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A therapeutic role of chemical agents in experimental interstitial cystitis models

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 57 - 64, 31.01.2014

Feriha Ercan Şule Çetinel

Öz

Experimental interstitial cystitis (IC) models can be set as intravesical installations of chemical substances such as protamin sulfate, systemic application of chemical substances such as lipopolysaccharides, or environmental stress stimulation like cold, acute/chronic stress models. In the studies regarding IC besides denervation of afferent nerve fibers, several antioxidant agents demonstrated a prominent regeneration as inactivation of mast cells, reconstitution of leaky tight junctions in urothelium. Those agents also prevent formation of reactive oxygen radicals, besides inactivation of afferent nerve fibers containing neurotransmitter like substance P. The chemical agents used in those experimental studies are promising for the future treatment models in IC.

Key words: Experimental, interstitial cystitis, mast cell, inflammation, urinary bladder, chemical agents
 
 

Anahtar Kelimeler

-

Kaynakça

  • Gillenwater JY, Wein AJ. Summary of the national institute of arthritis, diabetes, digestive and kidney diseases workshop on interstitial cystitis, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, August 28–29, 1987, J Urol 1988; 140:203–206.
  • Curhan GC, Speizer FE, Hunter DJ, Curhan SG, Stampfer MJ. Epidemiology of interstitial cystitis: a population based study. J Urol. 1999; 161(2): 549-552.
  • Koziol JA, Clark DC, Gittes RF, Tan EM. The natural history of interstitial cystitis: a survey of 374 patients. J Urol. 1993; 149 (3): 465-469.
  • Johansson S, Fall M. Clinical features and spectrum of light microscopic changes in interstitial cystitis. J Urol. 1990; 143 (6): 1118- 1124.
  • Parsons CL, Lilly JD, Stein P. Epithelial dysfunction in nonbacterial cystitis (interstitial cystitis). J Urol. 1991; 145 (4): 732-735.
  • Theoharides TC, Sant GR, El-Mansoury M, Letourneau RJ, Ucci JAA, Meares JEM. Activation of bladder mast cells in interstitial cystitis: a light and electron microscopic study. J Urol. 1995; 153 (3 Pt 1): 629- 636.
  • van de Merwe JP, Nordling J, Bouchelouche P, Cervigni M, Daha LK, Elneil S, Fall M, Hohlbrugger G, Irwin P, Mortensen S, van Ophoven A, Osborne JL, Peeker R, Richter B, Riedl C, Sairanen J, Tinzl M, Wyndaele JJ. Diagnostic criteria, classification, and nomenclature for painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis: an ESSIC Proposal. Eur Urol. 2008; 53 (1): 60-67.
  • Christmas TJ, Rode J, Chapple CR, Milroy EJ, Turner-Warwick RT. Nerve fibre proliferation in interstitial cystitis. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1990; 416 (5): 447-451.
  • Pang X, Marchand J, Sant GR, Kream RM, Theoharides TC. Increased number of substance P positive nerve fibers in interstitial cystitis. Br J Urol. 1995; 75(6): 744-750.
  • Marchand JE, Sant GR, Kream RM. Increased expression of substance P receptor-encoding mRNA in bladder biopsies from patients with interstitial cystitis. Br J Urol. 1998; 81 (2): 224-228.
  • Ruggieri MR, Hanno PM, Whitmore KE, Balagani RK. Effect of Repeated instillation of interstitial cystitis urine on the rabbit urinary bladder. Urology 1993; 42: 646-652.
  • Kohn IJ, Filer-Maerten S, Whitmore K E, Hanno PM, Ruggieri MR. Lack of effect following repeated in vivo exposure of the rabbit urinary bladder to urine from interstitial cystitis patients at low infusion volumes. Neurourol Urodyn. 1998; 17: 147-152.
  • Monson F C, Wein A J, McKenna B A: Indigocarmine as a quantitative indicator of urothelial integrity. J Urol. 1991; 145: 842-845.
