Öz
This study examines the rapidly evolving geopolitical dynamics in the Arctic region, with a particular focus on the power rivalry between the United States and Russia. In recent years, the Arctic has become a focal point within the discipline of international relations, due to the strategic and economic opportunities that have been created by changing environmental conditions, as a result of global warming. The effects of climate change, including glacial melting and the emergence of new maritime trade routes, have positioned the region at the centre of global power shifts in terms of energy resources, trade and military strategy. This study employs a comparative approach to examine the Arctic policies of the United States and Russia, drawing upon a range of sources, including official documents, academic publications, and international reports, to provide a comprehensive analysis of these policies. In this context, the United States' efforts to increase its military presence in the region in cooperation with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Russia's strategy of dominance over the Northern Sea Route are compared. The analysis suggests that the rivalry may have profound effects on regional and global security, energy markets and international relations. Furthermore, the discussion addresses the challenges posed by inadequate infrastructure and environmental risks in the region, emphasising that these issues can be addressed through strategic planning and international collaboration. The study offers a comprehensiveanalysis aimed at understanding the Arctic’s intricate geopolitical landscape, elucidating the significance of the region in global equilibrium.
Anahtar Kelimeler
US-Russia Rivalry Arctic Geopolitics Northern Sea Route Military StrategyX Energy Resources
Kaynakça
- Arctic Council. (2022). Arctic defense and logistics: Adapting to environmental challenges. Arctic Defense Studies, 18(4).
- Arctic Institute. (2022). Military modernization in the Arctic: Russia's growing footprint. Arctic Security Report, 25(3).
- Bertelsen, R., ve Gallucci, V. (2019). Arctic military collaboration and NATO operations. Journal of Arctic Affairs, 12(3).
- Brown, J. (2020). Arctic trade routes and sustainable development. Environmental Trade Journal, 15(3)
- Chater, A., ve Oakley, R. (2021). Arctic geopolitics and the Northern Sea Route: A strategic overview. Journal of Arctic Affairs, 32(1).
- China National Development and Reform Commission. (2022). Siberian logistics and Arctic trade routes. Economic Strategies for Arctic Cooperation, 7(2).
- Choudhry, A. (2019). The Arctic and NATO’s strategic priorities: Security challenges and policy options. International Defense Review, 21(3).
- Conley, H. A., ve Melino, M. (2016). Arctic strategies: Navigating geopolitical complexities. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved from https://www.csis.org/arctic-strategies
- Conley, H. A., ve Melino, M. (2021). Arctic strategies: Navigating geopolitical complexities. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved from https://www.csis.org/arctic-strategies
- Conley, H. A., ve Rohloff, C. (2022). The geopolitics of Arctic shipping and resource extraction. Arctic Policy Studies, 27.
- DoD (U.S. Department of Defense). (2022). Blue Arctic Strategy: Ensuring security in a dynamic region. Retrieved from https://www.defense.gov/publications Dzherelievskii, A. (2018). U.S. military and strategic operations in the Arctic region. Defense Strategies Journal, 14(2).
- Ferguson, I. (2022). The Arctic's role in U.S. defense and global resilience. Defense Insights, 8(4).
- Huebert, R. (2019). The return of the great game in the Arctic: Strategic implications for international relations. Arctic International, 4(3).
- Johnson, M., ve Carter, R. (2022). Arctic climate change and U.S. strategic interests. Polar Research Journal, 14(2).
- Kalhoro, M. (2022). Arctic geopolitics and resource competition. Polar Affairs Journal, 29(3).
- Kalhoro, M. (2022). Russia’s Arctic strategy: Balancing geopolitics and economic ambitions. Polar Affairs Journal, 29(3).
- Meade, J. R. (2020). Russia’s New Arctic Policy 2035: Implications for Great Power Tension Over the Northern Sea Route. National Intelligence University. Retrieved from https://www.ni-u.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/NIUShort_07212020_DNI202201735_IceRusha.pdf
- Miller, D. (2019). Resource extraction and environmental management in the Arctic. Arctic Economy Review, 19(1).
- Mitchell, B. (1935). The strategic significance of Alaska in global military planning. U.S. War Department Archives.
