Araştırma Makalesi
Modifiye BFM protokolleriyle tedavi edilen akut lenfoblastik lösemi tanılı çocuklarda başarılı sonuçlar: tek merkez sonuçları
Öz
Öz
Amaç: Ocak 1990 ile Eylül 2021 tarihleri arasında kliniğimize başvuran ALL hastalarına uygulanan tedavi protokolleri karşılaştırıldı.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Hastaların dosyaları retrospektif olarak incelendi. Veriler Haziran 2022'e kadar alındı. Hastalar tedavi protokollerine göre 3 gruba ayrıldı. Grup I (n=234); Ocak 1990-Ocak 2001 tarihleri arasında BFM-85-90-95 kullanılan hastalardan, Grup II (n=139); Ocak 2001-Mart 2007 tarihleri arasında modifiye BFM-95 protokolü (TRALL-2000 adı verildi) kullanılan hastalardan, Grup III (n=199); 2007'den itibaren tarafımızca modifiye edilmiş bu TRALL-2000 protokolü kullanılan hastalardan oluşturuldu.
Bulgular: Hastaların 344'ü (%60,1) erkek, 228'i (%39,9) kız idi. Grup I'de 10 yıllık genel sağkalımın (GS) %30, grup II'de %53 ve grup III'te %73 olduğu ve olaysız sağkalımın (EFS) sırasıyla %27, %40 ve %64 olduğu bulundu. Ayrıca, Grup III hastalarını risklerine göre analiz ettiğimizde; standart risk grubundaki (SRG) hastalarda 10 yıllık GS %92, orta risk grubundaki (MRG) hastalarda %71 ve yüksek risk grubundaki (HRG) hastalarda %59 idi. 10 yıllık EFS sırasıyla %72, %68 ve %49 idi. Ayrıca, grup III'teki kız hastaların 10 yıllık GS'si %64, erkeklerde ise %78 olarak bulundu. Benzer şekilde, B hücreli ALL için 10 yıllık GS %71 ve T hücreli ALL için %78 olarak bulundu.
Sonuç: Grup III hastalarının GS ve EFS'si önceki protokolleri kullanan hastalara kıyasla anlamlı derecede yüksek idi. Ayrıca, literatürün aksine, grup III'teki T hücreli ALL hastalarının GS ve EFS oranları B hücreli ALL hastalarından daha iyi idi ve erkeklerdeki sağkalım kızlara göre daha uzun idi.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Akut lenfoblastik lösemi çocukluk çağı kemoterapi BFM protokolleri
Kaynakça
- Gramatges MM, O’Brien MM, Rabin KR. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In Pizzo and Poplack’s Pediatric Oncology, 8th ed. (Eds Blaney SM, Helman LJ, Adamson PC). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2021:419-453.
- Barrington-Trimis JL, Cockburn M, Metayer C, Gauderman WJ, Wiemels J, McKean-Cowdin R. Trends in childhood leukemia incidence over two decades from 1992 to 2013. Int J Cancer. 2017;140:1000-8.
- Oksuzyan S, Crespi CM, Cockburn M, Mezei G, Vergara X, Kheifets L. Race/ethnicity and the risk of childhood leukaemia: a case-control study in California. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2015;69:795-802.
- Miranda-Filho A, Piñeros M, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Monnereau A, Bray F. Epidemiological patterns of leukaemia in 184 countries: a population-based study. Lancet Haematol. 2018;5:e14-e24.
- Pui CH, Robison LL, Look AT. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Lancet. 2008;371:1030-43.
- Celkan T. Cocukluk Cagı Akut Lenfoblastik Lösemisi. Klinik Gelisim 20:14-26, 2007.
- Pillai MP, Carroll WL. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia In Lanzkowsky’s Manual of Peadiatric Hematol and Oncology, 7th ed. (Eds Fish JD, Lipton JM, Lanzkowsky P). Elsevier Academic Press: Amsterdam, 2022:413-38.
- Möricke A, Zimmermann M, Reiter A, Henze G, Schrauder A, Gadner H et al. Long-term results of five consecutive trials in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia performed by the ALL-BFM study group from 1981 to 2000. Leukemia. 2010;24:265-84.