  • Shimizu I, Kawashima K, Hosoki K: Urodynamics in acetone-induced cystitis of anesthetized rats. Neurourol Urodyn. 1999; 18: 115-127.
  • Kato K, Kitada S, Longhurst PA, Wein AJ, Levin RM. Time-course of alterations of bladder function following acetone- induced cystitis. J Urol. 1990; 144: 1272-1276
  • Ghoniem GM, Shaaban AM, Clarke M. Irritable bladder syndrome in an animal model: a continuous monitoring study. Neurourol Urodyn. 1995; 14: 657-665.
  • Elgebaly SA, Allam ME, Walzak MP Jr, D, Gillies C, Yamase H. Urinary neutrophil chemotactic factors in interstitial cystitis patients and a rabbit model of bladder inflammation. J Urol. 1992; 47: 1382-1387.
  • Koltzenburg M, McMahon S B. Plasma extravasation in the rat urinary bladder following mechanical, electrical and chemical stimuli - evidence for a new population of chemosensitive primary sensory afferents. Neurosci Lett. 1986; 72: 352-356.
  • McMahon SB, Abel C. A model for the study of visceral pain states - chronic inflammation of the chronic decerebrate rat urinary-bladder by irritant chemicals. Pain 1987; 28: 109-127.
  • Niku SD, Stein PC, Scherz HC, Parsons CL. A new method for cytodestruction of bladder epithelium using protamine sulfate and urea. J Urol. 1994; 152: 1025-1028.
  • Lavelle J, Meyers S, Ramage R, Doty D, Bastacky S, Apoddaca G, Zeidel M. Protamine sulfate-induced cystitis: a model of selective cytodestruction of the urothelium. Urology 2001; 57(suppl): 113.
  • Parsons CL. The role of the urinary epithelium in the pathogenesis of interstitial cystitis/prostatitis/urethritis. Urology 2007; 69 (4 Suppl.): 9-16.
  • Aydın H, Ercan F, Çetinel Ş, ŞanT. Morphological examination of the effects of defibrotide on experimentally induced bladder injury and its relation to interstitial cystitis. Urol Res. 2001; 29: 263-271.
  • Çetinel Ş, Ercan F, Ersoy Y, Şehirli Ö, Şirvanci S, Şener G, ŞanT. The ameliorating effect of melatonin on protamine sulfate induced bladder injury and its relation to interstitial cystitis. J Urol. 2003; 169: 1564-1568.
  • Cetinel S, Canıllıoğlu YE, Cikler E, Sener G, Ercan F. Leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist montelukast alleviates protamine sulphate- induced changes in rat urinary bladder. BJU Int. 2010; 107 (8): 1320- 1325.
  • Lavelle J, Meyers S, Ramage R, Bastacky S, Doty D, Apodaca G, Zeidel ML. Bladder permeability barrier: recovery from selective injury of surface epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2002; 283: F242-F253.
  • Soler R, Bruschini H, Martins JR, Dreyfuss JL, Camara NO, Alves MT, Leite KR, Truzzi JC, Nader HB, Srougi M, Ortiz V. Urinary glycosaminoglycans as biomarker for urothelial ınjury: Is it possible to discriminate damage from recovery? Urology, , 2008, 72 (4): 938-942.
  • Bjorling DE, Jerde TJ, Zine MJ, Busser BW, Saban MR, Saban R. Mast cells mediate the severity of experimental cystitis in mice. J Urol. 1999; 162: 231-236.
  • Yoshida M, Saito T. Non-urotoxic induction of hemorrhagic cystitis by braxin C, a bracken toxin, in guinea pigs. J Toxicol Sci. 1994; 19: 55-59.
  • Theoharides TC, Sant GR: The role of the mast cellin interstitial cystitis. Urol Clin N Am 1994; 21: 41-53.
  • Ercan F, Çetinel Ş. Role of mast cells in inflammation: Review of studies on human and experimental animal models. Marmara Med J. 2008; 21(2):179-186.
  • Spanos C, Pang XZ, Ligris K, Letourneau R, Alferes L, Alexacos N, Sant GR, Theoharides TC. Stress-induced bladder mast cell activation: implications for interstitial cystitis. J Urol; 1997; 157: 669- 672.
  • Alexacos N, Pang X, Boucher W, Cochrane DE, Sant GR, Theoharides TC. Neurotensin mediates rat bladder mast cell degranulation triggered by acute psychological stress. Urology 1999; 53(5):1035- 1040.
