Araştırma Makalesi
A Critical Analysis of Ümit Özdağ's X Posts within the Framework of the General Discourse of the Populist Radical Right
Öz
The aim of this study is to analyse the posts made by Victory Party (Zafer Partisi / ZP) leader Ümit Özdağ from his personal account on the X platform with reference to some of the concepts that populist radical right ideology produces discourse around. In this context, the analysis of Özdağ's X posts within the framework of the general discourse of the populist radical right is important for understanding how the populist radical right discourse is reproduced locally. In this study, the method of critical discourse analysis was applied to discuss the ideological meaning of the discourses formed around the concepts. In particular, the concepts of immigrants/refugees, Islam and nation have been selected with reference to the discourses put forward by the populist radical right-wing movements on the rise in Europe, and Özdağ's X posts have been analysed through these concepts. The analysis has been conducted on the concepts of immigrants/refugees, Islam and nation. Özdağ's discourses largely overlap with the populist radical right ideology on migrants and refugees. However, Özdağ's discourse differs from the general discourse of the populist radical right on Islam and the nation at certain points. On the issue of Islam, Özdağ, unlike Western right-wing populists, criticises the cultural practices of Muslims rather than categorically rejecting Islam. By highlighting Turkish nationalism, Özdağ reproduces anti-immigrant discourses within this framework. While the populist radical right has recently produced discourse through civic nationalism rather than discourse based on ethnicity, some of Özdağ's X posts evoke ethnic nationalism.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Critical Discourse Analysis Immigrants/Refugees Islam Populist Radical Right Ümit Özdağ
Kaynakça
- Afgan gazeteci Saadat'a 6 yıla kadar hapis istendi. (2022, September 24). Sözcü. https://www.sozcu.com.tr/afgan-gazeteci-saadata-6-yila-kadar-hapis-istendi-wp7381089
- Alternative für Deutschland (2017). Manifesto for Germany: the political programme of the Alternative for Germany. https://www.afd.de/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/2017-04-12_afd-grundsatzprogramm-englisch_web.pdf
- Altundağ, M. Y. & Esin, A. (2024, March 28). Zafer Partisi Ümit Özdağ’a rağmen neden yükselecek? https://birikimdergisi.com/guncel/11707/zafer-partisi-umit-ozdaga-ragmen-neden-yukselecek
- BBC Newsnight. (2016, June 29). Brexit makes far-right stronger, says Marine Le Pen [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MexfSD94OA
- Bodissey, B. (2015, September 22). Geert Wilders: “This is cultural kamikaze.” Gates of Vienna. https://gatesofvienna.net/2015/09/geert-wilders-this-is-cultural-kamikaze/
- Bölükbaşı, Y. Z. (2018). Türkçü-turancı milliyetçiliğin düşünsel temelleri üzerine bir inceleme. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 5(10), 45-60.
- Bonikowski, B., Halikiopoulou, D., Kaufmann, E. & Rooduijn, M. (2019). Populism and nationalism in a comparative perspective: a scholarly exchange. Nations and Nationalism, 25(1), 58-81. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12480
- Bora, T. & Can, K. (2015). Devlet ocak dergâh: 12 eylül'den 1990'lara Ülkücü Hareket (10th edition). İletişim Yayınları.
- Conway, M. (2019). Violent extremism and terrorism online in 2018: the year in review. VOX-Pol Network of Excellence. https://voxpol.eu/publications/
- De Cleen, B. (2017). Populism and nationalism. In C. R. Kaltwasser, P. Taggart, P. O. Espejo & P. Ostiguy (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of populism (pp. 342–362). Oxford University Press.
- Ekici, H. (2019). Türk toplumunda Suriyelilere yönelik algılanan tehditler ve çözüm önerileri. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 19(44), 695–730. https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.v19i49119.487325
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- Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical discourse analysis: The critical study of language. Longman. Fennema, M. (1997). Some conceptual issues and problems in the comparison of anti-immigrant parties in Western Europe. Party Politics, 3(4), 473–492.
- Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (2013). Handbuch freiheitlicher politik. FPÖ- Bildungsinstitut.
- Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs. (2017). Österreicher verdienen fairness: freiheitliches wahlprogramm zur nationalratswahl 2017. www.fpoe.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Wahlprogramm_8_9_low.pdf
- Fuchs, C. (2020). Nationalism on the internet: critical theory and ideology in the age of social media and fake news. Routledge.
- Gandesha, S. (2018). Understanding right and left populism. In J. Morelock (Ed.), Critical theory and authoritarian populism (pp. 49–70). University of Westminster Press.
