Haven.
  • Autor, D. H., Levy, F., & Murnane, R. J. (2003). The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(4), 1279–1333.
  • Autor, D. H. (2015). Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29(3), 3–30.
  • Baldwin, R. (2019). The Globotics Upheaval: Globalization, Robotics, and the Future of Work. Oxford University Press.
  • Barker, G. (2009). The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory: Why Did Foragers Become Farmers? Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Barocas, S., & Selbst, A. D. (2016). Big Data's Disparate Impact. California Law Review, 104(3), 671-732.
  • Berg, J., Furrer, M., Harmon, E., Rani, U., & Silberman, M. S. (2018). Digital Labour Platforms and the Future of Work: Towards Decent Work in the Online World. International Labour Organization. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_645337/lang--en/index.htm
  • Bessen, J. (2019). AI and Jobs: The Role of Demand. NBER Working Paper No. 24235.
  • Boserup, E. (1965). The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change Under Population Pressure. Allen and Unwin, London.
  • Bostrom, N. (2016). Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Bresnahan, T., & Trajtenberg, M. (1995). General Purpose Technologies: Engines of Growth?. Journal of Econometrics, 65(1), 83–108.
  • Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2014). The second Machine Age: Work, progress, androsperity in a time of brilliant technologies. W W Norton & Co, New York.
  • Brynjolfsson, E., Rock, D., & Syverson, C. (2017). Artificial Intelligence and the Modern Productivity Paradox: A Clash of Expectations and Statistics. NBER Working Paper No. 24001.
  • Buolamwini, J., & Gebru, T. (2018). Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification. Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency.
  • Busemeyer, M. R., & Trampusch, C. (Eds.). (2012). The Political Economy of Collective Skill Formation. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Chang, K. C. (1987). The Archaeology of Ancient China. Yale University Press, New Heawen.
  • Childe, V. G. (1936). Man Makes Himself. Watts & Co, Leeds.
  • Cohen, M. N., & Armelagos, G. J. (1984). Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture. Academic Press, Cambridge.
  • Cusumano, M. A., Gawer, A., & Yoffie, D. B. (2019). The Business of Platforms: Strategy in the Age of Digital Competition, Innovation, and Power. Harper Business, New York.
  • Das, T. K. (2016). Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) as Social Safety Net: Analysis of Public Works in Odisha, India. Review of Economic Perspectives, 16(4), 337-360.
  • David, P. A. (1990). The Dynamo and the Computer: An Historical Perspective on the Modern Productivity Paradox. American Economic Review, 80(2), 355–361.
  • De Stefano, V. (2016). The Rise of the "Just-in-Time Workforce": On-Demand Work, Crowdwork, and Labor Protection in the "Gig Economy". ILO Working Papers 994899823402676.
  • Diamond, J. (1997). Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. W. W. Norton & Company.
  • Engels, F. (1845). The Condition of the Working Class in England. Panther Edition.
  • Eubanks, V. (2018). Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor. St. Martin's Press.
  • European Commission. (2021). Proposal for a Directive on Improving Working Conditions in Platform Work.
  • Eurofound. (2020). Living, Working and COVID-19: Teleworking During the Pandemic. Publications Office of the European Union.
  • Fagnant, D. J., & Kockelman, K. (2015). Preparing a Nation for Autonomous Vehicles: Opportunities, Barriers and Policy Recommendations. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 77, 167–181.
  • Freeman, R. B. (2015). Who Owns the Robots Rules the World. IZA World of Labor, 5.
  • Frey, C. B., & Osborne, M. A. (2017). The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerization? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 114, 254–280.
  • Gereffi, G., & Fernandez-Stark, K. (2016). Global Value Chain Analysis: A Primer. Duke University Press.
  • Glassdoor. (2024). Software Engineer Salaries in Silicon Valley and London. Glassdoor Economic Research. https://www.glassdoor.com/Salaries/software-engineer-salary-SRCH_IM1035_KO0,17.htm
  • Goldin, C., & Katz, L. F. (2008). The Race Between Education and Technology. Harvard University Press. Goos, M., Manning, A., & Salomons, A. (2014). Explaining Job Polarization: Routine-Biased Technological Change and Offshoring. American Economic Review, 104(8), 2509-2526.
  • Gray, R. (2002). The Factory Question and Industrial England, 1830–1860. Cambridge University Press.
  • Harris, S. D., & Krueger, A. B. (2015). A Proposal for Modernizing Labor Laws for Twenty-First-Century Work: The “Independent Worker”. The Hamilton Project Discussion Paper 10.
  • Hobsbawm, E. J. (1999). Industry and Empire: From 1750 to Present Day. The New Press, New York.
  • Hodder, I. (2006). The Leopard’s Tale: Revealing the Mysteries of Çatalhöyük. Thames & Hudson, Londra.
  • Humphries, J. (2010). Childhood and Child Labour in the British Industrial Revolution. Cambridge University Press.