  • Ercan F, Şan T, Çavdar S. The effects of coldrestraint stress on urinary bladder wall: comparing with interstitial cystitis morphology. Urol Res. 1999; 27(6): 454-462.
  • Demir A, Onol FF, Ercan F, Tarcan T. Effect of cold induced stress on rat bladder tissue contractility and histomorphology. Neurourol Urodyn. 2007; 26(2): 296-301.
  • Ercan F, Çetinel Ş, Erin N, Aydin H, Hürdağ C, Parker T, Parker K, Mayhew T. The volume of nevre fibers in the stress-induced urinary bladder of adult rats following capsaicin treatment. Urol Int 2003; 71(4): 393-398.
  • Cetinel S, Ercan F, Cikler E, Contuk G, Sener G. Protective effect of melatonin on water avoidance stress induced degeneration of the bladder. J Urol. 2005; 173(1): 267-270.
  • Ercan F, Erin N, Oktay Ş. Role of afferent neurons in stress induced degenerative changes of the urinary bladder. J Urol. 2001; 165(1): 235-239.
  • Ercan F, Akici A, Ersoy Y, Hurdag C, Erin N. Inhibition of substance P activity prevents stres induced bladder damage. Regul Pept. 2006; 133 (1-3): 82-89.
  • Zeybek A, Çikler E, Saglam B, Ercan F, Çetinel Ş, Şener G. Aqueous garlic extract inhibits protamine sulfate-induced bladder damage. Urol Int. 2006; 76 (2): 173-179.
  • Zeybek Z, Saglam B, Cikler E, Cetinel S, Ercan F, Sener G. Protective effects of taurine on protamine sulfate induced bladder damage. World J Urol. 2006; 24(4): 438-444.
  • Sağlam B, Çikler E, Zeybek A, Çetinel Ş, Ercan F, Şener G. Protective effects of 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate (mesna) on protamine sulfate induced bladder damage. Marmara Med J. 2005; 18 (1): 6-12.
  • Soler R, Bruschini H, Truzzi JC, Martins JR, Camara NO, Alves MT, Leite KR, Nader HB, Srougi M, Ortiz V.Urinary glycosaminoglycans excretion and the effect of dimethyl sulfoxide in an experimental model of non- bacterial cystitis. Int Braz J Urol. 2008; 34(4): 503-511.
  • Boucher W, Stern JM, Kotsinyan V, Kempuraj D, Papaliodis D, Cohen MS, Theoharides TC. Intravesical nanocrystalline silver decreases experimental bladder inflammation. J Urol. 2008; 179 (4): 1598-1602.
  • Jordan JL, Henderson S, Elson CM, Zhou J, Kydonieus A, Downie J, Lee TD. Use of a sulfated chitosan derivative to reduce bladder inflammation in the rat. Urology. 2007; 70(5): 1014-1018.
  • Özgür A, Önol FF, Ercan F, Tarcan T: Prophylactic role of oral L-Arginine on histological and contractile changes in a rat chronic bladder injury model. Urologia Int 2008; 347-352.
  • Saglam B, Cikler E, Zeybek A, Cetinel S, Sener G, Ercan F. An aqueous garlic extract alleviates water avoidance stress-induced degeneration of the urinary bladder. BJU Int. 2006; 98(6): 1250-1254.
  • Zeybek A, Saglam B, Cikler E, Cetinel S, Ercan F, Sener G. Taurine ameliorates stress-induced degeneration of the urinary bladder. Acta Histochem. 2007; 109 (3): 208-214.
  • Theoharides TC, Cochrane DE. Critical role of mast cells in inflammatory diseases and the effect of acute stress. J Neuroimmunol. 2004; 146 (1-2): 1-12.
  • Theoharides TC, Sant GR. New agents for the medical treatment of interstitial cystitis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2001; 10(3): 521-546.
  • Boucher WS, Letourneau R, Huang M, Kempuraj D, Green M, Sant GR, Theoharides TC. Intravesical sodium hyaluronate inhibits the rat urinary mast cell mediator increase triggered by acute immobilization stress. Urol. 2002; 167 (1): 380-384.
  • Boucher W, Kempuraj D, Michaelian M, Theoharides TC. Corticotropin- releasing hormone-receptor 2 is required for acute stress-induced bladder vascular permeability and release of vascular endothelial growth factor. BJU Int. 2010; 106(9): 1394-1399.

