Öz
Avrupa Birliği (AB) tarım politikası 2000’den günümüze önemli boyutta değişmiştir. AB bu dönüşümün çevreyi korumaya yönelik olduğunu ileri sürmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı AB taım politikasındaki dönüşümün arkasında yatan diğer başlıca faktörleri incelemektir. AB tarım politikasında gerçekleşen dönüşümün başlıca sebebi çevreyi koruma çabaları mı yoksa uluslararası baskılar mıdır? Çalışmada bu araştırma sorusuna ekolojik modernizasyon teorisi çerçevesinde cevap aranacaktır. Ekolojik modernizasyon teorisinin seçilmesinin sebebi AB’nin Ortak Tarım Politikasında (OTP) 2000 sonrası gerçekleşen dönüşümün ekolojik modernleşme yaklaşımının temel mantığıyla uyumlu olduğunun gözlenmesidir. Günümüzde yürürlükteki OTP’nin hangi aşamalardan, hangi ihtiyaçlarla geçtiğini anlamak ve nasıl politika oluşturulduğunu ortaya koymak için anlamlıdır. Bu çalışmada OTP’ye neden ihtiyaç duyulduğundan ve politikadaki reform sürecinden bahsedilmiş, bu süreçte baskın olarak hangi unsurların reformlar için tetikleyici olduğu ve çevre unsurunun hangi dinamiklerin etkisiyle sürece eklendiği incelenmiştir. Bulgular AB tarım politikasındaki dönüşümün başlıca itici gücünün çevreyi koruma çabaları ya da uluslararası baskılardan ziyade sürdürülebilir ekonomik kalkınmanın devamının sağlanması olduğu sonucuna işaret etmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
AB Ortak Tarım Politikası sürdürülebilir tarım yeşil büyüme ekolojik modernleşme
Kaynakça
- Ackrill, R. (2000). Common agricultural policy. England: Shefield Academic Press.
- Ackrill, R. (2008). The CAP and its reform–half a century of change?. Eurochoices, 7(2), 13-21.
- Adua, L., York, R. ve Schuelke-Leech, B. A. (2016). The human dimensions of climate change: A micro-level assessment of views from the ecological modernization, political economy and human ecology perspectives. Social Science Research, 56, 26-43.
- Akder, A. H. (2012). Ortak tarım politikası. B. Akçay ve İ. Göçmen (Ed.), Avrupa Birliği, tarihçe, teoriler, kurumlar ve politikalar içinde (s.s. 273-298). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
- Askew, K. (2022). Ukraine war detonates EU food security debate, but will sustainability be collateral damage? https://www.foodnavıgator.com/artıcle/2022/03/07/ukraıne-war-detonates-eu-food-securıty-debate-but-wıll-sustaınabılıty-be-collateral-damage
- Bäck, H. ve Hadenius, A. (2008). Democracy and state capacity: Exploring a J‐shaped relationship. Governance, 21(1), 1-24.
- Baker S. ve Eckerberg, K. (2008). In pursuit of sustainable development. Routledge.
- Berners-Lee, M. Kennelly, C. Watson, R. ve Hewitt, C. N. (2018). Current global food production is sufficient to meet human nutritional needs in 2050 provided there is radical societal adaptation. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 6, 52.
- Burrier, G. A. ve Hultquist, P. (2019). Temples, travesties, or something else? The developmental state, ecological modernization, and hydroelectric dam construction in India. World Development, 124, 104642.
- Candel, J. (2022). An interview with Food Navigator Europe - 7 March 2022. https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2022/03/07/Ukraine-war-detonates-EU-food-security-debate-but-will-sustainability-be-collateral-damage#
- Chomsky, N. ve Pollin, R. (2021). İklim krizi ve küresel yeşil yeni düzen-gezegeni kurtarmanın politik ekonomisi (Çev. Orhangazi, O). Ütopya Yayınevi.
- Cunha, A. ve Swinbank, A. (2011). An inside view of the CAP reform process: Explaining the MacSharry, Agenda 2000, and Fischler reforms. Oxford University Press.
