Araştırma Makalesi
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2, 447 - 452, 30.06.2025
Öz
Proje Numarası
1919B012319139
Kaynakça
- Sugandh FNU, Chandio M, Raveena FNU, Kumar L, Karishma FNU, Khuwaja S, Memon UA, Bai K, Kashif M, Varrassi G, Khatri M, Kumar S. Advances in the management of diabetes mellitus: A focus on personalized medicine. Cureus 2023;15(8):1-13. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.43697
- Martin-Carro B, Donate-Correa J, Fernández-Villabrille S, Martín-Vírgala J, Panizo S, Carrillo-López N, Martínez-Arias L, Navarro-González JF, Naves-Díaz M, Fernández-Martín JL, Alonso-Montes C, Cannata-Andia JB. Experimental models to study diabetes mellitus and its complications: limitations and new opportunities. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2023;24:1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241210309
- Başaralı MK, Sarışen Adıgüzel Ö, Atabey M. Türkiye Diyabet Programı 2023-2027. Ankara. Turkish.
- Moreira AR, Passos IA, Sampaio FC, Soares MS, Oliveira RJ. Flow rate, pH and calcium concentration of saliva of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 2009;43(8):707–711. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-879X2009005000006
- Jiang H, Xia C, Lin J, Garalleh HA, Alalawi A, Pugazhendhi, A. Carbon nanomaterials: a growing tool for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus. Environmental Research 2023;221:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.115250
- Morsy MM, Mostafa OAA, Ibrahim F, Hassan HA, Alabassery N. Histological and immunohistochemical study on the possible ameliorating effects of antox on the parotid gland of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus type 1. Egyptian Society of Clinical Toxicology Journal 2023;11(1);1-29. https://doi.org/10.21608/esctj.2022.179739.1023
- Yasser S, Shon AA. Histomorphometric and immunohistochemical study comparing the effect of diabetes mellitus on the acini of the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands of albino rats. Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 2020;30(8):49-54. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.3722
- Monteiro MM, D'Epiro TT, Bernardi L, Fossati AC, Santos MF, Lamers ML. Long- and short-term diabetes mellitus type 1 modify young and elder rat salivary glands morphology. Archives of Oral Biology 2017;73:40-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.08.028.
- Chen SY, Wang Y, Zhang CL, Yang ZM. Decreased basal and stimulated salivary parameters by histopathological lesions and secretory dysfunction of parotid and submandibular glands in rats with type 2 diabetes. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 2020;19(4):2707–2719. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.8505
- Rasheed RA, Embaby AS, Elkhamisy FAA, Mohamed MO, Abbasi AM, Ghaly WBA, Elshaer MMA, Almaary KS, Almoatasem MAM. Ascorbic acid alleviates oxidative stress and improves major salivary glands’ structure and function in diabetic rats: A histological and immunohistochemical study. Journal of King Saud University Science 2022;34:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102273
- Park J, Yamamoto Y, Hidaka K, Wada-Takahashi S, Takahashi SS, Morozumi T, Kubota N, Saita M, Saruta J, Sakaguchi W, To M, Shimizu T, Mikuni-Takagaki Y, Tsukinoki K. Effects of diabetes and voluntary exercise on IgA concentration and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor expression in the submandibular gland of rats. Medicina 2023;18;59(4):1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59040789
- Pontiki E, Hadjipavlou-Litina D. Multi-target cinnamic acids for oxidative stress and inflammation: design, synthesis, biological evaluation and modeling studies. Molecules 2018;24(1):1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24010012
- Anlar HG, Bacanlı M, Çal T, Aydın S, Arı N, Ündeğer Bucurgat Ü, Başaran AA, Başaran AN. Effects of cinnamic acid on complications of diabetes. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2018;48(1):168-177. https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-1708-8. (Turkish)
- Bai Y, Tan D, Deng Q, Miao L, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Yang Y, Wang S, Vong CT, Cheang WS. Cinnamic acid alleviates endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress by targeting PPARδ in obesity and diabetes. Chinese Medicine 2025;20(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-025-01064-7
- Hafizur RM, Hameed A, Shukrana M, Raza SA, Chishti S, Kabir N, Siddiqui RA. Cinnamic acid exerts anti-diabetic activity by improving glucose tolerance in vivo and by stimulating insulin secretion in vitro. Phytomedicine 2015;22:297-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2015.01.003. Turkish