- Rubnitz JE, Lensing S, Zhou Y, Sandlund JT, Razzouk BI, Ribeiro RC et al. Death during induction therapy and first remission of acute leukemia in childhood: the St. Jude experience. Cancer. 2004;101:1677-84.
- Pui CH, Yang JJ, Hunger SP, Pieters R, Schrappe M, Biondi A et al. Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Progress Through Collaboration. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:2938-48.
- Nguyen K, Devidas M, Cheng SC, La M, Raetz EA, Carroll WL et al; Children's Oncology Group. Factors influencing survival after relapse from acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Children's Oncology Group study. Leukemia. 2008;22:2142-50.
- Rheingold SR, Bhojwani D, Ji L, Xu X, Devidas M, Kairalla JA et al. Determinants of survival after first relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Children's Oncology Group study. Leukemia. 2024;38:2382-94.
- Bene MC, Castoldi G, Knapp W, Ludwig WD, Matutes E, Orfao A et al. Proposals for the immunological classification of acute leukemias. European Group for the Immunological Characterization of Leukemias (EGIL). Leukemia. 1995;9:1783-6.
- Ludwig WD, Rieder H, Bartram CR, Heinze B, Schwartz S, Gassmann W et al. Immunophenotypic and genotypic features, clinical characteristics, and treatment outcome of adult pro-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of the German multicenter trials GMALL 03/87 and 04/89. Blood. 1998;92:1898-909.
- Zintl F, Malke H, Plenert W. Clinical experiences with a modified BFM protocol in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematol Blood Transfus. 1985;29:84-9.
- Schrappe M, Reiter A, Ludwig WD, Harbott J, Zimmermann M, Hiddemann W et al. Improved outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia despite reduced use of anthracyclines and cranial radiotherapy: results of trial ALL-BFM 90. German-Austrian-Swiss ALL-BFM Study Group. Blood. 2000;95:3310-22.
- Sackmann-Muriel F, Felice MS, Zubizarreta PA, Alfaro E, Gallego M, Rossi J et al. Treatment results in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia with a modified ALL-BFM'90 protocol: lack of improvement in high-risk group. Leuk Res. 1999;23:331-40.
- Möricke A, Reiter A, Zimmermann M, Gadner H, Stanulla M, Dördelmann M et al. Risk-adjusted therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia can decrease treatment burden and improve survival: treatment results of 2169 unselected pediatric and adolescent patients enrolled in the trial ALL-BFM 95. Blood. 2008;111:4477-89.
- Roper M, Crist WM, Metzgar R, Ragab AH, Smith S, Starling K et al. Monoclonal antibody characterization of surface antigens in childhood T-cell lymphoid malignancies. Blood. 1983;61:830-7.
- Pui CH, Behm FG, Crist WM. Clinical and biologic relevance of immunologic marker studies in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 1993;82:343-62.
- Kamps WA, Bökkerink JP, Hakvoort-Cammel FG, Veerman AJ, Weening RS, van Wering ER et al. BFM-oriented treatment for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia without cranial irradiation and treatment reduction for standard risk patients: results of DCLSG protocol ALL-8 (1991-1996). Leukemia. 2002;16:1099-111.
- van Binsbergen AL, de Haas V, van der Velden VHJ, de Groot-Kruseman HA, Fiocco MF, Pieters R. Efficacy and toxicity of high-risk therapy of the Dutch Childhood Oncology Group in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2022;69:e29387.
- Stary J, Zimmermann M, Campbell M, Castillo L, Dibar E, Donska S et al. Intensive chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of the randomized intercontinental trial ALL IC-BFM 2002. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:174-84.
- Volejnikova J, Jarosova M, Pospisilova D, Novak Z, Vrbkova J, Hajduch M et al. Treatment and prognosis of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia on protocols ALL-BFM 90, 95 and ALL IC-BFM 2002: a retrospective single-center study from Olomouc, Czech Republic. Neoplasma. 2016;63:456-61.
- Vora A, Goulden N, Mitchell C, Hancock J, Hough R, Rowntree C et al. Augmented post-remission therapy for a minimal residual disease-defined high-risk subgroup of children and young people with clinical standard-risk and intermediate-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (UKALL 2003): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:809-18.