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- Hawkins, K. A. (2010). Venezuela’s Chavismo and populism in comparative perspective. Cambridge University Press. I Don't Hate Muslims. I Hate Islam,' Says Holland's Rising Political Star. (2008, February 17). The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/feb/17/netherlands.islam In quotes: Geert Wilders. (2010, October 4). BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-11469579
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- International Crisis Group. (2018, January 29). Turkey’s Syrian refugees: Defusing metropolitan tensions. Europe Report (248). Belgium.
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- Kaya, A., & Tecmen, A. (2019). Europe versus Islam?: Right-wing populist discourse and the construction of a civilizational identity. The Review of Faith & International Affairs 17(1), 49-64, https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2019.1570759
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Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 128 - 147, 31.05.2025
Öz
Bu çalışma Zafer Partisi (ZP) Genel Başkanı Ümit Özdağ’ın X platformundaki kişisel hesabından yapmış olduğu paylaşımları popülist radikal sağ ideolojinin üzerine söylem ürettiği bazı kavramları referans alarak incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda, Özdağ’ın X paylaşımlarının popülist radikal sağın genel söylemi çerçevesinde incelenmesi, popülist radikal sağ söylemin yerelde yeniden nasıl üretildiğinin anlaşılması açısından önemlidir. Belirlediğimiz kavramlar etrafında oluşturulan söylemlerin ideolojik anlamını tartışabilmek için bu çalışmada eleştirel söylem analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Özellikle Avrupa’da yükselişe geçen popülist radikal sağ hareketlerin ortaya koyduğu söylemler referans alınarak göçmenler/mülteciler, İslam ve ulus kavramları belirlenmiş ve Özdağ’ın X paylaşımları bu kavramlar üzerinden çözümlenmiştir. Özdağ’ın söylemleri, göçmenler ve mülteciler konusunda popülist radikal sağ ideolojiyle büyük ölçüde örtüşmektedir; ancak İslam ve ulus konusunda popülist radikal sağın genel söyleminden belirli noktalarda ayrışmaktadır. Özdağ göçmen ve mülteci karşıtı söylemini tıpkı batılı muadilleri gibi özellikle kültürel, güvenlik ve ekonomik kaygılar üzerinden inşa etmektedir. İslam konusunda Özdağ, Batılı sağ popülistlerden farklı olarak İslam dinini kategorik olarak reddetmek yerine Müslümanların kültürel pratiklerini eleştirmektedir. Bu bağlamda Özdağ’ın İslam üzerine ürettiği söylemlerde “özcü (essentialist)” bir yaklaşım sergilediğini söylemek mümkündür. Son dönemde popülist radikal sağ genel olarak soy üzerinden söylem üretmek yerine “civic milliyetçilik” üzerinden söylem üretmeye dikkat ederken, Özdağ’ın bazı X paylaşımları soya dayalı milliyetçilik anlayışını çağrıştırmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Eleştirel Söylem Analizi Göçmenler/Mülteciler İslam Popülist Radikal Sağ Ümit Özdağ
Kaynakça
- Afgan gazeteci Saadat'a 6 yıla kadar hapis istendi. (2022, September 24). Sözcü. https://www.sozcu.com.tr/afgan-gazeteci-saadata-6-yila-kadar-hapis-istendi-wp7381089
- Alternative für Deutschland (2017). Manifesto for Germany: the political programme of the Alternative for Germany. https://www.afd.de/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/2017-04-12_afd-grundsatzprogramm-englisch_web.pdf
- Altundağ, M. Y. & Esin, A. (2024, March 28). Zafer Partisi Ümit Özdağ’a rağmen neden yükselecek? https://birikimdergisi.com/guncel/11707/zafer-partisi-umit-ozdaga-ragmen-neden-yukselecek
- BBC Newsnight. (2016, June 29). Brexit makes far-right stronger, says Marine Le Pen [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MexfSD94OA
- Bodissey, B. (2015, September 22). Geert Wilders: “This is cultural kamikaze.” Gates of Vienna. https://gatesofvienna.net/2015/09/geert-wilders-this-is-cultural-kamikaze/
- Bölükbaşı, Y. Z. (2018). Türkçü-turancı milliyetçiliğin düşünsel temelleri üzerine bir inceleme. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 5(10), 45-60.
- Bonikowski, B., Halikiopoulou, D., Kaufmann, E. & Rooduijn, M. (2019). Populism and nationalism in a comparative perspective: a scholarly exchange. Nations and Nationalism, 25(1), 58-81. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12480
- Bora, T. & Can, K. (2015). Devlet ocak dergâh: 12 eylül'den 1990'lara Ülkücü Hareket (10th edition). İletişim Yayınları.
- Conway, M. (2019). Violent extremism and terrorism online in 2018: the year in review. VOX-Pol Network of Excellence. https://voxpol.eu/publications/
- De Cleen, B. (2017). Populism and nationalism. In C. R. Kaltwasser, P. Taggart, P. O. Espejo & P. Ostiguy (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of populism (pp. 342–362). Oxford University Press.