- CVCE. (2025). The setting up of the CAP. https://www.cvce.eu/en/collections/unit-content/-/unit/df06517b-babc-451d-baf6-a2d4b19c1c88/69bdb43a-8750-44f7-9c94-ee1c10b7b3b9
- Dryzek, J. S. (1997). The politics of the earth, environmental discourses. Oxford University Press.
- European Commission. (2019). Post 2020 CAP: Environmental benefits and simplification. https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2021-01/cap-post-2020-environ-benefits-simplification_en_0.pdf
- European Commission. (t. y.a). An environmentally sustainable CAP. https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/sustainability/environmental-sustainability/cap-and-environment_en
- European Commission. (t. y.b). Key policy objectives of the CAP. https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/common-agricultural-policy/cap-overview/cap-2023-27/key-policy-objectives-cap-2023-27_en
- European Commission. (t. y.c). Agriculture and rural development. https://commission.europa.eu/about/departments-and-executive-agencies/agriculture-and-rural-development_en
- European Council. (t. y.). Timeline, history of the CAP. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/cap-introduction/timeline-history/
- European Parliament. (2023). Financing of the CAP. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/106/financing-of-the-cap
- European Parliament. (2023). The common agricultural policy (CAP) and the treaty. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/103/the-common-agricultural-policy-cap-and-the-treaty
- European Union. (t. y.a). The common agricultural policy at a glance. https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/common-agricultural-policy/cap-overview/cap-glance_en#capfinancing
- European Union. (t. y.b). Common agricultural policy: 2023-27. https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/common-agricultural-policy/cap-overview/cap-2023-27_en
- Food Agriculture Organisation. (2012). Livestock and landscapes. https://www.fao.org/3/ar591e/ar591e.pdf
- Food and Agriculture Organisation of The United Nation. (2022). The role of animal health in national climate commitments. https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cc0431en
- Friends of The Earth Europe. (2022). CAP strategic plans green deal or no deal? https://friendsoftheearth.eu/publication/cap-strategic-plans-green-deal-or-no-deal/
- Global 2000. (2023). Suspension of greening measures of the CAP under the guise of food security-with Austria as a case study. https://www.global2000.at/sites/global/files/230523_MediaBriefing_EFA-derogations_EN.pdf
- Gouldson, A., Hills, P. ve Welford, R. (2008). Ecological modernisation and policy learning in Hong Kong. Geoforum, 39(1), 319-330.
- Green, J. (2022). Greening keynes? Productivist lineages of the green new deal. The Anthropocene Review, 9(3), 324-343.
- Hajer, M. A. (1995) The politics of environmental discourse: Ecological modernization and the policy process. Oxford University Press.
- Hickel, J. ve Kallis, G. (2020). Is green growth possible?. New Political Economy, 25(4), 469-486.
- Hilmi, A. ve Frison, E. (2024). Farmer protests: The wrong u-turn. https://www.greeneuropeanjournal.eu/farmer-protests-the-wrong-u-turn/
- Hovardas, T. (2016). Two paradoxes with one stone: A critical reading of ecological modernization. Ecological Economics, 130, 1-7.
- İktisadi Kalkınma Vakfı. (t. y.). Prelevman (levy) https://oldweb.ikv.org.tr/print.asp?id=1265&baslik=AB%20KAVRAMLARI%20S%D6ZL%DC%D0%DC
- Jänicke, M. (2008). Ecological modernisation: New perspectives. Journal of Cleaner Production, 16(5), 557-565.
- Kaufman, A. C. (2018). What’s the green new deal?. https://grist.org/article/whats-the-green-new-deal-the-surprising-origins-behind-a-progressive-rallying-cry/
- Kelch, D. ve Normile, M. A. (2004). EU adopts significant farm reform. https://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2004/september/european-union-adopts-significant-farm-reform/#:~:text=Under%20Agenda%202000%2C%20EU%20member,toward%20a%20rural%20development%20fund
- Le Blanc, D. (2011). Special issue on green economy and sustainable development. In Natural Resources Forum (Vol. 35, No. 3).