- Hazar V, Karasu GT, Uygun V, Akcan M, Küpesiz A, Yesilipek A. Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Turkey: factors influencing treatment and outcome: a single center experience. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2010;32:e317-22.
- Güneş AM, Oren H, Baytan B, Bengoa SY, Evim MS, Gözmen S et al. The long-term results of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia at two centers from Turkey: 15 years of experience with the ALL-BFM 95 protocol. Ann Hematol. 2014;93:1677-84.
- Hilden JM, Dinndorf PA, Meerbaum SO, Sather H, Villaluna D, Heerema NA et al. Analysis of prognostic factors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in infants: report on CCG 1953 from the Children's Oncology Group. Blood. 2006;108:441-51.
- Pieters R, Schrappe M, De Lorenzo P, Hann I, De Rossi G, Felice M et al. A treatment protocol for infants younger than 1 year with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (Interfant-99): an observational study and a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet. 2007;370:240-50.
- Testi AM, Attarbaschi A, Valsecchi MG, Möricke A, Cario G, Niggli F et al. Outcome of adolescent patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia aged 10-14 years as compared with those aged 15-17 years: Long-term results of 1094 patients of the AIEOP-BFM ALL 2000 study. Eur J Cancer. 2019;122:61-71.
- Gupta S, Teachey DT, Chen Z, Rabin KR, Dunsmore KP, Larsen EC et al. Sex-based disparities in outcome in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Children's Oncology Group report. Cancer. 2022;128:1863-70.
- Pollock BH, DeBaun MR, Camitta BM, Shuster JJ, Ravindranath Y, Pullen DJ et al. Racial differences in the survival of childhood B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Pediatric Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:813-23.
- Pui CH, Sandlund JT, Pei D, Rivera GK, Howard SC, Ribeiro RC e al. Results of therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in black and white children. JAMA. 2003;290:2001-7.
- Teachey DT, Pui CH. Comparative features and outcomes between paediatric T-cell and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20:e142-e154.
- Wei W, Chen X, Zou Y, Chang L, An W, Wan Y et al. Prediction of outcomes by early treatment responses in childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a retrospective study in China. BMC Pediatr. 2015;15:80.
- Laningham FH, Kun LE, Reddick WE, Ogg RJ, Morris EB, Pui CH. Childhood central nervous system leukemia: historical perspectives, current therapy, and acute neurological sequelae. Neuroradiology. 2007;49:873-88.
- Bleyer WA, Poplack DG. Prophylaxis and treatment of leukemia in the central nervous system and other sanctuaries. Semin Oncol. 1985;12:131-48.
- Thyss A, Suciu S, Bertrand Y, Mazingue F, Robert A, Vilmer E et al. Systemic effect of intrathecal methotrexate during the initial phase of treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Children's Leukemia Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:1824-30.
- Bostrom BC, Sensel MR, Sather HN, Gaynon PS, La MK, Johnston K et al. Dexamethasone versus prednisone and daily oral versus weekly intravenous mercaptopurine for patients with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Children's Cancer Group. Blood. 2003;101:3809-17.
- Teuffel O, Kuster SP, Hunger SP, Conter V, Hitzler J, Ethier MC et al. Dexamethasone versus prednisone for induction therapy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Leukemia. 2011;25:1232-8.
- Mullighan CG, Phillips LA, Su X, Ma J, Miller CB, Shurtleff SA et al. Genomic analysis of the clonal origins of relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Science. 2008;322:1377-80.
- Yang JJ, Bhojwani D, Yang W, Cai X, Stocco G, Crews K et al. Genome-wide copy number profiling reveals molecular evolution from diagnosis to relapse in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2008;112:4178-83.
- Goto H. Childhood relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Biology and recent treatment progress. Pediatr Int. 2015;57:1059-66.
- McGowan JV, Chung R, Maulik A, Piotrowska I, Walker JM, Yellon DM. Anthracycline chemotherapy and cardiotoxicity. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2017;31:63–75.
- Fidler-Benaoudia MM, Oeffinger KC, Yasui Y, Robison LL, Winter DL, Reulen RC et al. A comparison of late mortality among survivors of childhood cancer in the United States and United Kingdom. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2021;113:562-71.
