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A new microsporidian pathogen of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestiae kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 277 - 285, 15.08.2021

Çağrı Bekircan , Onur Tosun

https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2021.966465
Cited By: 1

Öz

In this study, a new Vairimorpha isolate was defined from Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Turkey (Malatya). Infection was determined in the host's hindgut, both larval and adult stages. Two types spore originated from the polymorphic sporulation was detected during the observations. While the binucleate ovocylindrical fresh spores were measured 4.38 ± 0.31 μm (5.09–3.77 μm, n = 100) in length and 2.80 ± 0.18 μm (3.21–2.43 μm, n=100) in width, the ovoid meiospores were measured as 3.50 ± 0.46 μm (4.98–2.51 μm, n = 100) in length and 2.02 ± 0.28 μm (2.94–1.50 μm, n=100) in width. The multilocus genetic analyses based on SSU rRNA and RPB1 genes were carried for determining the phylogenetic status of the current microsporidium. In ML and BI trees, the current microsporidium was separated into a different branch from V. necatrix strains within the Vairimorpha clade

Anahtar Kelimeler

Key words: Ephestia kuehniella Lepidoptera RPB1 SSU rRNA Vairimorpha

Kaynakça

  • [1] Capinera, J. L. (2008). Butterflies and moths. In Encyclopedia of Entomology (Vol. 4, pp. 626-672): Springer.
  • [2] Powell, J. A. (2009). Lepidoptera. In V. H. Resh & R. T. Carde (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Insects (Vol. 2, pp. 557-587): Academic Press.
  • [3] Scoble, M. J. (1995). The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity (1 ed.). Oxford University: Oxford University Press.
  • [4] Benson, J. F. (1973). The biology of Lepidoptera infesting stored products, with special reference to population dynamics. Biological Reviews, 48, 1-26.
  • [5] Carter, D. J. (1984). Pest Lepidoptera of Europe with special reference to the British Isles. Netherlands: Dr. W. Junk Dordrecht.
  • [6] Baki, H., & Bekircan, Ç. (2018). A new microsporidium, Vairimorpha subcoccinellae n. sp. (Microsporidia: Burenellidae), isolated from Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 151, 182-190. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2017.12.004
  • [7] Bekircan, Ç. (2020). Assignment of Vairimorpha leptinotarsae comb. nov. on the basis of molecular characterization of Nosema leptinotarsae Lipa, 1968 (Microsporidia: Nosematidae). Parasitology, 147(9), 1019-1025. doi:10.1017/s0031182020000669
  • [8] Bekircan, Ç., Bülbül, U., Güler, H. İ., & Becnel, J. J. (2016). Description and phylogeny of a new microsporidium from the elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller, 1766 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Parasitology Research, 116(2), 773-780. doi:10.1007/s00436-016-5349-y
  • [9] Bekircan, Ç., Cüce, M., Baki, H., & Tosun, O. (2017). Aranciocystis muskarensis n. gen., n. sp., a neogregarine pathogen of the Anisoplia segetum Herbst (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 144, 58-64. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2017.01.014
  • [10] Tosun, O. (2020). A new isolate of Nosema fumiferanae (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) from the date moth Apomyelois (Ectomyelois) ceratoniae, Zeller, 1839 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Parasitology, 147(13), 1461-1468. doi:10.1017/s0031182020001481
  • [11] Yıldırım, H., & Bekircan, Ç. (2020). Ultrastructural and molecular characterization of Nosema alticae sp. nov. (Microsporidia: Nosematidae), pathogen of the flea beetle, Altica hampei Allard, 1867 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 170, 107302. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2019.107302
  • [12] Lacey, L. A. (2012). Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology (Second ed.). USA: Academic Press.
  • [13] Vega, F. E., & Kaya, H. K. (2012). Insect Pathology (Second ed.). UK: Elsevier.
  • [14] Weiss, L. M., & Becnel, J. J. (2014). Microsporidia Pathogens of Opportunity. USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • [15] Yaman, M., Bekircan, Ç., Radek, R., & Linde, A. (2014). Nosema pieriae sp. n. (Microsporida, Nosematidae): A New Microsporidian Pathogen of the Cabbage Butterfly Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Acta Protozoologica, 53, 223-232. doi:10.4467/16890027AP.14.019.1600
  • [16] Bekircan, Ç., Tokarev, Y. S., Tosun, O., & Baki, H. (2016). Detection of Neogregarine and Eugregarine (Apicomplexa) Infections from Chrysolina herbacea (Duftschmid 1825) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Life Sciences, 1(2), 59-64.
  • [17] Bekircan, Ç., Tosun, O., & Baki, H. (2018). Influence of climatic conditions on microsporidiosis that originated from Rugispora istanbulensis in Elm Leaf Beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Kastamonu Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(2), 230-235. doi:10.17475/kastorman.344845
