Öz
Savunma harcamaları, bir ülkenin güvenliğini sağlamak ve egemenliğini korumak için milli gelirinden ayırdığı harcamalardır. Bu harcamalar bir ulusun geleceği ve refahı için hayati önem taşır ve siyasi ve stratejik nedenlerle önceliklendirilir. Bu nedenle savunma harcamalarını azaltmak veya tamamen ortadan kaldırmak zordur. Ulusal güvenlik politikalarının ve uluslararası ilişkilerin şekillenmesinde kilit bir faktör olan NATO üyesi ülkelerin savunma harcamaları hem aralarındaki güç dengesini hem de stratejik ilişkilerin ve ulusal güvenlik algılamalarının temelini etkilemektedir. Bu çalışma, NATO üyesi ülkelerin askeri stratejilerinin evriminin ve daha geniş güvenlik çerçevesi içindeki rollerinin daha iyi anlaşılmasını ve savunma harcamaları hakkında bilgi edinilmesini sağlamaktadır. Öncelikli amaç Türkiye’nin savunma harcamalarını diğer NATO üyeleriyle karşılaştırmaktır. Buna ek olarak, araştırma NATO’nun tarihsel geçmişini incelemekte, savunma harcamaları kalıplarını irdelemekte, bu harcamaları etkileyen temel faktörleri tanımlamakta ve NATO’nun savunma için ayırdığı bütçeyi analiz etmektedir. NATO’nun tarihsel gelişimi incelenirken, en yeni üyeler olan Finlandiya ve İsveç de bu çerçeveye dahil edilmiştir. Analiz NATO’nun kurulduğu 1949 yılından 2024 yılına kadar olan dönemi kapsamakta ve savunma harcamalarında zaman içinde meydana gelen değişikliklere kapsamlı bir bakış açısı sunmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- ALPER DOĞAN, Emine KABAYEL, “Defense Expenditures: Türkiye’s Evaluation,” KMÜ Social and Economic Research Journal (KMUSEKAD) / KMU Journal of Social and Economic Research, Vol. 25, No. 45, 2023, pp. 1336-1351, https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2958359 (Accessed: 24.01.2025).
- BÜLENT YILMAZ, Murat ATİK, Görkem MELEKOĞLU, “The Impact of Defense Expenditures on the Economy and the Determination of the Weights of Expenditure Items,” The Journal of Defence and War Studies, Vol. 32, Issue 2, December 2022, p. 275. https://intapi.sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/ bsaft-2023-0019 (Accessed: 14.01.2025).
- Brzoska, M. World Military Expenditures. Handbook of Defense Economics. England: Elsevier Science. 1995.
- DUNNE, J. Paul, Smith, Ron P. & Willenbockel, Dirk, “Models of Military Expenditure and Growth: A Critical Review,” Defence and Peace Economics, Vol. 15, 2005, s. 451. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ full/10.1080/10242690500167791 (Erişim Tarihi: 29.01.2025).
- ELENA FLORIŞTEANU, “Military and Defence Expenditures in the Current Security Context: Concepts and Influencing Factors,” Scientific Bulletin, Vol. XXVIII, No. 2(56), 2023, https://intapi.sciendo.com/ pdf/10.2478/bsaft-2023-0019 (Erişim Tarihi: 20.01.2025), s. 196.
- FILIZ YESILYURT, M. Ensar YESILYURT, “Meta-Analysis, Military Expenditures And Growth,” Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 56, 2019.
- J. Paul Dunne, Ron P. Smith & Dirk Willenbockel, Models Of Mılıtary Expendıture And Growth: A Crıtıcal Revıew, Defence And Peace Economics, Vol, 15, 2005, https://www.Tandfonline.Com/Doi/ Full/10.1080/10242690500167791
- LUCAS PIERONI, “Military Expenditure and Economic Growth,” Defence and Peace Economics, Vol. 20, No. 4, 2009, s. 327-339, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227610166_Military_Expenditure_ and_Economic_Growth (Erişim Tarihi: 24.01.2025).
- MAIZELS, A., & NISSANKE, M.K., “The Determinants of Military Expenditure in Developing Countries,” World Development, 1986.
- The Military Balance 2024, Europe, https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/tmib20 (Accessed: 15.02.2025). NATO, “Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2014-2021),” NATO Official Report, https://www.nato. int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2021/6/pdf/210611-pr-2021-094-en.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 14.01.2025).
- NATO, “NATO member countries,” NATO Official Website, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52044. htm (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2025).
- NATO, “Welcome to NATO,” NATO Official Website, https://www.nato.int/nato-welcome/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 06.01.2025).
- “The Consultation Process and Article 4,” NATO Official Website, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_ 49187.htm (Accessed: 20.01.2025).
- SİPRİ, “Military Expenditure Database,” https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex/sources-and-methods (Accessed: 22.02.2025).
- Stepper Peter, NATO in the 21 Century, 2019, Budapest.