Deneysel interstisyel sistit modellerinde kimyasal ajanların tedavi edici rolü

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 57 - 64, 31.01.2014

Feriha Ercan Şule Çetinel

Öz

Deneysel interstisyel sistit (İS) protamin sülfat (PS) gibi kimyasal maddelerin intravezikal verilmesiyle, lipopolisakkarid gibi kimyasal maddelerin sistemik olarak uygulanmasıyla ya da soğuk, akut ve kronik stres gibi sistemik çevresel uyaranlarla oluşturulabilmektedir. Bu İS modellerinde kullanılan bir çok antioksidan ve antienflamatuvar ajanın yanı sıra afferent sinir lifleri denervasyonunun mast hücresi salgılarını inhibe ettiği, mesane duvarında meydana gelen mast hücre degranülasyonunu ve ürotelyum hücreleri arasındaki bağlantıların açılmasını engellediği, P maddesi gibi nörotransmitterleri taşıyan afferent sinirlerin aktivasyonunu ve reaktif oksijen radikallerinin oluşumunu engellediği gösterilmiştir. Yapılan deneysel çalışmalarda iyileştirici etkisi gösterilen kimyasal ajanların İS tedavilerine ışık tutması açısından önemlidir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler: Deneysel, interstisyel sistit, mast hücresi, enflamasyon, mesane, kimyasal ajanlar