  • [18] Bekircan, Ç., Tosun, O., & Yıldırım, H. (2020). Survey of Entomopathogenic Organisms of the Cantharis livida Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Cantharidae) in Turkey. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 13(3), 187-193. doi:10.46309/biodicon.2020.736577
  • [19] Spurr, A. R. (1969). A Low-Viscosity Epoxy Resin Embedding Medium for Electron Microscopy. Journal of Ultrastructure Research, 26, 31-43.
  • [20] Reynolds, E. S. (1963). The Use of Lead Citrate at High pH as an Electron-Opaque Stain in Electron Microscopy. The Journal of Cell Biology, 17(1), 208-2012.
  • [21] Vossbrinck, C. R., & Debrunner-Vossbrinck, B. A. (2005). Molecular phylogeny of the Microsporidia: ecological, ultrastructural and taxonomic considerations. Folia Parasitologica, 52, 131-142.
  • [22] Tokarev, Y. S., Huang, W. F., Solter, L. F., Malysh, J. M., Becnel, J. J., & Vossbrinck, C. R. (2020). A formal redefinition of the genera Nosema and Vairimorpha (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) and reassignment of species based on molecular phylogenetics. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 169, 107279. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2019.107279
  • [23] Hajek, A. E., & Delalibera, I. J. (2010). Fungal pathogens as classical biological control agents against arthropods. BioControl, 55, 147-158. doi:10.1007/s10526-009-9253-6
  • [24] Mattes, O. (1927). Parasitiire Krankheiten der Mehlmottenlarven und Versuche tiber ihre Verwendbarkeit als biologisches Bekiimpfungsmittel. Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Zytologie der Baktericn. . Retrieved from Sitzungsber. Ges. zur Bef. Ges.
  • [25] Mattes, O. (1928). Uber den Entwicklungsgang der Mikrosporidie Thelohania ephestiae und die von ihr hervorgerufcncn Krankheitserscheinungen. Z. wiss, Zool., 132, 526-582.
  • [26] Weiser, J., & Purrini, K. (1985). Light- and electron-microscopic studies on the microsporidian Vairimorpha ephestiae (Mattes) (Protozoa, Microsporidia) in the meal moth Ephestia kühniella. Archiv für Protistenkunde, 130(3), 179-189. doi:10.1016/s0003-9365(85)80060-9
  • [27] Moawed, S. M., Marei, S. S., Saleh, M. R., & Matter, M. M. (1997). Impact of Vairimorpha ephestiae (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) on Bracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an external parasite of the American bollworm, Heliothis armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). European Journal of Entomology, 94, 561-565.
  • [28] Vorontsova, Y. L., Tokarev, Y. S., Sokolova, Y., & Glupov, V. V. (2004). Microsporidiosis in the wax moth Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) caused by Vairimorpha ephestiae (Microsporidia: Burenellidae). Parazitologiya, 38(3), 239-250.
  • [29] Mitchell, M. J., & Cali, A. (1993). Ultrastructural Study of the Development of Vairimorpha necatrix (Kramer, 1965) (Protozoa, Microsporida) in Larvae of the Corn Earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) with Emphasis on Sporogony. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 40(6), 701-710.
  • [30] Pilley, B. M. (1976). A new genus, Vairimorpha (Protozoa: Microsporida), for Nosema necatrix Kramer 1965: Pathogenicity and life cycle in Spodoptera exempta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 28(2), 177-183. doi:10.1016/0022-2011(76)90119-1
  • [31] Sprague, V., Becnel, J. J., & Hazard, E. I. (1992). Taxonomy of Phylum Microspora. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 18(5/6), 285-395.
  • [32] Luo, B., Liu, H., Pan, G., Li, T., Li, Z., Dang, X., . . . Zhou, Z. (2014). Morphological and molecular studies of Vairimorpha necatrix BM, a new strain of the microsporidium V. necatrix (microsporidia, burenellidae) recorded in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Experimental Parasitology, 143, 74-82. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2014.05.001
  • [33] Kramer, J. P. (1965). Nosema necatrix sp. n. and Thelohania diazoma sp. n., microsporidians from the armyworm Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth) Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 7(2), 117-121.
  • [34] Canning, E. U., & Vávra, J. (2000). Phylum microsporida. In J. J. Lee, G. F. L. le, & P. Bradburry (Eds.), The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa (Vol. 1, pp. 39-126). Lawrence: Allen Press Inc.
  • [35] Malysh, J. M., Vorontsova, Y. L., Glupov, V. V., Tsarev, A. A., & Tokarev, Y. S. (2018). Vairimorpha ephestiae is a synonym of Vairimorpha necatrix (Opisthosporidia: Microsporidia) based on multilocus sequence analysis. European Journal of Protistology, 66, 63-67. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2018.08.004