- Lovell, J. (2008). Climate report calls for green new deal. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-deal-idUSL204610020080721/
- Machin, A. (2020). Changing the story? The discourse of ecological modernisation in the European Union. In The Future of European Union Environmental Politics and Policy (pp. 22-41). Routledge.
- Milanez, B. ve Bührs, T. (2007). Marrying strands of ecological modernisation: A proposed framework. Environmental Politics, 16(4), 565-583.
- Pörtner, L. M., Lambrecht, N., Springmann, M., Bodirsky, B. L., Gaupp, F., Freund, F., ... ve Gabrysch, S. (2022). We need a food system transformation—In the face of the Russia-Ukraine war, now more than ever. One Earth, 5(5), 470-472.
- Puaschunder, J. M. (2020). The green new deal: History, economy and implementation. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3720351
- Reimer, A. (2015). Ecological modernization in US agri-environmental programs: Trends in the 2014 farm bill. Land Use Policy, 47, 209-217.
- Semal, L. Szuba, M. ve Petit, O. (2014). Andrew Dobson: Trajectories of green political theory Interview by Luc Semal, Mathilde Szuba and Olivier Petit. Natures Sciences Sociétés, 22, 132-141.
- Şahin, G. (2022). Ekolojik modernleşme teorisi ve çevre politikası çıkarımları. Pearson Journal, 7(21), 236-257.
- T. C. AB Bakanlığı. (2022). Fasıl 11- tarım ve kırsal kalkınma. https://www.ab.gov.tr/p.php?e=76
- Tangermann, S. (1998). An ex-post review of the 1992 MacSharry Reform. K. A. Ingersent. (Ed.). The reform of the common agricultural policy içinde (pp. 12-35) Macmillan Press.
- UNFCCC (t. y.). The Rio conventions. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-rio-conventions
- United Nations. (1987). Report of the world commission on environment and development: Our common future. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987our-common-future.pdf
- United Nations. (1997). Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations framework convention on climate change. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf
- Wanner, T. (2015). The new ‘passive revolution’of the green economy and growth discourse: Maintaining the ‘sustainable development’of neoliberal capitalism. New Political Economy, 20(1), 21-41.
- Weale, A. (1992). The new politics of pollution. Manchester University Press.
- Willard, M. (2023). CAP environmental derogations: What is the impact on food security? https://www.arc2020.eu/cap-environmental-derogations-what-is-the-impact-on-food-security/
Öz
The European Union (EU) agricultural policy has undergone significant changes from 2000 to the present. The EU claims that this transformation is aimed at protecting the environment. The purpose of this study is to examine the other major factors behind this transformation. Is the primary reason for transformation in the EU agricultural policy related to the efforts to protect the environment, or is it due to international pressures? This research question will be addressed within the framework of ecological modernization theory. The reason for this is the observation that the transformation in the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) after 2000 aligns with the core logic of the ecological modernization approach. Understanding the paths and needs that shaped the current European Common Agricultural Policy is meaningful for comprehending the policy itself. This study examines why a common agricultural policy was needed, the reform process, the predominant elements driving these reforms, and the dynamics that have led to the inclusion of the environmental aspect. The findings indicate that the main driving force behind the transformation in the EU agricultural policy is ensuring the continuation of sustainable economic development.
Anahtar Kelimeler
EU Common Agricultural Policy sustainable agriculture green growth ecological modernization
Kaynakça
- Ackrill, R. (2000). Common agricultural policy. England: Shefield Academic Press.
- Ackrill, R. (2008). The CAP and its reform–half a century of change?. Eurochoices, 7(2), 13-21.
- Adua, L., York, R. ve Schuelke-Leech, B. A. (2016). The human dimensions of climate change: A micro-level assessment of views from the ecological modernization, political economy and human ecology perspectives. Social Science Research, 56, 26-43.