Anahtar Kelimeler

Deneysel interstisyel sistit mast hücresi enflamasyon mesane kimyasal ajanlar

Kaynakça

  • Gillenwater JY, Wein AJ. Summary of the national institute of arthritis, diabetes, digestive and kidney diseases workshop on interstitial cystitis, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, August 28–29, 1987, J Urol 1988; 140:203–206.
  • Curhan GC, Speizer FE, Hunter DJ, Curhan SG, Stampfer MJ. Epidemiology of interstitial cystitis: a population based study. J Urol. 1999; 161(2): 549-552.
  • Koziol JA, Clark DC, Gittes RF, Tan EM. The natural history of interstitial cystitis: a survey of 374 patients. J Urol. 1993; 149 (3): 465-469.
  • Johansson S, Fall M. Clinical features and spectrum of light microscopic changes in interstitial cystitis. J Urol. 1990; 143 (6): 1118- 1124.
  • Parsons CL, Lilly JD, Stein P. Epithelial dysfunction in nonbacterial cystitis (interstitial cystitis). J Urol. 1991; 145 (4): 732-735.
  • Theoharides TC, Sant GR, El-Mansoury M, Letourneau RJ, Ucci JAA, Meares JEM. Activation of bladder mast cells in interstitial cystitis: a light and electron microscopic study. J Urol. 1995; 153 (3 Pt 1): 629- 636.
  • van de Merwe JP, Nordling J, Bouchelouche P, Cervigni M, Daha LK, Elneil S, Fall M, Hohlbrugger G, Irwin P, Mortensen S, van Ophoven A, Osborne JL, Peeker R, Richter B, Riedl C, Sairanen J, Tinzl M, Wyndaele JJ. Diagnostic criteria, classification, and nomenclature for painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis: an ESSIC Proposal. Eur Urol. 2008; 53 (1): 60-67.
  • Christmas TJ, Rode J, Chapple CR, Milroy EJ, Turner-Warwick RT. Nerve fibre proliferation in interstitial cystitis. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1990; 416 (5): 447-451.
  • Pang X, Marchand J, Sant GR, Kream RM, Theoharides TC. Increased number of substance P positive nerve fibers in interstitial cystitis. Br J Urol. 1995; 75(6): 744-750.
  • Marchand JE, Sant GR, Kream RM. Increased expression of substance P receptor-encoding mRNA in bladder biopsies from patients with interstitial cystitis. Br J Urol. 1998; 81 (2): 224-228.
  • Ruggieri MR, Hanno PM, Whitmore KE, Balagani RK. Effect of Repeated instillation of interstitial cystitis urine on the rabbit urinary bladder. Urology 1993; 42: 646-652.
  • Kohn IJ, Filer-Maerten S, Whitmore K E, Hanno PM, Ruggieri MR. Lack of effect following repeated in vivo exposure of the rabbit urinary bladder to urine from interstitial cystitis patients at low infusion volumes. Neurourol Urodyn. 1998; 17: 147-152.
  • Monson F C, Wein A J, McKenna B A: Indigocarmine as a quantitative indicator of urothelial integrity. J Urol. 1991; 145: 842-845.
  • Shimizu I, Kawashima K, Hosoki K: Urodynamics in acetone-induced cystitis of anesthetized rats. Neurourol Urodyn. 1999; 18: 115-127.
  • Kato K, Kitada S, Longhurst PA, Wein AJ, Levin RM. Time-course of alterations of bladder function following acetone- induced cystitis. J Urol. 1990; 144: 1272-1276
  • Ghoniem GM, Shaaban AM, Clarke M. Irritable bladder syndrome in an animal model: a continuous monitoring study. Neurourol Urodyn. 1995; 14: 657-665.
  • Elgebaly SA, Allam ME, Walzak MP Jr, D, Gillies C, Yamase H. Urinary neutrophil chemotactic factors in interstitial cystitis patients and a rabbit model of bladder inflammation. J Urol. 1992; 47: 1382-1387.
  • Koltzenburg M, McMahon S B. Plasma extravasation in the rat urinary bladder following mechanical, electrical and chemical stimuli - evidence for a new population of chemosensitive primary sensory afferents. Neurosci Lett. 1986; 72: 352-356.
  • McMahon SB, Abel C. A model for the study of visceral pain states - chronic inflammation of the chronic decerebrate rat urinary-bladder by irritant chemicals. Pain 1987; 28: 109-127.
  • Niku SD, Stein PC, Scherz HC, Parsons CL. A new method for cytodestruction of bladder epithelium using protamine sulfate and urea. J Urol. 1994; 152: 1025-1028.
  • Lavelle J, Meyers S, Ramage R, Doty D, Bastacky S, Apoddaca G, Zeidel M. Protamine sulfate-induced cystitis: a model of selective cytodestruction of the urothelium. Urology 2001; 57(suppl): 113.
  • Parsons CL. The role of the urinary epithelium in the pathogenesis of interstitial cystitis/prostatitis/urethritis. Urology 2007; 69 (4 Suppl.): 9-16.
  • Aydın H, Ercan F, Çetinel Ş, ŞanT. Morphological examination of the effects of defibrotide on experimentally induced bladder injury and its relation to interstitial cystitis. Urol Res. 2001; 29: 263-271.
  • Çetinel Ş, Ercan F, Ersoy Y, Şehirli Ö, Şirvanci S, Şener G, ŞanT. The ameliorating effect of melatonin on protamine sulfate induced bladder injury and its relation to interstitial cystitis. J Urol. 2003; 169: 1564-1568.
  • Cetinel S, Canıllıoğlu YE, Cikler E, Sener G, Ercan F. Leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist montelukast alleviates protamine sulphate- induced changes in rat urinary bladder. BJU Int. 2010; 107 (8): 1320- 1325.
  • Lavelle J, Meyers S, Ramage R, Bastacky S, Doty D, Apodaca G, Zeidel ML. Bladder permeability barrier: recovery from selective injury of surface epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2002; 283: F242-F253.