- Taner G, Özkan Vardar D, Aydin S, Aytaç Z, Başaran A, Başaran N. Use of in vitro assays to assess the potential cytotoxic, genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of vanillic and cinnamic acid. Drug and Chemical Toxicology 2017; 40: 183-190. https://doi.org/10.1080/01480545.2016.1190740
- Onat KA, Kürkçü MS, Çöl B. Fenolik bileşiklerden sinnamik asit, kafeik asit ve p-kumarik asit’in bazı biyolojik aktiviteleri. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 2021;11(4):2587-2598. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.885898. Turkish
- Adisakwattana S, Chantarasinlapin P, Thammarat H, Yibchok-Anun S. A series of cinnamic acid derivatives and their inhibitory activity on intestinal α-glucosidase. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry 2009;24(5):1194-1200. https://doi.org/10.1080/14756360902779326
- Furman BL. Streptozotocin-ınduced diabetic models in mice and rats. Current Protocols 2021;1(4):1-21. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpz1.78
- Olson ME, McCabe K. Anesthesia in the Richardson’s ground squirrel: comparison of ketamine, ketamine and xylazine, droperidol and fentanyl, and sodium pentobarbital. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1986; 189: 1035-1037
- Bancroft JD, Layton C. The hematoxylin and eosin, connective and mesenchymal tissues with their stains. In: Suvarna, S.K., Layton, C., Bancroft, J.D. (Eds.), Bancroft’s Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques. 7th ed. Churchill Living one, Philadelphia, pp. 173–212; 2013.
- Barut Z. Tükürük biyokimyası. Oral biyokimya temel ve klinik kavramlar. İşbir T, Altay AN. (ed.). Türkiye Klinikleri. Ankara. S. 231-269; 2023.
- Negrato CA, Tarzia O. Buccal alterations in diabetes mellitus. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2010;15;2:3. https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-5996-2-3.
- Silva JAD, Souza ECF, Echazu Boschemeier AG, Costa C, Bezerra HS, Feitosa E. Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and living with a chronic condition: Participatory study. BMC Public Health 2018;18:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5637-9
- Von Birgelen C, Kok MM, Sattar N, Zocca P, Doelman C, Kant GD, Lowik MM, van der Heijden LC, Sen H, van Houwelingen KG, Stoel MG, Louwerenburg JW, Hartmann M, de Man HAF, Linssen CM, Doggen JM, Tandjung K. “Silent” diabetes and clinical outcome after treatment with contemporary drug-eluting stents: The BIO-RESORT silent diabetes study. Journals of the American College of Cardiology: Cardiovascular Interventions 2018;11:448–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2017.10.038
- Stehouwer CDA. Microvascular dysfunction and hyperglycemia: a vicious cycle with widespread consequences. Diabetes 2018;67:1729–1741. https://doi.org/10.2337/dbi17-0044
- Dodds MW, Johnson DA, Yeh CK. Health benefits of saliva: A review. Journal of Dentistry 2005;33:223–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2004.10.009
- Taylor GW, Borgnakke WS. Periodontal disease: associations with diabetes, glycemic control and complications. Oral Diseases 2008;14(3):191-203. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-0825.2008.01442.x.
- El Sadik A, Mohamed E, El Zainy A. Postnatal changes in the development of rat submandibular glands in offspring of diabetic mothers: biochemical, histological and ultrastructural study. Plos One 2018;1-23. https://doi.org/0.1371/journal.pone.0205372
- Nicolau J, de Matos JA, de Souza DN, Neves LB, Lopes AC. Altered glycogen metabolism in the submandibular and parotid salivary glands of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Journal of Oral Science 2005;47(2):111–116. https://doi.org/10.2334/josnusd.47.111
- Yazdi M, Nafari A, Azadpour M, Alaee M, Hadipour Moradi F, Choghakhori R, Hormozi M, Ahmadvand H. Protective effects of cinnamic acid against hyperglycemia induced oxidative stress and inflammation in HepG2 cells. Reports of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2023;12(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.52547/rbmb.12.1.1.
- Hemmati AA, Soheila A, Akram A. Effects of cinnamic acid on memory deficits and brain oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. KJPP 2018;22.3: 257.
- Adisakwattana S. Cinnamic acid and its derivatives: mechanisms for prevention and management of diabetes and its complications. Nutrients 2017;9(2):1-27. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9020163
- Carda C, Carranza M, Arriaga A, Diaz A, Peydró A, Ferraris MEG. Structural differences between alcoholic and diabetic parotid sialosis. Medicina Oral Patologia Oral y Cirugia Bucal 2005;10(4):309-314.