- Akder, A. H. (2012). Ortak tarım politikası. B. Akçay ve İ. Göçmen (Ed.), Avrupa Birliği, tarihçe, teoriler, kurumlar ve politikalar içinde (s.s. 273-298). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
- Askew, K. (2022). Ukraine war detonates EU food security debate, but will sustainability be collateral damage? https://www.foodnavıgator.com/artıcle/2022/03/07/ukraıne-war-detonates-eu-food-securıty-debate-but-wıll-sustaınabılıty-be-collateral-damage
- Bäck, H. ve Hadenius, A. (2008). Democracy and state capacity: Exploring a J‐shaped relationship. Governance, 21(1), 1-24.
- Baker S. ve Eckerberg, K. (2008). In pursuit of sustainable development. Routledge.
- Berners-Lee, M. Kennelly, C. Watson, R. ve Hewitt, C. N. (2018). Current global food production is sufficient to meet human nutritional needs in 2050 provided there is radical societal adaptation. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 6, 52.
- Burrier, G. A. ve Hultquist, P. (2019). Temples, travesties, or something else? The developmental state, ecological modernization, and hydroelectric dam construction in India. World Development, 124, 104642.
- Candel, J. (2022). An interview with Food Navigator Europe - 7 March 2022. https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2022/03/07/Ukraine-war-detonates-EU-food-security-debate-but-will-sustainability-be-collateral-damage#
- Chomsky, N. ve Pollin, R. (2021). İklim krizi ve küresel yeşil yeni düzen-gezegeni kurtarmanın politik ekonomisi (Çev. Orhangazi, O). Ütopya Yayınevi.
- Cunha, A. ve Swinbank, A. (2011). An inside view of the CAP reform process: Explaining the MacSharry, Agenda 2000, and Fischler reforms. Oxford University Press.
- CVCE. (2025). The setting up of the CAP. https://www.cvce.eu/en/collections/unit-content/-/unit/df06517b-babc-451d-baf6-a2d4b19c1c88/69bdb43a-8750-44f7-9c94-ee1c10b7b3b9
- Dryzek, J. S. (1997). The politics of the earth, environmental discourses. Oxford University Press.
- European Commission. (2019). Post 2020 CAP: Environmental benefits and simplification. https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2021-01/cap-post-2020-environ-benefits-simplification_en_0.pdf
- European Commission. (t. y.a). An environmentally sustainable CAP. https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/sustainability/environmental-sustainability/cap-and-environment_en
- European Commission. (t. y.b). Key policy objectives of the CAP. https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/common-agricultural-policy/cap-overview/cap-2023-27/key-policy-objectives-cap-2023-27_en
- European Commission. (t. y.c). Agriculture and rural development. https://commission.europa.eu/about/departments-and-executive-agencies/agriculture-and-rural-development_en
- European Council. (t. y.). Timeline, history of the CAP. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/cap-introduction/timeline-history/
- European Parliament. (2023). Financing of the CAP. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/106/financing-of-the-cap
- European Parliament. (2023). The common agricultural policy (CAP) and the treaty. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/103/the-common-agricultural-policy-cap-and-the-treaty
- European Union. (t. y.a). The common agricultural policy at a glance. https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/common-agricultural-policy/cap-overview/cap-glance_en#capfinancing
- European Union. (t. y.b). Common agricultural policy: 2023-27. https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/common-agricultural-policy/cap-overview/cap-2023-27_en
- Food Agriculture Organisation. (2012). Livestock and landscapes. https://www.fao.org/3/ar591e/ar591e.pdf
- Food and Agriculture Organisation of The United Nation. (2022). The role of animal health in national climate commitments. https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cc0431en
- Friends of The Earth Europe. (2022). CAP strategic plans green deal or no deal? https://friendsoftheearth.eu/publication/cap-strategic-plans-green-deal-or-no-deal/
- Global 2000. (2023). Suspension of greening measures of the CAP under the guise of food security-with Austria as a case study. https://www.global2000.at/sites/global/files/230523_MediaBriefing_EFA-derogations_EN.pdf
- Gouldson, A., Hills, P. ve Welford, R. (2008). Ecological modernisation and policy learning in Hong Kong. Geoforum, 39(1), 319-330.
- Green, J. (2022). Greening keynes? Productivist lineages of the green new deal. The Anthropocene Review, 9(3), 324-343.
