Öz
The progress of recent civilisation and the
associated growth in population worldwide has contributed considerably to the
increase in the quantity of waste produced. The ever-increasing consumption of
resources has resulted in high amounts of solid waste from domestic activities,
which can pose significant threats to the environment and human health. Waste
management and recycling activities have a complex and multifaceted mechanism
that requires comprehensive and integrated approaches. In this study, the
current status of municipal solid waste management in Ankara was identified and
waste streams were investigated by using Materials Flow Analysis (Stan 2
software). It was aimed to analyse material flows by visualising the waste
management system of Ankara. This study resulted that approximately 1.6 million
tonnes of solid waste is collected per year (4500 tonnes per day) in the
province. Almost 470 thousand tonnes of it is being used for methane production
and more than 400 thousand tonnes of compost is being produced each year. The
result of the model also points out that 286 thousand tonnes get accumulated in
landfills each year. This reveals the possible requirement for a capacity
investment of Mamak Landfill Area, which is already on the agenda of city
authorities.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Waste Management Quantity of Waste Waste Streams Solid Waste Materials Flow Analysis
Kaynakça
- Al Sabbagh M.K., Velis C.A., Wilson D.C., Cheeseman C.R., (2012), Resource management performance in Bahrain: a systematic analysis of municipal waste management, secondary material flows and organizational aspects, Waste Management and Resource, 30(8), 813–824.
- Allesch A., Brunner P.H., (2015), Material Flow Analysis as a Decision Support Tool for Waste Management: A Literature Review, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 19(5), 753-764.
- Allesch A., Brunner P.H., (2017), Material Flow Analysis as a Tool to improve Waste Management Systems: The Case of Austria, Environmental Science & Technology, 51(1), 540-551.
- Arıkan E., Şimşit-Kalender Z.T., Vayvay O., (2017), Solid waste disposal methodology selection using multi-criteria decision making methods and an application in Turkey, Journal of Cleaner Production 142(Part 1), 403-412.
- Banerjee P., Hazra P., Ghosh P., Ganguly A., Murmu N.C., Chatterjee P.K., (2018), Solid Waste Management in India: A Brief Review, Waste Management and Resource Efficiency’nin İçinde (Ghosh S.K., Ed.), Springer, ss.1027-1049.
- Brunner P.H., Rechberger H., (2004), Practical Handbook of Material Flow Analysis, International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 9, 337–338.
- Chalmin P., Gaillochet C., (2009), From Waste to Resource: World Waste Survey 2009, Economica Ltd., Paris.
- Ciplak N., (2015), Assessing Future Scenarios for Healthcare Waste Management Using a Multi- Criteria Decision Analysis Tool: A Case Study In The Turkish West Black-Sea Region, The Journal of Air and Waste Management Association, 65(8), 919-929.
- Coban A., Fırtına Ertis I., Ayvaz-Çavdaroğlu N., (2018), Municipal solid waste management via multi-criteria decision making methods: A case study in Istanbul, Turkey, Journal of Cleaner Production, 180, 159-167.
- Cunningham W.P., Cunningham M.A., (2015), Principles of Environmental Science, Universiteit Leiden, https://www.studeersnel.nl/ nl/document/universiteit-leiden/analytical-methodologies-and-tools/practicum/exercise-on-material-flow-analysis-with-stan/ 274396/view, [Accessed 18 September 2018].
- Erses-Yay A.S., (2015), Application of life cycle assessment (LCA) for municipal solid waste management: a case study of Sakarya, Journal of Cleaner Production, 94, 284-293.
- Hendriks C., Obernosterer R., Müller D., Kytzia S., Baccini P., Brunner P.H., (2010), Material Flow Analysis: A tool to support environmental policy decision making. Case-studies on the city of Vienna and the Swiss lowlands, the International Journal of Justice and Sustainability, 5(3), 311-328.
- Hoornweg D., Bhada-Tata P., (2012), What a waste: a global review of solid waste management, Urban Development Series Knowledge Papers, World Bank, Washington D.C., https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/17388, [Accessed 30 March 2018].
- Ishizaka A., Lopez, C., (2019), Cost-Benefit AHPSort for Performance Analysis of Offshore Providers, International Journal of Production Research, 57(13), 4261-4277.
- Karak T., Bhagat R.M., Bhattacharyya P., (2012), Municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management: the world scenario, Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 42, 1509–1630.
- Lockwood F.C., Ou J.J., (1993), Review: Burning Refuse-Derived Fuel in a Rotary Cement Kiln, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 207(1), 65-70.
- Ozeler D., Yetis U., Demirer G.N., (2006), Life cycle assessment of municipal solid waste management methods: Ankara case study, Environment International, 32(3), 405-411.