- Hasegawa J, Hidaka H, Tateda M, Kudo T, Sagai S, Miyazaki M, Katagiri K, Nakanome A, Ishida E, Ozawa D. An analysis of clinical risk factors of deep neck infection. Auris Nasus Larynx 2011;38: 101-107.
- Parlak SN. Deneysel menopoz ve diyabetin sıçan parotis, submandibular ve sublingual bezinin üzerine olan etkilerinin incelenmesi: histopatolojik ve stereolojik çalışma. Atatürk Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Histoloji ve Embriyoloji Anabilim Dalı, 116s, Erzurum;2014.
- Anderson LC, Garrett JR. Lipid accumulation in the major salivary glands of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Archives of Oral Biology 1986;31: 469-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9969(86)90021-X
- Cui J, Yin S, Zhao C, Fan L, Hu H. Combining patulin with cadmium induces enhanced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Toxins 2021;13(3): 221. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13030221
- Prabhakar PK, Doble M. Interaction of cinnamic acid derivatives with commercial hypoglycemic drugs on 2-deoxyglucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2011;59(18):9835–9844. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf2015717
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2, 447 - 452, 30.06.2025
Öz
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the possible potential of cinnamic acid in preserving the structure and function of the parotid gland in diabetic rats.
Methods: The rats (n=32) were equally divided into four groups: Control (only physiological serum), Cinnamic acid (cinnamic acid 50 mg/kg/day), Streptozotocin-induced diabetes (experimentally-induced diabetes by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin 65 mg/kg), and Diabetes + cinnamic acid (cinnamic acid after diabetes induction). After the rats were sacrificed, tissue samples were obtained and processed for paraffin embedding. To visualize the histological structure, Hematoxylin&Eosin, Masson’s Trichrome, and Periodic Acid-Schiff histochemical stains were applied, and images were captured.
Results: While normal serous acini, canal structures and normal connective tissue were observed in the control and cinnamic acid groups, deformation and atrophy were observed in some acinar cells in the diabetic group. In the treatment group, improvement in the shape of acinar cells and regular arrangement of parietal cells in glandular canals were noted compared to the diabetic group. The intense vacuolization observed in acinar cells in the diabetic group decreased in the treatment group. Periodic Acid-Schiff -positive reaction was determined in the basement membranes of acinar cells and parietal cells in glandular canals in all groups. No visible difference was obtained between the groups.
Conclusion: Diabetes affects the parotid gland, and cinnamic acid has been shown to prove a healing effect on deformed areas. Our study will guide further research in this area.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Etik Beyan
Ethics committee approval was obtained from Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Local Ethics Committee (Date: 24.04.2024, Number: 1288)
Destekleyen Kurum
TUBİTAK 2209 A
Proje Numarası
1919B012319139
Teşekkür
The authors thank TUBITAK for their support through the 2209-A University Students Research Projects Support Program 2023 (Project No: 1919B012319139).
Kaynakça
- Sugandh FNU, Chandio M, Raveena FNU, Kumar L, Karishma FNU, Khuwaja S, Memon UA, Bai K, Kashif M, Varrassi G, Khatri M, Kumar S. Advances in the management of diabetes mellitus: A focus on personalized medicine. Cureus 2023;15(8):1-13. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.43697
- Martin-Carro B, Donate-Correa J, Fernández-Villabrille S, Martín-Vírgala J, Panizo S, Carrillo-López N, Martínez-Arias L, Navarro-González JF, Naves-Díaz M, Fernández-Martín JL, Alonso-Montes C, Cannata-Andia JB. Experimental models to study diabetes mellitus and its complications: limitations and new opportunities. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2023;24:1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241210309
- Başaralı MK, Sarışen Adıgüzel Ö, Atabey M. Türkiye Diyabet Programı 2023-2027. Ankara. Turkish.