- Office of Naval Intelligence. (2020). Polar Sentinel: Next-generation icebreaker capabilities. Retrieved from https://www.oni.navy.mil/polar-sentinel-report
- Østhagen, A. (2020). Arctic geopolitics: Past, present, and future trends. Polar Affairs Review, 18(2).
- RAND. (2023). Alaska's strategic significance in Arctic policy: Historical and future perspectives.
- Rantanen, M., Karpechko, A. Y., Lipponen, A., Nordling, K., Hyvärinen, O., Ruosteenoja, K., ... & Laaksonen, A. (2022). The Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the globe since 1979. Communications Earth & Environment, 3(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00498-3
- Ren, X. (2023). Economic dynamics and power shifts in the Arctic: The role of China’s Arctic Silk Road. Arctic Economics and Strategy, 21(1).
- Ren, X. (2023). Infrastructure developments in the Arctic: Economic pathways and geopolitical implications. Arctic Economics and Strategy, 21(1).
- Roberts, J. (2021). Geopolitical implications of Alaska's strategic location. Arctic Policy Review, 19(4).
- Russian Ministry of Defense (RMoD). (2022). Arctic strategy and military capabilities. Moscow Defense Review, 19(6).
- Russian Ministry of Defense (RMoD). (2022). Military operations and strategic objectives in the Arctic region. Moscow Defense Review, 11(2).
- Saunes, L. (2020). The Arctic: Great power competition and the militarization of the North. Naval Arctic Studies, 5(1), 12-19. Sidorov, A. (2018). Natural resources in the Arctic: Economic potential and strategic implications. Siberian Geopolitical Studies, 22(1).
- Smith, J., ve Johnston, P. (2020). Russian military activities in the Arctic: A challenge to NATO's security architecture. Security Studies Quarterly, 36(2). Smith, R. (2021). Arctic strategies: Security and cooperation in a changing region. National Security Review, 10(2).
- Smith, R. (2022). Technological advancements in Arctic military mobility: The Beowulf vehicle program. Defense Technology Journal, 23(1).
- Sorensen, C. (2019). Geopolitical implications of Arctic militarization and resource competition. Journal of Geopolitical Studies, 34(2).
- SWP Berlin. (2023). Geopolitical challenges in the Arctic: U.S. and NATO responses. SWP Research Paper No. 22/2023. Retrieved from https://www.swp-berlin.org/en/publications
- Terebov, A. (2019). Historical dynamics of U.S. Arctic policies. Journal of Northern Geopolitics, 5(1).
- The Kremlin. (2023). Об Основах государственной политики Российской Федерации в Арктике на период до 2035 года. Retrieved from http://kremlin.ru/acts/news/70570
- United States Coast Guard. (2020). Icebreaker capabilities and Arctic logistics: A comparative analysis. Arctic Operations Report, 12(1).
- United States Department of Defense. (2022). Arctic military strategy and operational readiness. Washington, DC: Department of Defense Publications
- United States Department of Defense. (2024). 2024 DOD Arctic Strategy: Security, stability, and resilience in the Arctic region. Retrieved from https://www.defense.gov/Arctic-Strategy-2024
- United States Geological Survey. (2008). Circum-Arctic resource appraisal: Estimates of undiscovered oil and gas north of the Arctic Circle (Fact Sheet 2008–3049). U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved from https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3049/
- Verkkouutiset. (2025, 10 Ocak). Nato esittelee: Suomen sotilaat opettavat muille talvitaitoja. Retrieved from https://www.verkkouutiset.fi/a/nato-esittelee-suomen-sotilaat-opettavat-muille-talvitaitoja/#4a70e5e3
- White House. (2022). National Strategy for the Arctic Region. Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/National-Strategy-for-the-Arctic-Region.pdf
- Zandee, D., de Ridder, M., ve Stoetman, A. (2020). Energy security and the geopolitics of the Arctic. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies, Policy Brief No. 45. Retrieved from https://www.hcss.nl/publications
Öz