- Krull KR, Hardy KK, Kahalley LS, Schuitema I, Kesler SR. Neurocognitive outcomes and interventions in long-term survivors of childhood cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36:2181-9.
- Brivio E, Bautista F, Zwaan CM. Naked antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates: targeted therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica. 2024;109:1700-12.
Improved outcomes in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with modified BFM protocols: a single-center experience
Öz
Abstract
Purpose: We compared the treatment protocols used for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients admitted to our clinic between January 1990 and September 2021.
Materials and Methods: Patient files were retrospectively reviewed. Data collection was finalized in June 2022. Patients were divided into three groups based on treatment protocols. Group I (n=234) received BFM-85, -90, or -95 protocols between 1990 and January 2001. Group II (n=139) received a modified BFM-95 protocol (TRALL-2000) between January 2001 and March 2007. Group III (n=199) received a center-modified TRALL-2000 protocol starting in 2007.
Results: Of the patients, 344 (60.1%) were boys and 228 (39.9%) were girls. The 10-year overall survival (OS) rates were 30%, 53%, and 73% for Groups I, II, and III, respectively. Event-free survival (EFS) rates were 27%, 40%, and 64%. In Group III, the 10-year OS was 92% for the standard-risk group (SRG), 71% for the medium-risk group (MRG), and 59% for the high-risk group (HRG); the corresponding EFS rates were 72%, 68%, and 49%. Among Group III patients, the 10-year OS was 64% for girls and 78% for boys. The OS for B-cell ALL was 71%, and for T-cell ALL, 78%.
Conclusion: OS and EFS rates in Group III were significantly higher than in earlier groups. Contrary to existing literature, T-cell ALL patients and male patients in Group III had superior outcomes compared to B-cell ALL patients and female patients.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia chilhood chemotherapy BFM protocols
Kaynakça
- Gramatges MM, O’Brien MM, Rabin KR. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In Pizzo and Poplack’s Pediatric Oncology, 8th ed. (Eds Blaney SM, Helman LJ, Adamson PC). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2021:419-453.
- Barrington-Trimis JL, Cockburn M, Metayer C, Gauderman WJ, Wiemels J, McKean-Cowdin R. Trends in childhood leukemia incidence over two decades from 1992 to 2013. Int J Cancer. 2017;140:1000-8.
- Oksuzyan S, Crespi CM, Cockburn M, Mezei G, Vergara X, Kheifets L. Race/ethnicity and the risk of childhood leukaemia: a case-control study in California. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2015;69:795-802.
- Miranda-Filho A, Piñeros M, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Monnereau A, Bray F. Epidemiological patterns of leukaemia in 184 countries: a population-based study. Lancet Haematol. 2018;5:e14-e24.
- Pui CH, Robison LL, Look AT. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Lancet. 2008;371:1030-43.
- Celkan T. Cocukluk Cagı Akut Lenfoblastik Lösemisi. Klinik Gelisim 20:14-26, 2007.
- Pillai MP, Carroll WL. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia In Lanzkowsky’s Manual of Peadiatric Hematol and Oncology, 7th ed. (Eds Fish JD, Lipton JM, Lanzkowsky P). Elsevier Academic Press: Amsterdam, 2022:413-38.
- Möricke A, Zimmermann M, Reiter A, Henze G, Schrauder A, Gadner H et al. Long-term results of five consecutive trials in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia performed by the ALL-BFM study group from 1981 to 2000. Leukemia. 2010;24:265-84.
- Rubnitz JE, Lensing S, Zhou Y, Sandlund JT, Razzouk BI, Ribeiro RC et al. Death during induction therapy and first remission of acute leukemia in childhood: the St. Jude experience. Cancer. 2004;101:1677-84.
- Pui CH, Yang JJ, Hunger SP, Pieters R, Schrappe M, Biondi A et al. Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Progress Through Collaboration. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:2938-48.
- Nguyen K, Devidas M, Cheng SC, La M, Raetz EA, Carroll WL et al; Children's Oncology Group. Factors influencing survival after relapse from acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Children's Oncology Group study. Leukemia. 2008;22:2142-50.