- Szenes, Z. “The Adaptation of NATO to a New World, NATO 4.0 and Hungary”. Edt. Szenes Zoltan and Siposne Kecskemethy Klara, Budapest: Zrinyi Kiado, 2019.
- Tiwari, Aviral and Shahbaz, Muhammad, Does Defence Spending Stimulate Economic Growth in India? https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/30880/1/MPRA_paper_30880.pdf
Öz
Defense expenditures are the expenditures that a country allocates from its national income to ensure its security and protect its sovereignty. These expenditures are vital to a nation’s future and prosperity and are prioritised for political and strategic reasons. It is therefore difficult to reduce or completely abandon defence expenditures. As a key factor in shaping national security policies and international relations, defense expenditures of NATO member states influence both the balance of power among them and the foundation of strategic relations and national security perceptions. This study provides a better understanding of the evolution of NATO member states’ military strategies and their role in the broader security framework, as well as information on their defense expenditures. The primary objective is to compare Türkiye’s defense expenditures with those of other NATO members. Additionally, the research explores NATO’s historical background, examines defense spending patterns, identifies key factors influencing these expenditures, and analyzes NATO’s budget allocation for defense. In examining NATO’s historical development, the most recent members, Finland and Sweden, are also included within this framework. The analysis encompasses the period from NATO’s establishment in 1949 through to 2024, offering a comprehensive view of changes in defense spending over time.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- ALPER DOĞAN, Emine KABAYEL, “Defense Expenditures: Türkiye’s Evaluation,” KMÜ Social and Economic Research Journal (KMUSEKAD) / KMU Journal of Social and Economic Research, Vol. 25, No. 45, 2023, pp. 1336-1351, https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2958359 (Accessed: 24.01.2025).
- BÜLENT YILMAZ, Murat ATİK, Görkem MELEKOĞLU, “The Impact of Defense Expenditures on the Economy and the Determination of the Weights of Expenditure Items,” The Journal of Defence and War Studies, Vol. 32, Issue 2, December 2022, p. 275. https://intapi.sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/ bsaft-2023-0019 (Accessed: 14.01.2025).
- Brzoska, M. World Military Expenditures. Handbook of Defense Economics. England: Elsevier Science. 1995.
- DUNNE, J. Paul, Smith, Ron P. & Willenbockel, Dirk, “Models of Military Expenditure and Growth: A Critical Review,” Defence and Peace Economics, Vol. 15, 2005, s. 451. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ full/10.1080/10242690500167791 (Erişim Tarihi: 29.01.2025).
- ELENA FLORIŞTEANU, “Military and Defence Expenditures in the Current Security Context: Concepts and Influencing Factors,” Scientific Bulletin, Vol. XXVIII, No. 2(56), 2023, https://intapi.sciendo.com/ pdf/10.2478/bsaft-2023-0019 (Erişim Tarihi: 20.01.2025), s. 196.
- FILIZ YESILYURT, M. Ensar YESILYURT, “Meta-Analysis, Military Expenditures And Growth,” Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 56, 2019.
- J. Paul Dunne, Ron P. Smith & Dirk Willenbockel, Models Of Mılıtary Expendıture And Growth: A Crıtıcal Revıew, Defence And Peace Economics, Vol, 15, 2005, https://www.Tandfonline.Com/Doi/ Full/10.1080/10242690500167791
- LUCAS PIERONI, “Military Expenditure and Economic Growth,” Defence and Peace Economics, Vol. 20, No. 4, 2009, s. 327-339, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227610166_Military_Expenditure_ and_Economic_Growth (Erişim Tarihi: 24.01.2025).
- MAIZELS, A., & NISSANKE, M.K., “The Determinants of Military Expenditure in Developing Countries,” World Development, 1986.
- The Military Balance 2024, Europe, https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/tmib20 (Accessed: 15.02.2025). NATO, “Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2014-2021),” NATO Official Report, https://www.nato. int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2021/6/pdf/210611-pr-2021-094-en.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 14.01.2025).
- NATO, “NATO member countries,” NATO Official Website, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52044. htm (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2025).
- NATO, “Welcome to NATO,” NATO Official Website, https://www.nato.int/nato-welcome/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 06.01.2025).
- “The Consultation Process and Article 4,” NATO Official Website, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_ 49187.htm (Accessed: 20.01.2025).
- SİPRİ, “Military Expenditure Database,” https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex/sources-and-methods (Accessed: 22.02.2025).
- Stepper Peter, NATO in the 21 Century, 2019, Budapest.
- Szenes, Z. “The Adaptation of NATO to a New World, NATO 4.0 and Hungary”. Edt. Szenes Zoltan and Siposne Kecskemethy Klara, Budapest: Zrinyi Kiado, 2019.
- Tiwari, Aviral and Shahbaz, Muhammad, Does Defence Spending Stimulate Economic Growth in India? https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/30880/1/MPRA_paper_30880.pdf
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Yakınçağ Tarihi (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 4 Haziran 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 27 Mart 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 24 Mayıs 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 24 Sayı: 38 |