- Schaffner M., Bader H.P., Koottatep T., Scheidegger R., Schertenleib R., (2006), Using a Material Flow Analysis Model to Assess River Water Quality Problems and Mitigation Potentials - A case study in the Thachin River, Central Thailand, 3rd APHW Conference: Wise Water Resources Management Towards Sustainable Growth and Poverty Reduction, October 16-18, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Saurat M., (2006), Material Flow Analysis and Environmental Impact Assessment Related to Current and Future Use of PGM in Europe, Master of Science Thesis in the Master Degree Programme, Industrial Ecology, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden.
- Shah K.V., Shah D.D., (2018), An Approach Towards Sustainable Municipal Solid Waste Management in India, Waste Management and Resource Efficiency’nin İçinde (Ghosh S.K., Ed.), Springer, ss.1067-1076.
- Scheinberg A., Wilson D.C., Rodic L., (2010), Solid Waste Management in the World’s Cities: Water and Sanitation in the World’s Cities 2010, http://www.waste.nl/sites/waste.nl/files/product/files/swm_in_world_cities_2010.pdf, [Accessed 30 August 2019].
- Sim N.M., Wilson D.C., Velis C.A., Smith S.R., (2013), Waste management and recycling in the former Soviet Union – case study of Bishkek, Kyrgyz republic (Kyrgyzstan), Waste Management Resources, 31, 106–125.
- Tinmaz E., Demir I., (2006), Research on solid waste management system: To improve existing situation in Çorlu Town of Turkey, Waste Management, 26(3), 307-314.
- Tucaltan G., (2017), Metabolic Urbanization of Waste in Ankara: A Governance Perspective, Eburon Academic Publishers, Delft The Netherlands, 280ss.
- TÜİK, (2016), Databases, Environment Statistics, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTabloArama.do?metod=search&araType=vt, [Accessed 30 August 2019].
- URL-1, (2019), Population of India, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, UN (World Population Prospects 2017), http://statisticstimes.com/demographics/population-of-india.php, [Accessed 30 August 2019].
- URL-2, (2009), STAN - Software for Material Flow Analysis, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Wien, https://iwr.tuwien.ac.at/en/resources/home/, [Accessed 19 December 2019].
- URL-3, (2017), Çevre Durum Raporu (2016 Yılı Özeti - İller), Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı, Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi, İzin ve Denetim Genel Müdürlüğü, http://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/ced/dokumanlar/iller-ozet--8230-5238-20180201170654.pdf, [Accessed 30 March 2018].
- URL-4, (2017), Ankara İli 2016 Çevre Durum Raporu, Ankara Valiliği Çevre ve Şehircilik İl Müdürlüğü, http://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/ db/ced/editordosya/Ankara_icdr2016.pdf, [Accessed 30 April 2018].
- URL-5, (2018), Sincan Çadırtepe Biyokütle Enerji Santrali, http://www.enerjiatlasi.com/biyogaz/sincan-cadirtepe-biyokutle-enerji-santrali.html, [Accessed 18 September 2018].
- URL-6, (2018), Ulusal Atık Yönetimi ve Eylem Planı 2023, Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı, http://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/cygm/ haberler/ulusal_at-k_yonet-m--eylem_plan--20180328154824.pdf, [Accessed 30 March 2018].
- Hoornweg D., Bhada-Tata P., (2012), What a Waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management, The World Bank Urban Development Series – Knowledge Papers, https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387-1334852610766/What_a_Waste2012_Final.pdf, [Accessed 30 August 2019].
- Wilson D.C., Rodic L., Scheinberg A., Velis C.A., Alabaster G., (2012), Comparative analysis of solid waste management in 20 cities, Waste Management Resources, 30(3), 237–254.
- Wilson D.C., Velis C.A., Rodic L., (2013), Integrated Sustainable Waste Management In Developing Countries, Waste Management Resources, 166, 52–68.
- Yiougo L.S.A., Koanda H., Wethe J., Luthi C., Yapo O., Dapola E.D., (2011), The method of material flow analysis, a tool for selecting sustainable sanitation technology options: The case of Pouytenga (Burkina Faso), WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, Vol. 145, 671-680.