- Rheingold SR, Bhojwani D, Ji L, Xu X, Devidas M, Kairalla JA et al. Determinants of survival after first relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Children's Oncology Group study. Leukemia. 2024;38:2382-94.
- Bene MC, Castoldi G, Knapp W, Ludwig WD, Matutes E, Orfao A et al. Proposals for the immunological classification of acute leukemias. European Group for the Immunological Characterization of Leukemias (EGIL). Leukemia. 1995;9:1783-6.
- Ludwig WD, Rieder H, Bartram CR, Heinze B, Schwartz S, Gassmann W et al. Immunophenotypic and genotypic features, clinical characteristics, and treatment outcome of adult pro-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of the German multicenter trials GMALL 03/87 and 04/89. Blood. 1998;92:1898-909.
- Zintl F, Malke H, Plenert W. Clinical experiences with a modified BFM protocol in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematol Blood Transfus. 1985;29:84-9.
- Schrappe M, Reiter A, Ludwig WD, Harbott J, Zimmermann M, Hiddemann W et al. Improved outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia despite reduced use of anthracyclines and cranial radiotherapy: results of trial ALL-BFM 90. German-Austrian-Swiss ALL-BFM Study Group. Blood. 2000;95:3310-22.
- Sackmann-Muriel F, Felice MS, Zubizarreta PA, Alfaro E, Gallego M, Rossi J et al. Treatment results in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia with a modified ALL-BFM'90 protocol: lack of improvement in high-risk group. Leuk Res. 1999;23:331-40.
- Möricke A, Reiter A, Zimmermann M, Gadner H, Stanulla M, Dördelmann M et al. Risk-adjusted therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia can decrease treatment burden and improve survival: treatment results of 2169 unselected pediatric and adolescent patients enrolled in the trial ALL-BFM 95. Blood. 2008;111:4477-89.
- Roper M, Crist WM, Metzgar R, Ragab AH, Smith S, Starling K et al. Monoclonal antibody characterization of surface antigens in childhood T-cell lymphoid malignancies. Blood. 1983;61:830-7.
- Pui CH, Behm FG, Crist WM. Clinical and biologic relevance of immunologic marker studies in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 1993;82:343-62.
- Kamps WA, Bökkerink JP, Hakvoort-Cammel FG, Veerman AJ, Weening RS, van Wering ER et al. BFM-oriented treatment for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia without cranial irradiation and treatment reduction for standard risk patients: results of DCLSG protocol ALL-8 (1991-1996). Leukemia. 2002;16:1099-111.
- van Binsbergen AL, de Haas V, van der Velden VHJ, de Groot-Kruseman HA, Fiocco MF, Pieters R. Efficacy and toxicity of high-risk therapy of the Dutch Childhood Oncology Group in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2022;69:e29387.
- Stary J, Zimmermann M, Campbell M, Castillo L, Dibar E, Donska S et al. Intensive chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of the randomized intercontinental trial ALL IC-BFM 2002. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:174-84.
- Volejnikova J, Jarosova M, Pospisilova D, Novak Z, Vrbkova J, Hajduch M et al. Treatment and prognosis of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia on protocols ALL-BFM 90, 95 and ALL IC-BFM 2002: a retrospective single-center study from Olomouc, Czech Republic. Neoplasma. 2016;63:456-61.
- Vora A, Goulden N, Mitchell C, Hancock J, Hough R, Rowntree C et al. Augmented post-remission therapy for a minimal residual disease-defined high-risk subgroup of children and young people with clinical standard-risk and intermediate-risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (UKALL 2003): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:809-18.
- Hazar V, Karasu GT, Uygun V, Akcan M, Küpesiz A, Yesilipek A. Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Turkey: factors influencing treatment and outcome: a single center experience. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2010;32:e317-22.
- Güneş AM, Oren H, Baytan B, Bengoa SY, Evim MS, Gözmen S et al. The long-term results of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia at two centers from Turkey: 15 years of experience with the ALL-BFM 95 protocol. Ann Hematol. 2014;93:1677-84.