Akdeniz un güvesi, Ephestiae kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)’nin yeni bir mikrosporidian patojeni

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 277 - 285, 15.08.2021

Çağrı Bekircan , Onur Tosun

https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2021.966465
Cited By: 1

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'de (Malatya) Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) konağından yeni bir Vairimorpha izolatı tanımlanmıştır. Enfeksiyon, hem larva hem de yetişkin aşamalarında konağın arka bağırsağında belirlendi. Gözlemler sırasında polimorfik sporülasyon kaynaklı iki tip spor tespit edilmiştir. Çift çekirdekli ovosilindirik taze sporlar 4.38 ± 0.31 μm (5.09–3.77 μm, n = 100) uzunluğunda ve 2.80 ± 0.18 μm (3.21–2.43 μm, n=100) genişliğinde ölçülürken, oval meiosporlar 3.50 ± olarak ölçüldü. 0,46 μm (4,98–2,51 μm, n = 100) uzunluğunda ve 2,02 ± 0,28 μm (2,94–1,50 μm, n=100) genişliğinde. SSU rRNA ve RPB1 genlerine dayalı multilokus genetik analizler, mevcut mikrosporidyumun filogenetik durumunu belirlemek için gerçekleştirilmiştir. ML ve BI ağaçlarında, mevcut microsporidium, Vairimorpha dizisi içindeki V. necatrix suşlarından farklı bir dala ayrıldı.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ephestia kuehniella Lepidoptera RPB1 SSU rRNA Vairimorpha