Öz
Sürekli
gelişim ve buna bağlı olarak dünya çapında nüfusla ilişkili büyüme, üretilen
atık miktarındaki artışa önemli ölçüde katkıda bulunmuştur. Giderek fazlalaşan
kaynak tüketimi, üretilen evsel katı atık miktarının artmasına neden olmuş, bu
da çevre ve insan sağlığı için önemli bir tehdit oluşturmaya başlamıştır. Atık
yönetimi ve geri dönüşüm faaliyetleri, kapsamlı ve entegre yaklaşımlar
gerektiren karmaşık ve çok yönlü bir mekanizmaya sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, Ankara
ilindeki evsel katı atık yönetiminin mevcut durumu belirlenip, katı atık
akımları, Malzeme Akış Analizi (Stan 2 yazılımı) kullanılarak araştırılmıştır.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, Ankara ilinin atık yönetiminin görsel olarak ortaya
çıkarılıp atık akımlarının analiz edilmesidir. Bu çalışma göstermiştir ki,
Ankara’da her yıl yaklaşık 1,6 milyon ton katı atık (günde 4500 ton)
toplanmaktadır. Toplanan bu atıkların yılda yaklaşık 470 bin tonluk kısmı metan
üretimi için, 400 bin tondan fazlası ise kompost üretimi için kullanılmaktadır.
Ayrıca, model sonucuna göre düzenli depolama alanlarında her yıl 286 bin ton
atık biriktiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu durum, şehir yetkililerinin de gündeminde
olan Mamak Atık Depolama Sahası için kapasite arttırımı ihtiyacına işaret
etmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Atık Yönetimi Atık Miktarı Atık Akımları Katı Atıklar Malzeme Akış Analizi
Kaynakça
- Al Sabbagh M.K., Velis C.A., Wilson D.C., Cheeseman C.R., (2012), Resource management performance in Bahrain: a systematic analysis of municipal waste management, secondary material flows and organizational aspects, Waste Management and Resource, 30(8), 813–824.
- Allesch A., Brunner P.H., (2015), Material Flow Analysis as a Decision Support Tool for Waste Management: A Literature Review, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 19(5), 753-764.
- Allesch A., Brunner P.H., (2017), Material Flow Analysis as a Tool to improve Waste Management Systems: The Case of Austria, Environmental Science & Technology, 51(1), 540-551.
- Arıkan E., Şimşit-Kalender Z.T., Vayvay O., (2017), Solid waste disposal methodology selection using multi-criteria decision making methods and an application in Turkey, Journal of Cleaner Production 142(Part 1), 403-412.
- Banerjee P., Hazra P., Ghosh P., Ganguly A., Murmu N.C., Chatterjee P.K., (2018), Solid Waste Management in India: A Brief Review, Waste Management and Resource Efficiency’nin İçinde (Ghosh S.K., Ed.), Springer, ss.1027-1049.
- Brunner P.H., Rechberger H., (2004), Practical Handbook of Material Flow Analysis, International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 9, 337–338.
- Chalmin P., Gaillochet C., (2009), From Waste to Resource: World Waste Survey 2009, Economica Ltd., Paris.
- Ciplak N., (2015), Assessing Future Scenarios for Healthcare Waste Management Using a Multi- Criteria Decision Analysis Tool: A Case Study In The Turkish West Black-Sea Region, The Journal of Air and Waste Management Association, 65(8), 919-929.
- Coban A., Fırtına Ertis I., Ayvaz-Çavdaroğlu N., (2018), Municipal solid waste management via multi-criteria decision making methods: A case study in Istanbul, Turkey, Journal of Cleaner Production, 180, 159-167.
- Cunningham W.P., Cunningham M.A., (2015), Principles of Environmental Science, Universiteit Leiden, https://www.studeersnel.nl/ nl/document/universiteit-leiden/analytical-methodologies-and-tools/practicum/exercise-on-material-flow-analysis-with-stan/ 274396/view, [Accessed 18 September 2018].
- Erses-Yay A.S., (2015), Application of life cycle assessment (LCA) for municipal solid waste management: a case study of Sakarya, Journal of Cleaner Production, 94, 284-293.
- Hendriks C., Obernosterer R., Müller D., Kytzia S., Baccini P., Brunner P.H., (2010), Material Flow Analysis: A tool to support environmental policy decision making. Case-studies on the city of Vienna and the Swiss lowlands, the International Journal of Justice and Sustainability, 5(3), 311-328.
- Hoornweg D., Bhada-Tata P., (2012), What a waste: a global review of solid waste management, Urban Development Series Knowledge Papers, World Bank, Washington D.C., https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/17388, [Accessed 30 March 2018].
- Ishizaka A., Lopez, C., (2019), Cost-Benefit AHPSort for Performance Analysis of Offshore Providers, International Journal of Production Research, 57(13), 4261-4277.
- Karak T., Bhagat R.M., Bhattacharyya P., (2012), Municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management: the world scenario, Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 42, 1509–1630.