  • Chalcatana, J., Berhouet, M.P., Perrot, B., & Lindgren, B. (2025). Digital transformation in employment policies. Geneva : ILO, https://www.ilo.org/publications/digital-transformation-employment-policies International Labour Organization (ILO). (2018). Digital labour platforms and the future of work: Towards decent work in the online world. Geneva: ILO, https://www.ilo.org/publications/digital-labour-platforms-and-future-work-towards-decent-work-online-world
  • International Labour Organization (ILO). (2021). World Employment and Social Outlook 2021: The Role of Digital Labor Platforms in Transforming the World of Work. Geneva: ILO, https://files.ilo.org/digitalguides/en-gb/story/world-employment-social-outlook-2021#what-makes-digital-labour-platforms-so-different
  • International Labour Organization (ILO). (2022). Digitalization and Employment Policies. Geneva: ILO. https://www.ilo.org/resource/article/digitalization-and-employment-policies
  • International Labour Organization. (2025, January 16). World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2025. ILO Flagship Report. https://www.ilo.org/publications/flagship-reports/world-employment-and-social-outlook-trends-2025
  • Jack, W., & Suri, T. (2014). Risk Sharing and Transactions Costs: Evidence from Kenya’s Mobile Money Revolution. American Economic Review, 104(1), 183–223.
  • Kalleberg, A. L. (2018). Precarious Lives: Job Insecurity and Well-Being in Rich Democracies. Polity Press.
  • Kangas, O., Simanainen, M., & Honkanen, P. (2019). The Basic Income Experiment 2017–2018 in Finland: Preliminary Results. Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, Helsinki.
  • Katz, L. F., & Krueger, A. B. (2016). The Rise and Nature of Alternative Work Arrangements in the United States, 1995–2015. National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Landes, D. S. (2014). The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present. Cambridge University Press, Cambrigde.
  • Lim et al., (2024). Advancing Lifelong Learning in the Digital Age: A Narrative Review of Singapore’s SkillsFuture Programme. Social Sciences, 13(2), 73.
  • Marx, K., & Engels, F. (2002). The Communist Manifesto (S. Moore, Trans.). Penguin Books. (Original work published 1848)
  • Mantoux, P. (2006). The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century: An Outline of the Beginnings of the Modern Factory System in England. Taylor & Francis, Londra.
  • Mokyr, J. (1992). The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Nasscom. (2021). Indian IT Industry Report 2021. National Association of Software and Service Companies.
  • OECD. (2021). The future of work: OECD Employment Outlook 2021. Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • OECD. (2024). OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market. OECD Publishing.
  • O’Neil, C. (2016). Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy. Crown.
  • Overton, M. (1996). Agricultural Revolution in England: The Transformation of the Agrarian Economy 1500-1850. Cambridge University Press.
  • Pasquale, F. (2016). The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
  • Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
  • Ravenelle, A. J. (2019). Hustle and Gig: Struggling and Surviving in the Sharing Economy. University of California Press.
  • Resolution Foundation. (2022). Low Pay Britain 2022: Improving Living Standards for the Low Paid.
  • Rodrik, D. (2011). The Globalization Paradox: Democracy and the Future of the World Economy. W. W. Norton & Company, New York.
  • Rodrik, D. (2018). Straight Talk on Trade: Ideas for a Sane World Economy. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
  • Rogers, B. (2015). The Social Costs of Uber. University of Chicago Law Review Online, 82(1), 85–102.
  • Rolnick, D., et al. (2019). Tackling Climate Change with Machine Learning. Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Machine Learning. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 55(2), 1-96.
  • Sale, K. (1995). Rebels Against the Future: The Luddites and Their War on the Industrial Revolution. Addison-Wesley, Boston.
  • Schmandt-Besserat, D. (2022). Before Writing: From Counting to Cuneiform. University of Texas Press, Texas. Schumpeter, J. A. (1942). Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. Harper & Brothers, Manhattan.
  • Scott, J. C. (2017). Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States. Yale University Press, New Heaven.
  • Standing, G. (2021). The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class Covid19 Special Edition. I.B. Tauris, Londra.
  • Steinberg, T. (2015). Down to Earth: Nature’s Role in American History. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Syverson, C. (2011). What Determines Productivity?. Journal of Economic Literature, 49(2), 326–365.
  • Szreter, S. (2005). Health and Wealth: Studies in History and Policy. University of Rochester Press.
  • Thompson, E. P. (1963). The Making of the English Working Class. Pantheon Books, New York.
  • Topol, E. (2019). Deep Medicine: How Artificial Intelligence Can Make Healthcare Human Again. Basic Books, New York.
  • Turkle, S. (2016). Reclaiming Conversation: The Power of Talk in a Digital Age. Penguin Press.
  • UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). (2021). Technology and Innovation Report 2021.
  • UNESCO. (2021). Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
  • Vallas, S., & Schor, J. B. (2020). What Do Platforms Do? Understanding the Gig Economy. Annual Review of Sociology, 46, 273-294.
  • van Dijk, J. (2019). The Digital Divide. Polity Press, Cambridge.
  • Zuboff, S. (2019). The Age of Surveillance Capitalism. PublicAffairs, New York.
  • Weil, D. (2014). The Fissured Workplace: Why Work Became So Bad for So Many and What Can Be Done to Improve It. Harvard University Press.
  • Woodcock, J., & Graham, M. (2020). The Gig Economy: A Critical Introduction. Polity Press, Cambridge.
Toplam 89 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mikro İktisat (Diğer)
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Aras Yolusever

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 26 Nisan 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Aralık 2024
Kabul Tarihi 26 Nisan 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Yolusever, A. (2025). AI AND AUTOMATION: RESHAPING THE LABOR MARKET. Biga İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 63-85. https://doi.org/10.70754/biibfd.1594580
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