- Hajer, M. A. (1995) The politics of environmental discourse: Ecological modernization and the policy process. Oxford University Press.
- Hickel, J. ve Kallis, G. (2020). Is green growth possible?. New Political Economy, 25(4), 469-486.
- Hilmi, A. ve Frison, E. (2024). Farmer protests: The wrong u-turn. https://www.greeneuropeanjournal.eu/farmer-protests-the-wrong-u-turn/
- Hovardas, T. (2016). Two paradoxes with one stone: A critical reading of ecological modernization. Ecological Economics, 130, 1-7.
- İktisadi Kalkınma Vakfı. (t. y.). Prelevman (levy) https://oldweb.ikv.org.tr/print.asp?id=1265&baslik=AB%20KAVRAMLARI%20S%D6ZL%DC%D0%DC
- Jänicke, M. (2008). Ecological modernisation: New perspectives. Journal of Cleaner Production, 16(5), 557-565.
- Kaufman, A. C. (2018). What’s the green new deal?. https://grist.org/article/whats-the-green-new-deal-the-surprising-origins-behind-a-progressive-rallying-cry/
- Kelch, D. ve Normile, M. A. (2004). EU adopts significant farm reform. https://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2004/september/european-union-adopts-significant-farm-reform/#:~:text=Under%20Agenda%202000%2C%20EU%20member,toward%20a%20rural%20development%20fund
- Le Blanc, D. (2011). Special issue on green economy and sustainable development. In Natural Resources Forum (Vol. 35, No. 3).
- Lovell, J. (2008). Climate report calls for green new deal. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-deal-idUSL204610020080721/
- Machin, A. (2020). Changing the story? The discourse of ecological modernisation in the European Union. In The Future of European Union Environmental Politics and Policy (pp. 22-41). Routledge.
- Milanez, B. ve Bührs, T. (2007). Marrying strands of ecological modernisation: A proposed framework. Environmental Politics, 16(4), 565-583.
- Pörtner, L. M., Lambrecht, N., Springmann, M., Bodirsky, B. L., Gaupp, F., Freund, F., ... ve Gabrysch, S. (2022). We need a food system transformation—In the face of the Russia-Ukraine war, now more than ever. One Earth, 5(5), 470-472.
- Puaschunder, J. M. (2020). The green new deal: History, economy and implementation. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3720351
- Reimer, A. (2015). Ecological modernization in US agri-environmental programs: Trends in the 2014 farm bill. Land Use Policy, 47, 209-217.
- Semal, L. Szuba, M. ve Petit, O. (2014). Andrew Dobson: Trajectories of green political theory Interview by Luc Semal, Mathilde Szuba and Olivier Petit. Natures Sciences Sociétés, 22, 132-141.
- Şahin, G. (2022). Ekolojik modernleşme teorisi ve çevre politikası çıkarımları. Pearson Journal, 7(21), 236-257.
- T. C. AB Bakanlığı. (2022). Fasıl 11- tarım ve kırsal kalkınma. https://www.ab.gov.tr/p.php?e=76
- Tangermann, S. (1998). An ex-post review of the 1992 MacSharry Reform. K. A. Ingersent. (Ed.). The reform of the common agricultural policy içinde (pp. 12-35) Macmillan Press.
- UNFCCC (t. y.). The Rio conventions. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-rio-conventions
- United Nations. (1987). Report of the world commission on environment and development: Our common future. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987our-common-future.pdf
- United Nations. (1997). Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations framework convention on climate change. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf
- Wanner, T. (2015). The new ‘passive revolution’of the green economy and growth discourse: Maintaining the ‘sustainable development’of neoliberal capitalism. New Political Economy, 20(1), 21-41.
- Weale, A. (1992). The new politics of pollution. Manchester University Press.
- Willard, M. (2023). CAP environmental derogations: What is the impact on food security? https://www.arc2020.eu/cap-environmental-derogations-what-is-the-impact-on-food-security/
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Politika ve Yönetim (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Haziran 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 9 Nisan 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 28 Haziran 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1 |
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