  • Soler R, Bruschini H, Martins JR, Dreyfuss JL, Camara NO, Alves MT, Leite KR, Truzzi JC, Nader HB, Srougi M, Ortiz V. Urinary glycosaminoglycans as biomarker for urothelial ınjury: Is it possible to discriminate damage from recovery? Urology, , 2008, 72 (4): 938-942.
  • Bjorling DE, Jerde TJ, Zine MJ, Busser BW, Saban MR, Saban R. Mast cells mediate the severity of experimental cystitis in mice. J Urol. 1999; 162: 231-236.
  • Yoshida M, Saito T. Non-urotoxic induction of hemorrhagic cystitis by braxin C, a bracken toxin, in guinea pigs. J Toxicol Sci. 1994; 19: 55-59.
  • Theoharides TC, Sant GR: The role of the mast cellin interstitial cystitis. Urol Clin N Am 1994; 21: 41-53.
  • Ercan F, Çetinel Ş. Role of mast cells in inflammation: Review of studies on human and experimental animal models. Marmara Med J. 2008; 21(2):179-186.
  • Spanos C, Pang XZ, Ligris K, Letourneau R, Alferes L, Alexacos N, Sant GR, Theoharides TC. Stress-induced bladder mast cell activation: implications for interstitial cystitis. J Urol; 1997; 157: 669- 672.
  • Alexacos N, Pang X, Boucher W, Cochrane DE, Sant GR, Theoharides TC. Neurotensin mediates rat bladder mast cell degranulation triggered by acute psychological stress. Urology 1999; 53(5):1035- 1040.
  • Ercan F, Şan T, Çavdar S. The effects of coldrestraint stress on urinary bladder wall: comparing with interstitial cystitis morphology. Urol Res. 1999; 27(6): 454-462.
  • Demir A, Onol FF, Ercan F, Tarcan T. Effect of cold induced stress on rat bladder tissue contractility and histomorphology. Neurourol Urodyn. 2007; 26(2): 296-301.
  • Ercan F, Çetinel Ş, Erin N, Aydin H, Hürdağ C, Parker T, Parker K, Mayhew T. The volume of nevre fibers in the stress-induced urinary bladder of adult rats following capsaicin treatment. Urol Int 2003; 71(4): 393-398.
  • Cetinel S, Ercan F, Cikler E, Contuk G, Sener G. Protective effect of melatonin on water avoidance stress induced degeneration of the bladder. J Urol. 2005; 173(1): 267-270.
  • Ercan F, Erin N, Oktay Ş. Role of afferent neurons in stress induced degenerative changes of the urinary bladder. J Urol. 2001; 165(1): 235-239.
  • Ercan F, Akici A, Ersoy Y, Hurdag C, Erin N. Inhibition of substance P activity prevents stres induced bladder damage. Regul Pept. 2006; 133 (1-3): 82-89.
  • Zeybek A, Çikler E, Saglam B, Ercan F, Çetinel Ş, Şener G. Aqueous garlic extract inhibits protamine sulfate-induced bladder damage. Urol Int. 2006; 76 (2): 173-179.
  • Zeybek Z, Saglam B, Cikler E, Cetinel S, Ercan F, Sener G. Protective effects of taurine on protamine sulfate induced bladder damage. World J Urol. 2006; 24(4): 438-444.
  • Sağlam B, Çikler E, Zeybek A, Çetinel Ş, Ercan F, Şener G. Protective effects of 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate (mesna) on protamine sulfate induced bladder damage. Marmara Med J. 2005; 18 (1): 6-12.
  • Soler R, Bruschini H, Truzzi JC, Martins JR, Camara NO, Alves MT, Leite KR, Nader HB, Srougi M, Ortiz V.Urinary glycosaminoglycans excretion and the effect of dimethyl sulfoxide in an experimental model of non- bacterial cystitis. Int Braz J Urol. 2008; 34(4): 503-511.
  • Boucher W, Stern JM, Kotsinyan V, Kempuraj D, Papaliodis D, Cohen MS, Theoharides TC. Intravesical nanocrystalline silver decreases experimental bladder inflammation. J Urol. 2008; 179 (4): 1598-1602.
  • Jordan JL, Henderson S, Elson CM, Zhou J, Kydonieus A, Downie J, Lee TD. Use of a sulfated chitosan derivative to reduce bladder inflammation in the rat. Urology. 2007; 70(5): 1014-1018.
  • Özgür A, Önol FF, Ercan F, Tarcan T: Prophylactic role of oral L-Arginine on histological and contractile changes in a rat chronic bladder injury model. Urologia Int 2008; 347-352.
  • Saglam B, Cikler E, Zeybek A, Cetinel S, Sener G, Ercan F. An aqueous garlic extract alleviates water avoidance stress-induced degeneration of the urinary bladder. BJU Int. 2006; 98(6): 1250-1254.
  • Zeybek A, Saglam B, Cikler E, Cetinel S, Ercan F, Sener G. Taurine ameliorates stress-induced degeneration of the urinary bladder. Acta Histochem. 2007; 109 (3): 208-214.
  • Theoharides TC, Cochrane DE. Critical role of mast cells in inflammatory diseases and the effect of acute stress. J Neuroimmunol. 2004; 146 (1-2): 1-12.
  • Theoharides TC, Sant GR. New agents for the medical treatment of interstitial cystitis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2001; 10(3): 521-546.
  • Boucher WS, Letourneau R, Huang M, Kempuraj D, Green M, Sant GR, Theoharides TC. Intravesical sodium hyaluronate inhibits the rat urinary mast cell mediator increase triggered by acute immobilization stress. Urol. 2002; 167 (1): 380-384.
  • Boucher W, Kempuraj D, Michaelian M, Theoharides TC. Corticotropin- releasing hormone-receptor 2 is required for acute stress-induced bladder vascular permeability and release of vascular endothelial growth factor. BJU Int. 2010; 106(9): 1394-1399.
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Articles
Yazarlar