- Moreira AR, Passos IA, Sampaio FC, Soares MS, Oliveira RJ. Flow rate, pH and calcium concentration of saliva of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 2009;43(8):707–711. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-879X2009005000006
- Jiang H, Xia C, Lin J, Garalleh HA, Alalawi A, Pugazhendhi, A. Carbon nanomaterials: a growing tool for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus. Environmental Research 2023;221:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.115250
- Morsy MM, Mostafa OAA, Ibrahim F, Hassan HA, Alabassery N. Histological and immunohistochemical study on the possible ameliorating effects of antox on the parotid gland of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus type 1. Egyptian Society of Clinical Toxicology Journal 2023;11(1);1-29. https://doi.org/10.21608/esctj.2022.179739.1023
- Yasser S, Shon AA. Histomorphometric and immunohistochemical study comparing the effect of diabetes mellitus on the acini of the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands of albino rats. Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 2020;30(8):49-54. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.3722
- Monteiro MM, D'Epiro TT, Bernardi L, Fossati AC, Santos MF, Lamers ML. Long- and short-term diabetes mellitus type 1 modify young and elder rat salivary glands morphology. Archives of Oral Biology 2017;73:40-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.08.028.
- Chen SY, Wang Y, Zhang CL, Yang ZM. Decreased basal and stimulated salivary parameters by histopathological lesions and secretory dysfunction of parotid and submandibular glands in rats with type 2 diabetes. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 2020;19(4):2707–2719. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.8505
- Rasheed RA, Embaby AS, Elkhamisy FAA, Mohamed MO, Abbasi AM, Ghaly WBA, Elshaer MMA, Almaary KS, Almoatasem MAM. Ascorbic acid alleviates oxidative stress and improves major salivary glands’ structure and function in diabetic rats: A histological and immunohistochemical study. Journal of King Saud University Science 2022;34:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102273
- Park J, Yamamoto Y, Hidaka K, Wada-Takahashi S, Takahashi SS, Morozumi T, Kubota N, Saita M, Saruta J, Sakaguchi W, To M, Shimizu T, Mikuni-Takagaki Y, Tsukinoki K. Effects of diabetes and voluntary exercise on IgA concentration and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor expression in the submandibular gland of rats. Medicina 2023;18;59(4):1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59040789
- Pontiki E, Hadjipavlou-Litina D. Multi-target cinnamic acids for oxidative stress and inflammation: design, synthesis, biological evaluation and modeling studies. Molecules 2018;24(1):1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24010012
- Anlar HG, Bacanlı M, Çal T, Aydın S, Arı N, Ündeğer Bucurgat Ü, Başaran AA, Başaran AN. Effects of cinnamic acid on complications of diabetes. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2018;48(1):168-177. https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-1708-8. (Turkish)
- Bai Y, Tan D, Deng Q, Miao L, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Yang Y, Wang S, Vong CT, Cheang WS. Cinnamic acid alleviates endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress by targeting PPARδ in obesity and diabetes. Chinese Medicine 2025;20(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-025-01064-7
- Hafizur RM, Hameed A, Shukrana M, Raza SA, Chishti S, Kabir N, Siddiqui RA. Cinnamic acid exerts anti-diabetic activity by improving glucose tolerance in vivo and by stimulating insulin secretion in vitro. Phytomedicine 2015;22:297-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2015.01.003. Turkish
- Taner G, Özkan Vardar D, Aydin S, Aytaç Z, Başaran A, Başaran N. Use of in vitro assays to assess the potential cytotoxic, genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of vanillic and cinnamic acid. Drug and Chemical Toxicology 2017; 40: 183-190. https://doi.org/10.1080/01480545.2016.1190740
- Onat KA, Kürkçü MS, Çöl B. Fenolik bileşiklerden sinnamik asit, kafeik asit ve p-kumarik asit’in bazı biyolojik aktiviteleri. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 2021;11(4):2587-2598. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.885898. Turkish
- Adisakwattana S, Chantarasinlapin P, Thammarat H, Yibchok-Anun S. A series of cinnamic acid derivatives and their inhibitory activity on intestinal α-glucosidase. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry 2009;24(5):1194-1200. https://doi.org/10.1080/14756360902779326
- Furman BL. Streptozotocin-ınduced diabetic models in mice and rats. Current Protocols 2021;1(4):1-21. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpz1.78
- Olson ME, McCabe K. Anesthesia in the Richardson’s ground squirrel: comparison of ketamine, ketamine and xylazine, droperidol and fentanyl, and sodium pentobarbital. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1986; 189: 1035-1037
- Bancroft JD, Layton C. The hematoxylin and eosin, connective and mesenchymal tissues with their stains. In: Suvarna, S.K., Layton, C., Bancroft, J.D. (Eds.), Bancroft’s Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques. 7th ed. Churchill Living one, Philadelphia, pp. 173–212; 2013.
- Barut Z. Tükürük biyokimyası. Oral biyokimya temel ve klinik kavramlar. İşbir T, Altay AN. (ed.). Türkiye Klinikleri. Ankara. S. 231-269; 2023.