- Ekici, H. (2019). Türk toplumunda Suriyelilere yönelik algılanan tehditler ve çözüm önerileri. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 19(44), 695–730. https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.v19i49119.487325
- Engesser, S., Ernst, N., Esser, F., & Büchel, F. (2016). Populism and social media: how politicians spread a fragmented ideology. Information, Communication & Society, 20(8), 1109–1126. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1207697
- Ernst, N., Engesser, S., Büchel, F., Blassnig, S., & Esser, F. (2017). Extreme parties and populism: An analysis of Facebook and Twitter across six countries. Information, Communication & Society, 20(9), 1347–1364. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1329333
- Eurostat. (2024). Asylum applications - annual statistics. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Asylum_statistics&oldid=558844#:~:text=In%202016%2C%20the%20number%20levelled,lodging%20applications%20for%20international%20protection.
- Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical discourse analysis: The critical study of language. Longman. Fennema, M. (1997). Some conceptual issues and problems in the comparison of anti-immigrant parties in Western Europe. Party Politics, 3(4), 473–492.
- Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (2013). Handbuch freiheitlicher politik. FPÖ- Bildungsinstitut.
- Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs. (2017). Österreicher verdienen fairness: freiheitliches wahlprogramm zur nationalratswahl 2017. www.fpoe.at/fileadmin/user_upload/Wahlprogramm_8_9_low.pdf
- Fuchs, C. (2020). Nationalism on the internet: critical theory and ideology in the age of social media and fake news. Routledge.
- Gandesha, S. (2018). Understanding right and left populism. In J. Morelock (Ed.), Critical theory and authoritarian populism (pp. 49–70). University of Westminster Press.
- Giuffrida, A. (2021, November 25). Matteo Salvini: ‘I refuse to think of substituting 10m Italians with 10m migrants. The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/25/matteo-salvini-interview-far-right-migration Göç İdaresi Başkanlığı. (2024). Yıllara göre geçici koruma kapsamındaki Suriyeliler. https://www.goc.gov.tr/gecici-koruma5638
- Halikiopoulou, D. (2019). Right-wing populism as a nationalist vision of legitimating collective choice: A supply-side perspective. The International Spectator, 54(2), 35–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2019.1588544
- Hawkins, K. A. (2010). Venezuela’s Chavismo and populism in comparative perspective. Cambridge University Press. I Don't Hate Muslims. I Hate Islam,' Says Holland's Rising Political Star. (2008, February 17). The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/feb/17/netherlands.islam In quotes: Geert Wilders. (2010, October 4). BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-11469579
- Innes, A. J. (2010). When the threatened become the threat: the construction of asylum seekers in British media narratives. International Relations, 24(4), 456-477. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117810385882
- International Crisis Group. (2018, January 29). Turkey’s Syrian refugees: Defusing metropolitan tensions. Europe Report (248). Belgium.
- Kadıoğlu, İ. A. (2020). Suriye iç savaşı ve Türkiye: Çatışma, güvenlik ve sığınma. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 16(29), 2179-2213. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.714551
- Kaya, A., & Tecmen, A. (2019). Europe versus Islam?: Right-wing populist discourse and the construction of a civilizational identity. The Review of Faith & International Affairs 17(1), 49-64, https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2019.1570759
- Kirby, P. & Holligan, A. (2023, November 23). Dutch election: Anti-Islam populist Geert Wilders wins dramatic victory. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67504272
- Kirby, P. (2022, September 26). Giorgia Meloni: Italy's far-right wins election and vows to govern for all. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63029909
- Kurvapicsa. (2013, February 13). Lateline: Geert Wilders interview [Video]. YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=-l_AzeFnyw4
- Laclau, E. (2005). On populist reason. Verso.
- Michael, C. (2017). The rise of populism and the crisis of globalisation: Brexit, Trump and beyond. Irish Studies in International Affairs, 28, 9–17. https://doi.org/10.3318/isia.2017.28.12.
- Migrant crisis: Migration to Europe explained in seven charts. (2016, March 4). BBC https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34131911
- Modood, T. (2005). Multicultural politics: Racism, ethnicity, and Muslims in Britain. The University of Minnesota Press.
- Moffitt, B. (2016). The global rise of populism: Performance, political style, and representation. Stanford University Press.
- Mudde, C. (2004). The populist zeitgeist. Government and Opposition, 39(4), 541–563. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44483088
- Mudde, C. (2007). Populist radical right parties in Europe. Cambridge University Press.
- Mudde, C. (2017). Introduction. In C. Mudde (Ed.), The populist radical right: A reader (pp. 1–10). Routledge.