- Hilden JM, Dinndorf PA, Meerbaum SO, Sather H, Villaluna D, Heerema NA et al. Analysis of prognostic factors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in infants: report on CCG 1953 from the Children's Oncology Group. Blood. 2006;108:441-51.
- Pieters R, Schrappe M, De Lorenzo P, Hann I, De Rossi G, Felice M et al. A treatment protocol for infants younger than 1 year with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (Interfant-99): an observational study and a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet. 2007;370:240-50.
- Testi AM, Attarbaschi A, Valsecchi MG, Möricke A, Cario G, Niggli F et al. Outcome of adolescent patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia aged 10-14 years as compared with those aged 15-17 years: Long-term results of 1094 patients of the AIEOP-BFM ALL 2000 study. Eur J Cancer. 2019;122:61-71.
- Gupta S, Teachey DT, Chen Z, Rabin KR, Dunsmore KP, Larsen EC et al. Sex-based disparities in outcome in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Children's Oncology Group report. Cancer. 2022;128:1863-70.
- Pollock BH, DeBaun MR, Camitta BM, Shuster JJ, Ravindranath Y, Pullen DJ et al. Racial differences in the survival of childhood B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Pediatric Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:813-23.
- Pui CH, Sandlund JT, Pei D, Rivera GK, Howard SC, Ribeiro RC e al. Results of therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in black and white children. JAMA. 2003;290:2001-7.
- Teachey DT, Pui CH. Comparative features and outcomes between paediatric T-cell and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20:e142-e154.
- Wei W, Chen X, Zou Y, Chang L, An W, Wan Y et al. Prediction of outcomes by early treatment responses in childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a retrospective study in China. BMC Pediatr. 2015;15:80.
- Laningham FH, Kun LE, Reddick WE, Ogg RJ, Morris EB, Pui CH. Childhood central nervous system leukemia: historical perspectives, current therapy, and acute neurological sequelae. Neuroradiology. 2007;49:873-88.
- Bleyer WA, Poplack DG. Prophylaxis and treatment of leukemia in the central nervous system and other sanctuaries. Semin Oncol. 1985;12:131-48.
- Thyss A, Suciu S, Bertrand Y, Mazingue F, Robert A, Vilmer E et al. Systemic effect of intrathecal methotrexate during the initial phase of treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Children's Leukemia Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:1824-30.
- Bostrom BC, Sensel MR, Sather HN, Gaynon PS, La MK, Johnston K et al. Dexamethasone versus prednisone and daily oral versus weekly intravenous mercaptopurine for patients with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Children's Cancer Group. Blood. 2003;101:3809-17.
- Teuffel O, Kuster SP, Hunger SP, Conter V, Hitzler J, Ethier MC et al. Dexamethasone versus prednisone for induction therapy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Leukemia. 2011;25:1232-8.
- Mullighan CG, Phillips LA, Su X, Ma J, Miller CB, Shurtleff SA et al. Genomic analysis of the clonal origins of relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Science. 2008;322:1377-80.
- Yang JJ, Bhojwani D, Yang W, Cai X, Stocco G, Crews K et al. Genome-wide copy number profiling reveals molecular evolution from diagnosis to relapse in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2008;112:4178-83.
- Goto H. Childhood relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Biology and recent treatment progress. Pediatr Int. 2015;57:1059-66.
- McGowan JV, Chung R, Maulik A, Piotrowska I, Walker JM, Yellon DM. Anthracycline chemotherapy and cardiotoxicity. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2017;31:63–75.
- Fidler-Benaoudia MM, Oeffinger KC, Yasui Y, Robison LL, Winter DL, Reulen RC et al. A comparison of late mortality among survivors of childhood cancer in the United States and United Kingdom. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2021;113:562-71.
- Krull KR, Hardy KK, Kahalley LS, Schuitema I, Kesler SR. Neurocognitive outcomes and interventions in long-term survivors of childhood cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36:2181-9.
- Brivio E, Bautista F, Zwaan CM. Naked antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates: targeted therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica. 2024;109:1700-12.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Çocuk Hematolojisi ve Onkolojisi |
| Bölüm | Araştırma |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Haziran 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 1 Ekim 2024 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 10 Haziran 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 50 Sayı: 2 |
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