- Negrato CA, Tarzia O. Buccal alterations in diabetes mellitus. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2010;15;2:3. https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-5996-2-3.
- Silva JAD, Souza ECF, Echazu Boschemeier AG, Costa C, Bezerra HS, Feitosa E. Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and living with a chronic condition: Participatory study. BMC Public Health 2018;18:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5637-9
- Von Birgelen C, Kok MM, Sattar N, Zocca P, Doelman C, Kant GD, Lowik MM, van der Heijden LC, Sen H, van Houwelingen KG, Stoel MG, Louwerenburg JW, Hartmann M, de Man HAF, Linssen CM, Doggen JM, Tandjung K. “Silent” diabetes and clinical outcome after treatment with contemporary drug-eluting stents: The BIO-RESORT silent diabetes study. Journals of the American College of Cardiology: Cardiovascular Interventions 2018;11:448–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2017.10.038
- Stehouwer CDA. Microvascular dysfunction and hyperglycemia: a vicious cycle with widespread consequences. Diabetes 2018;67:1729–1741. https://doi.org/10.2337/dbi17-0044
- Dodds MW, Johnson DA, Yeh CK. Health benefits of saliva: A review. Journal of Dentistry 2005;33:223–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2004.10.009
- Taylor GW, Borgnakke WS. Periodontal disease: associations with diabetes, glycemic control and complications. Oral Diseases 2008;14(3):191-203. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-0825.2008.01442.x.
- El Sadik A, Mohamed E, El Zainy A. Postnatal changes in the development of rat submandibular glands in offspring of diabetic mothers: biochemical, histological and ultrastructural study. Plos One 2018;1-23. https://doi.org/0.1371/journal.pone.0205372
- Nicolau J, de Matos JA, de Souza DN, Neves LB, Lopes AC. Altered glycogen metabolism in the submandibular and parotid salivary glands of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Journal of Oral Science 2005;47(2):111–116. https://doi.org/10.2334/josnusd.47.111
- Yazdi M, Nafari A, Azadpour M, Alaee M, Hadipour Moradi F, Choghakhori R, Hormozi M, Ahmadvand H. Protective effects of cinnamic acid against hyperglycemia induced oxidative stress and inflammation in HepG2 cells. Reports of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2023;12(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.52547/rbmb.12.1.1.
- Hemmati AA, Soheila A, Akram A. Effects of cinnamic acid on memory deficits and brain oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. KJPP 2018;22.3: 257.
- Adisakwattana S. Cinnamic acid and its derivatives: mechanisms for prevention and management of diabetes and its complications. Nutrients 2017;9(2):1-27. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9020163
- Carda C, Carranza M, Arriaga A, Diaz A, Peydró A, Ferraris MEG. Structural differences between alcoholic and diabetic parotid sialosis. Medicina Oral Patologia Oral y Cirugia Bucal 2005;10(4):309-314.
- Hasegawa J, Hidaka H, Tateda M, Kudo T, Sagai S, Miyazaki M, Katagiri K, Nakanome A, Ishida E, Ozawa D. An analysis of clinical risk factors of deep neck infection. Auris Nasus Larynx 2011;38: 101-107.
- Parlak SN. Deneysel menopoz ve diyabetin sıçan parotis, submandibular ve sublingual bezinin üzerine olan etkilerinin incelenmesi: histopatolojik ve stereolojik çalışma. Atatürk Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Histoloji ve Embriyoloji Anabilim Dalı, 116s, Erzurum;2014.
- Anderson LC, Garrett JR. Lipid accumulation in the major salivary glands of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Archives of Oral Biology 1986;31: 469-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9969(86)90021-X
- Cui J, Yin S, Zhao C, Fan L, Hu H. Combining patulin with cadmium induces enhanced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Toxins 2021;13(3): 221. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13030221
- Prabhakar PK, Doble M. Interaction of cinnamic acid derivatives with commercial hypoglycemic drugs on 2-deoxyglucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2011;59(18):9835–9844. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf2015717
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Oral Tıp ve Patoloji, Diş Hekimliği (Diğer), Endokrinoloji, Gastroenteroloji ve Hepatoloji, Patoloji |
| Bölüm | Articles |
| Yazarlar | |
| Proje Numarası | 1919B012319139 |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 27 Haziran 2025 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Haziran 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 15 Nisan 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 23 Haziran 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2 |
Kaynak Göster