Kaynakça

  • [1] Capinera, J. L. (2008). Butterflies and moths. In Encyclopedia of Entomology (Vol. 4, pp. 626-672): Springer.
  • [2] Powell, J. A. (2009). Lepidoptera. In V. H. Resh & R. T. Carde (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Insects (Vol. 2, pp. 557-587): Academic Press.
  • [3] Scoble, M. J. (1995). The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity (1 ed.). Oxford University: Oxford University Press.
  • [4] Benson, J. F. (1973). The biology of Lepidoptera infesting stored products, with special reference to population dynamics. Biological Reviews, 48, 1-26.
  • [5] Carter, D. J. (1984). Pest Lepidoptera of Europe with special reference to the British Isles. Netherlands: Dr. W. Junk Dordrecht.
  • [6] Baki, H., & Bekircan, Ç. (2018). A new microsporidium, Vairimorpha subcoccinellae n. sp. (Microsporidia: Burenellidae), isolated from Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 151, 182-190. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2017.12.004
  • [7] Bekircan, Ç. (2020). Assignment of Vairimorpha leptinotarsae comb. nov. on the basis of molecular characterization of Nosema leptinotarsae Lipa, 1968 (Microsporidia: Nosematidae). Parasitology, 147(9), 1019-1025. doi:10.1017/s0031182020000669
  • [8] Bekircan, Ç., Bülbül, U., Güler, H. İ., & Becnel, J. J. (2016). Description and phylogeny of a new microsporidium from the elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller, 1766 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Parasitology Research, 116(2), 773-780. doi:10.1007/s00436-016-5349-y
  • [9] Bekircan, Ç., Cüce, M., Baki, H., & Tosun, O. (2017). Aranciocystis muskarensis n. gen., n. sp., a neogregarine pathogen of the Anisoplia segetum Herbst (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 144, 58-64. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2017.01.014
  • [10] Tosun, O. (2020). A new isolate of Nosema fumiferanae (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) from the date moth Apomyelois (Ectomyelois) ceratoniae, Zeller, 1839 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Parasitology, 147(13), 1461-1468. doi:10.1017/s0031182020001481
  • [11] Yıldırım, H., & Bekircan, Ç. (2020). Ultrastructural and molecular characterization of Nosema alticae sp. nov. (Microsporidia: Nosematidae), pathogen of the flea beetle, Altica hampei Allard, 1867 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 170, 107302. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2019.107302
  • [12] Lacey, L. A. (2012). Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology (Second ed.). USA: Academic Press.
  • [13] Vega, F. E., & Kaya, H. K. (2012). Insect Pathology (Second ed.). UK: Elsevier.
  • [14] Weiss, L. M., & Becnel, J. J. (2014). Microsporidia Pathogens of Opportunity. USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • [15] Yaman, M., Bekircan, Ç., Radek, R., & Linde, A. (2014). Nosema pieriae sp. n. (Microsporida, Nosematidae): A New Microsporidian Pathogen of the Cabbage Butterfly Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Acta Protozoologica, 53, 223-232. doi:10.4467/16890027AP.14.019.1600
  • [16] Bekircan, Ç., Tokarev, Y. S., Tosun, O., & Baki, H. (2016). Detection of Neogregarine and Eugregarine (Apicomplexa) Infections from Chrysolina herbacea (Duftschmid 1825) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Life Sciences, 1(2), 59-64.
  • [17] Bekircan, Ç., Tosun, O., & Baki, H. (2018). Influence of climatic conditions on microsporidiosis that originated from Rugispora istanbulensis in Elm Leaf Beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Kastamonu Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(2), 230-235. doi:10.17475/kastorman.344845
  • [18] Bekircan, Ç., Tosun, O., & Yıldırım, H. (2020). Survey of Entomopathogenic Organisms of the Cantharis livida Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Cantharidae) in Turkey. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 13(3), 187-193. doi:10.46309/biodicon.2020.736577
  • [19] Spurr, A. R. (1969). A Low-Viscosity Epoxy Resin Embedding Medium for Electron Microscopy. Journal of Ultrastructure Research, 26, 31-43.
  • [20] Reynolds, E. S. (1963). The Use of Lead Citrate at High pH as an Electron-Opaque Stain in Electron Microscopy. The Journal of Cell Biology, 17(1), 208-2012.
  • [21] Vossbrinck, C. R., & Debrunner-Vossbrinck, B. A. (2005). Molecular phylogeny of the Microsporidia: ecological, ultrastructural and taxonomic considerations. Folia Parasitologica, 52, 131-142.
  • [22] Tokarev, Y. S., Huang, W. F., Solter, L. F., Malysh, J. M., Becnel, J. J., & Vossbrinck, C. R. (2020). A formal redefinition of the genera Nosema and Vairimorpha (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) and reassignment of species based on molecular phylogenetics. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 169, 107279. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2019.107279
  • [23] Hajek, A. E., & Delalibera, I. J. (2010). Fungal pathogens as classical biological control agents against arthropods. BioControl, 55, 147-158. doi:10.1007/s10526-009-9253-6
  • [24] Mattes, O. (1927). Parasitiire Krankheiten der Mehlmottenlarven und Versuche tiber ihre Verwendbarkeit als biologisches Bekiimpfungsmittel. Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Zytologie der Baktericn. . Retrieved from Sitzungsber. Ges. zur Bef. Ges.
  • [25] Mattes, O. (1928). Uber den Entwicklungsgang der Mikrosporidie Thelohania ephestiae und die von ihr hervorgerufcncn Krankheitserscheinungen. Z. wiss, Zool., 132, 526-582.
  • [26] Weiser, J., & Purrini, K. (1985). Light- and electron-microscopic studies on the microsporidian Vairimorpha ephestiae (Mattes) (Protozoa, Microsporidia) in the meal moth Ephestia kühniella. Archiv für Protistenkunde, 130(3), 179-189. doi:10.1016/s0003-9365(85)80060-9
  • [27] Moawed, S. M., Marei, S. S., Saleh, M. R., & Matter, M. M. (1997). Impact of Vairimorpha ephestiae (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) on Bracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an external parasite of the American bollworm, Heliothis armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). European Journal of Entomology, 94, 561-565.
  • [28] Vorontsova, Y. L., Tokarev, Y. S., Sokolova, Y., & Glupov, V. V. (2004). Microsporidiosis in the wax moth Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) caused by Vairimorpha ephestiae (Microsporidia: Burenellidae). Parazitologiya, 38(3), 239-250.
  • [29] Mitchell, M. J., & Cali, A. (1993). Ultrastructural Study of the Development of Vairimorpha necatrix (Kramer, 1965) (Protozoa, Microsporida) in Larvae of the Corn Earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) with Emphasis on Sporogony. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 40(6), 701-710.
  • [30] Pilley, B. M. (1976). A new genus, Vairimorpha (Protozoa: Microsporida), for Nosema necatrix Kramer 1965: Pathogenicity and life cycle in Spodoptera exempta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 28(2), 177-183. doi:10.1016/0022-2011(76)90119-1
  • [31] Sprague, V., Becnel, J. J., & Hazard, E. I. (1992). Taxonomy of Phylum Microspora. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 18(5/6), 285-395.
  • [32] Luo, B., Liu, H., Pan, G., Li, T., Li, Z., Dang, X., . . . Zhou, Z. (2014). Morphological and molecular studies of Vairimorpha necatrix BM, a new strain of the microsporidium V. necatrix (microsporidia, burenellidae) recorded in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Experimental Parasitology, 143, 74-82. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2014.05.001
  • [33] Kramer, J. P. (1965). Nosema necatrix sp. n. and Thelohania diazoma sp. n., microsporidians from the armyworm Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth) Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 7(2), 117-121.
  • [34] Canning, E. U., & Vávra, J. (2000). Phylum microsporida. In J. J. Lee, G. F. L. le, & P. Bradburry (Eds.), The Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa (Vol. 1, pp. 39-126). Lawrence: Allen Press Inc.
  • [35] Malysh, J. M., Vorontsova, Y. L., Glupov, V. V., Tsarev, A. A., & Tokarev, Y. S. (2018). Vairimorpha ephestiae is a synonym of Vairimorpha necatrix (Opisthosporidia: Microsporidia) based on multilocus sequence analysis. European Journal of Protistology, 66, 63-67. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2018.08.004
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Koruma ve Biyolojik Çeşitlilik
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Çağrı Bekircan 0000-0002-5968-7359