- Lockwood F.C., Ou J.J., (1993), Review: Burning Refuse-Derived Fuel in a Rotary Cement Kiln, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 207(1), 65-70.
- Ozeler D., Yetis U., Demirer G.N., (2006), Life cycle assessment of municipal solid waste management methods: Ankara case study, Environment International, 32(3), 405-411.
- Schaffner M., Bader H.P., Koottatep T., Scheidegger R., Schertenleib R., (2006), Using a Material Flow Analysis Model to Assess River Water Quality Problems and Mitigation Potentials - A case study in the Thachin River, Central Thailand, 3rd APHW Conference: Wise Water Resources Management Towards Sustainable Growth and Poverty Reduction, October 16-18, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Saurat M., (2006), Material Flow Analysis and Environmental Impact Assessment Related to Current and Future Use of PGM in Europe, Master of Science Thesis in the Master Degree Programme, Industrial Ecology, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, Sweden.
- Shah K.V., Shah D.D., (2018), An Approach Towards Sustainable Municipal Solid Waste Management in India, Waste Management and Resource Efficiency’nin İçinde (Ghosh S.K., Ed.), Springer, ss.1067-1076.
- Scheinberg A., Wilson D.C., Rodic L., (2010), Solid Waste Management in the World’s Cities: Water and Sanitation in the World’s Cities 2010, http://www.waste.nl/sites/waste.nl/files/product/files/swm_in_world_cities_2010.pdf, [Accessed 30 August 2019].
- Sim N.M., Wilson D.C., Velis C.A., Smith S.R., (2013), Waste management and recycling in the former Soviet Union – case study of Bishkek, Kyrgyz republic (Kyrgyzstan), Waste Management Resources, 31, 106–125.
- Tinmaz E., Demir I., (2006), Research on solid waste management system: To improve existing situation in Çorlu Town of Turkey, Waste Management, 26(3), 307-314.
- Tucaltan G., (2017), Metabolic Urbanization of Waste in Ankara: A Governance Perspective, Eburon Academic Publishers, Delft The Netherlands, 280ss.
- TÜİK, (2016), Databases, Environment Statistics, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTabloArama.do?metod=search&araType=vt, [Accessed 30 August 2019].
- URL-1, (2019), Population of India, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, UN (World Population Prospects 2017), http://statisticstimes.com/demographics/population-of-india.php, [Accessed 30 August 2019].
- URL-2, (2009), STAN - Software for Material Flow Analysis, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Wien, https://iwr.tuwien.ac.at/en/resources/home/, [Accessed 19 December 2019].
- URL-3, (2017), Çevre Durum Raporu (2016 Yılı Özeti - İller), Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı, Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi, İzin ve Denetim Genel Müdürlüğü, http://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/ced/dokumanlar/iller-ozet--8230-5238-20180201170654.pdf, [Accessed 30 March 2018].
- URL-4, (2017), Ankara İli 2016 Çevre Durum Raporu, Ankara Valiliği Çevre ve Şehircilik İl Müdürlüğü, http://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/ db/ced/editordosya/Ankara_icdr2016.pdf, [Accessed 30 April 2018].
- URL-5, (2018), Sincan Çadırtepe Biyokütle Enerji Santrali, http://www.enerjiatlasi.com/biyogaz/sincan-cadirtepe-biyokutle-enerji-santrali.html, [Accessed 18 September 2018].
- URL-6, (2018), Ulusal Atık Yönetimi ve Eylem Planı 2023, Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı, http://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/cygm/ haberler/ulusal_at-k_yonet-m--eylem_plan--20180328154824.pdf, [Accessed 30 March 2018].
- Hoornweg D., Bhada-Tata P., (2012), What a Waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management, The World Bank Urban Development Series – Knowledge Papers, https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387-1334852610766/What_a_Waste2012_Final.pdf, [Accessed 30 August 2019].
- Wilson D.C., Rodic L., Scheinberg A., Velis C.A., Alabaster G., (2012), Comparative analysis of solid waste management in 20 cities, Waste Management Resources, 30(3), 237–254.
- Wilson D.C., Velis C.A., Rodic L., (2013), Integrated Sustainable Waste Management In Developing Countries, Waste Management Resources, 166, 52–68.
- Yiougo L.S.A., Koanda H., Wethe J., Luthi C., Yapo O., Dapola E.D., (2011), The method of material flow analysis, a tool for selecting sustainable sanitation technology options: The case of Pouytenga (Burkina Faso), WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, Vol. 145, 671-680.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Çevre Mühendisliği |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 12 Ocak 2020 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 4 Ekim 2018 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 19 Eylül 2019 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2020 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1 |
Kaynak Göster
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