Feriha Ercan

Şule Çetinel

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ocak 2014
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Kasım 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2011 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Ercan, F., & Çetinel, Ş. (2014). Deneysel interstisyel sistit modellerinde kimyasal ajanların tedavi edici rolü. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, 1(1), 57-64.
AMA Ercan F, Çetinel Ş. Deneysel interstisyel sistit modellerinde kimyasal ajanların tedavi edici rolü. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. Ocak 2014;1(1):57-64.
Chicago Ercan, Feriha, ve Şule Çetinel. “Deneysel Interstisyel Sistit Modellerinde Kimyasal ajanların Tedavi Edici Rolü”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 1, sy. 1 (Ocak 2014): 57-64.
EndNote Ercan F, Çetinel Ş (01 Ocak 2014) Deneysel interstisyel sistit modellerinde kimyasal ajanların tedavi edici rolü. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 1 1 57–64.
IEEE F. Ercan ve Ş. Çetinel, “Deneysel interstisyel sistit modellerinde kimyasal ajanların tedavi edici rolü”, Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, c. 1, sy. 1, ss. 57–64, 2014.
ISNAD Ercan, Feriha - Çetinel, Şule. “Deneysel Interstisyel Sistit Modellerinde Kimyasal ajanların Tedavi Edici Rolü”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 1/1 (Ocak 2014), 57-64.
JAMA Ercan F, Çetinel Ş. Deneysel interstisyel sistit modellerinde kimyasal ajanların tedavi edici rolü. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2014;1:57–64.
MLA Ercan, Feriha ve Şule Çetinel. “Deneysel Interstisyel Sistit Modellerinde Kimyasal ajanların Tedavi Edici Rolü”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, c. 1, sy. 1, 2014, ss. 57-64.
Vancouver Ercan F, Çetinel Ş. Deneysel interstisyel sistit modellerinde kimyasal ajanların tedavi edici rolü. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2014;1(1):57-64.

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