Bu çalışma, Arktik bölgesindeki hızla değişen jeopolitik dinamikleri, özellikle Amerika ve Rusya arasındaki güç rekabetini incelemektedir. Son yıllarda, bölge, küresel ısınmanın etkisiyle değişen çevresel koşulların tetiklediği stratejik ve ekonomik fırsatlar nedeniyle uluslararası ilişkiler disiplininde yoğun bir ilgi odağı haline gelmiştir. İklim değişikliği, eriyen buzullar ve yeni deniz ticaret yollarının ortaya çıkışı, bölgeyi enerji kaynakları, ticaret ve askeri strateji açısından küresel güç dengelerinin merkezine taşımaktadır. Çalışmada, ABD ve Rusya’nın Arktik politikaları, resmi belgeler, akademik yayınlar ve uluslararası raporlar temel alınarak karşılaştırmalı bir perspektifle analiz edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda, ABD'nin NATO iş birliğiyle bölgedeki askeri varlığını artırma çabaları ile Rusya’nın KDR üzerindeki hâkimiyet stratejisi karşılaştırılmıştır. Rekabetin yalnızca bölgesel değil, küresel güvenlik, enerji piyasaları ve uluslararası ilişkiler üzerinde derin etkiler yaratabileceği değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, bölgedeki altyapı eksiklikleri ve çevresel riskler gibi zorluklar ele alınmış, bu sorunların stratejik planlama ve uluslararası iş birliği ile çözülebileceği vurgulanmıştır. Çalışma, Arktik’in karmaşık jeopolitik yapısını anlamaya ve bölgenin küresel dengelerdeki önemini ortaya koymaya yönelik bir analiz sunmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Arktik Jeopolitiği ABD-Rusya Rekabeti Kuzey Deniz Rotası Enerji Kaynakları Askeri Strateji
Kaynakça
- Arctic Council. (2022). Arctic defense and logistics: Adapting to environmental challenges. Arctic Defense Studies, 18(4).
- Arctic Institute. (2022). Military modernization in the Arctic: Russia's growing footprint. Arctic Security Report, 25(3).
- Bertelsen, R., ve Gallucci, V. (2019). Arctic military collaboration and NATO operations. Journal of Arctic Affairs, 12(3).
- Brown, J. (2020). Arctic trade routes and sustainable development. Environmental Trade Journal, 15(3)
- Chater, A., ve Oakley, R. (2021). Arctic geopolitics and the Northern Sea Route: A strategic overview. Journal of Arctic Affairs, 32(1).
- China National Development and Reform Commission. (2022). Siberian logistics and Arctic trade routes. Economic Strategies for Arctic Cooperation, 7(2).
- Choudhry, A. (2019). The Arctic and NATO’s strategic priorities: Security challenges and policy options. International Defense Review, 21(3).
- Conley, H. A., ve Melino, M. (2016). Arctic strategies: Navigating geopolitical complexities. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved from https://www.csis.org/arctic-strategies
- Conley, H. A., ve Melino, M. (2021). Arctic strategies: Navigating geopolitical complexities. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved from https://www.csis.org/arctic-strategies
- Conley, H. A., ve Rohloff, C. (2022). The geopolitics of Arctic shipping and resource extraction. Arctic Policy Studies, 27.
- DoD (U.S. Department of Defense). (2022). Blue Arctic Strategy: Ensuring security in a dynamic region. Retrieved from https://www.defense.gov/publications Dzherelievskii, A. (2018). U.S. military and strategic operations in the Arctic region. Defense Strategies Journal, 14(2).
- Ferguson, I. (2022). The Arctic's role in U.S. defense and global resilience. Defense Insights, 8(4).
- Huebert, R. (2019). The return of the great game in the Arctic: Strategic implications for international relations. Arctic International, 4(3).
- Johnson, M., ve Carter, R. (2022). Arctic climate change and U.S. strategic interests. Polar Research Journal, 14(2).
- Kalhoro, M. (2022). Arctic geopolitics and resource competition. Polar Affairs Journal, 29(3).
- Kalhoro, M. (2022). Russia’s Arctic strategy: Balancing geopolitics and economic ambitions. Polar Affairs Journal, 29(3).
- Meade, J. R. (2020). Russia’s New Arctic Policy 2035: Implications for Great Power Tension Over the Northern Sea Route. National Intelligence University. Retrieved from https://www.ni-u.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/NIUShort_07212020_DNI202201735_IceRusha.pdf
- Miller, D. (2019). Resource extraction and environmental management in the Arctic. Arctic Economy Review, 19(1).