- Muis, J., & Immerzeel, T. (2016). Radical right populism. Sociopedia.isa, https://doi.org/10.1177/2056846016121
- Mülteci karşıtlığı durdurulamıyor: Türkiye’de kaç mülteci yaşıyor? (2023, September 25). Medyascope. https://medyascope.tv/2023/09/25/multeci-karsitligi-durdurulamiyor-turkiyede-kac-multeci-yasiyor/#:~:text=Buras%C4%B1%20zor%20ama%20G%C3%B6%C3%A7%20%C4%B0daresi,say%C4%B1s%C4%B1%202022%20y%C4%B1l%C4%B1na%20g%C3%B6re%20azald%C4%B1
- Nationalism and populism: What is the difference? how are they connected? (2021, August 12). Liberties. https://www.liberties.eu/en/stories/nationalism-and-populism/43717
- Otjes, S., & Louwerse, T. (2015). Populists in parliament: Comparing left-wing and right-wing populism in the Netherlands. Political Studies, 63(1), 60-79. https://doi:10.1111/1467-9248.12089
- Pérez Curiel, C. (2020). Trend towards extreme right-wing populism on Twitter. An analysis of the influence on leaders, media and users. Communication & Society, 33(2), 175-192. https://doi.org/10.15581/003.33.2.175-192
- Polisin Çin’i protesto eden Uygurlara sınır dışı tehdidi Soylu’yu ‘üzmüş’: Özür diledi. (2022, November 30). Diken, https://www.diken.com.tr/polisin-cini-protesto-eden-uygurlari-sinir-disi-etme-tehdidi-soyluyu-uzmus-ozur-diledi/
- Rembrandt Clancy. (2014, December 6). Heinz-Christian Strache:15th Congress of the National Front in Lyon [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eTyP-u2f0EU
- Rossell, H. A., & Dudek, C. M. (2019). How radical right-wing populism has shaped recent migration policy in Austria and Germany. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 18(2), 133–150. https://doi:10.1080/15562948.2019.1587130
- Rydgren, J. (2002). Radical right populism in Sweden: Still a failure, but for how long? Scandinavian Political Studies, 25(1), 27-56. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9477.00062
- Rydgren, J. (2008). Immigration sceptics, xenophobes or racists? Radical right-wing voting in six West European countries. European Journal of Political Research, 47(6), 737-765. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2008.00784.x
- Santi-Amantini, L. (2022). Populist anti-immigrant sentiments taken seriously: A realistic approach. Res Publica, 28, 103-123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11158-021-09516-1
- Saylan, İ., & Aknur, M. (2023). Discourses of Turkish opposition political parties towards Syrian refugees: Securitization and repatriation. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24(2), 259-283. https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1255254
- Secen, S., Al, S., & Arslan, B. (2024). Electoral dynamics, new nationalisms, and party positions on Syrian refugees in Turkey. Turkish Studies, 25(3), 419-449. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2024.2310850
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- Van der Brug, W., Fennema, M., & Tillie, J. (2005). Why some anti-immigrant parties fail and others succeed: A two-step model of aggregate electoral support. Comparative Political Studies, 38(5), 537-573. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414004273928
- Van Dijk, T. A. (1990). Social cognition and discourse. In H. Giles & W. P. Robinson (Eds.), Handbook of language and social psychology (pp. 163–183). John Wiley & Sons.
- Varshney, A. (2021). Populism and nationalism: An overview of similarities and differences. Studies in Comparative International Development, 56(2), 131–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-021-09332-x
- Weidel, A. [@Alice_Weidel]. (2017, September 3). #AliceWeidelLive zum #TVDuell: Merkels Flüchtlingspolitik zerstört den Sozialstaat Deutschland: Die #AfD wird dafür sorgen, dass das ein Ende hat! X (Twitter). 2017. https://x.com/Alice_Weidel/status/904414469090148355?mx=2
- Weyland, K. (2001). Clarifying a contested concept: Populism in the study of Latin American politics. Comparative Politics, 34(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.2307/422412
- Wodak, R. (2015). The politics of fear: What right wing populist discourses mean. Sage
- Wren, K. (2001). Cultural racism: Something rotten in the state of Denmark? Social & Cultural Geography, 2(2), 141–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649360120047788
- Yılmaz, F. (2012). Right-wing hegemony and immigration: How the populist far-right achieved hegemony through the immigration debate in Europe. Current Sociology, 60(3), 368-381. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392111426192
- Zafer Partisi. (2021). Zafer Partisi Programı. https://zaferpartisi.org.tr/parti-programi/
Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | İletişim ve Medya Politikası, Siyaset Bilimi (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 31 Mayıs 2025 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Mayıs 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 2 Ağustos 2024 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 26 Kasım 2024 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1 |
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