Onur Tosun 0000-0002-6763-5671

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ağustos 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Temmuz 2021
Kabul Tarihi 25 Temmuz 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Bekircan, Ç., & Tosun, O. (2021). A new microsporidian pathogen of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestiae kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Biological Diversity and Conservation, 14(2), 277-285. https://doi.org/10.46309/biodicon.2021.966465

Cited By

Nosema canburensis sp. nov. (Microsporidia: Nosematidae): a novel microsporidium record infecting the Italian striped bug, Graphosoma italicum Müller (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
Systematic Parasitology
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11230-025-10220-4
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❖ Web Adresi: http://www.biodicon.com; Türkçe: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/biodicon
❖ Biyolojik Çeşitlilik ve Koruma/ Biyolojik Çeşitlilik ve Koruma
❖ ISSN 1308-5301 Baskı; ISSN 1308-8084 Çevrimiçi
❖ Yayım Başlangıç ​​Tarihi 2008
❖ © Copyright by Biyolojik Çeşitlilik ve Koruma/Biyolojik Çeşitlilik ve Koruma-www.biodicon.com/ adresinden çevrimiçi olarak erişime açıktır. Tüm hakları saklıdır
. ❖ Yayımcı : ERSİN YÜCEL (https://www.ersinyucel.com.tr/)
❖ Bu dergi yılda üç sayı olarak yayımlanır. Eskişehir/Türkiye'de basılmaktadır.
❖ Bu dergide yayımlanan makalelerin her türlü sorumluluğu yazarlarına aittir.
❖ Editör / Genel Yayın Yönetmeni : Prof.Dr. Ersin YÜCEL, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8274-7578