- Mitchell, B. (1935). The strategic significance of Alaska in global military planning. U.S. War Department Archives.
- Office of Naval Intelligence. (2020). Polar Sentinel: Next-generation icebreaker capabilities. Retrieved from https://www.oni.navy.mil/polar-sentinel-report
- Østhagen, A. (2020). Arctic geopolitics: Past, present, and future trends. Polar Affairs Review, 18(2).
- RAND. (2023). Alaska's strategic significance in Arctic policy: Historical and future perspectives.
- Rantanen, M., Karpechko, A. Y., Lipponen, A., Nordling, K., Hyvärinen, O., Ruosteenoja, K., ... & Laaksonen, A. (2022). The Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the globe since 1979. Communications Earth & Environment, 3(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00498-3
- Ren, X. (2023). Economic dynamics and power shifts in the Arctic: The role of China’s Arctic Silk Road. Arctic Economics and Strategy, 21(1).
- Ren, X. (2023). Infrastructure developments in the Arctic: Economic pathways and geopolitical implications. Arctic Economics and Strategy, 21(1).
- Roberts, J. (2021). Geopolitical implications of Alaska's strategic location. Arctic Policy Review, 19(4).
- Russian Ministry of Defense (RMoD). (2022). Arctic strategy and military capabilities. Moscow Defense Review, 19(6).
- Russian Ministry of Defense (RMoD). (2022). Military operations and strategic objectives in the Arctic region. Moscow Defense Review, 11(2).
- Saunes, L. (2020). The Arctic: Great power competition and the militarization of the North. Naval Arctic Studies, 5(1), 12-19. Sidorov, A. (2018). Natural resources in the Arctic: Economic potential and strategic implications. Siberian Geopolitical Studies, 22(1).
- Smith, J., ve Johnston, P. (2020). Russian military activities in the Arctic: A challenge to NATO's security architecture. Security Studies Quarterly, 36(2). Smith, R. (2021). Arctic strategies: Security and cooperation in a changing region. National Security Review, 10(2).
- Smith, R. (2022). Technological advancements in Arctic military mobility: The Beowulf vehicle program. Defense Technology Journal, 23(1).
- Sorensen, C. (2019). Geopolitical implications of Arctic militarization and resource competition. Journal of Geopolitical Studies, 34(2).
- SWP Berlin. (2023). Geopolitical challenges in the Arctic: U.S. and NATO responses. SWP Research Paper No. 22/2023. Retrieved from https://www.swp-berlin.org/en/publications
- Terebov, A. (2019). Historical dynamics of U.S. Arctic policies. Journal of Northern Geopolitics, 5(1).
- The Kremlin. (2023). Об Основах государственной политики Российской Федерации в Арктике на период до 2035 года. Retrieved from http://kremlin.ru/acts/news/70570
- United States Coast Guard. (2020). Icebreaker capabilities and Arctic logistics: A comparative analysis. Arctic Operations Report, 12(1).
- United States Department of Defense. (2022). Arctic military strategy and operational readiness. Washington, DC: Department of Defense Publications
- United States Department of Defense. (2024). 2024 DOD Arctic Strategy: Security, stability, and resilience in the Arctic region. Retrieved from https://www.defense.gov/Arctic-Strategy-2024
- United States Geological Survey. (2008). Circum-Arctic resource appraisal: Estimates of undiscovered oil and gas north of the Arctic Circle (Fact Sheet 2008–3049). U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved from https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3049/
- Verkkouutiset. (2025, 10 Ocak). Nato esittelee: Suomen sotilaat opettavat muille talvitaitoja. Retrieved from https://www.verkkouutiset.fi/a/nato-esittelee-suomen-sotilaat-opettavat-muille-talvitaitoja/#4a70e5e3
- White House. (2022). National Strategy for the Arctic Region. Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/National-Strategy-for-the-Arctic-Region.pdf
- Zandee, D., de Ridder, M., ve Stoetman, A. (2020). Energy security and the geopolitics of the Arctic. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies, Policy Brief No. 45. Retrieved from https://www.hcss.nl/publications
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Siyaset Bilimi (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Nisan 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 21 Kasım 2024 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 1 Nisan 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 34 Sayı: 1 |
