Öz
Edebiyat teorisi, edebiyatın doğasının ve edebî analiz yöntemlerinin sistematik olarak incelenmesidir. 19. yüzyıldan bu yana edebiyat bilimi; edebiyat teorisi ve entelektüel tarih, ahlak felsefesi, sosyal felsefe ya da insanların anlamı nasıl yorumladığıyla ilgili disiplinler arası temaları içermektedir. Modern akademideki beşerî bilimlerde, edebiyat biliminin ikinci tarzı post-yapısalcılığın bir dalıdır. Bu kavram; kelime teorisi, bazıları göstergebilim, kültürel çalışmalar, dil felsefesi ve kıtasal felsefe dallarından beslenen metinleri okumaya yönelik bilimsel yaklaşımlar için bir şemsiye terim hâline gelmiştir. Yeni Eleştiri, edebî eserlere yazarın niyetleri ya da biyografik geçmişi üzerinden değil, yalnızca eserin içeriği ve yapısı üzerinden yaklaşır. Bu yaklaşım, eserin kendisini merkeze alarak, onun dilsel ve yapısal unsurlarına odaklanır. Ekolün önde gelen temsilcileri arasında W. K. Wimsatt, F. R. Leavis, John Crowe Ransom, Cleanth Brooks, Robert Penn Warren gibi isimleri gösterebiliriz. Yeni Eleştiri, 20. yüzyılın ortalarında Amerikan edebiyat eleştirisine egemen olan edebiyat teorisindeki biçimci bir harekettir. Bu hareket edebiyat eserinin kendi kendine yeten, kendine referans veren bir estetik nesne olarak nasıl işlev gördüğünü keşfetmek için özellikle şiirin yakından okunmasını vurgulamaktadır. Hareket adını John Crowe Ransom’un 1941 tarihli “The New Criticism” adlı kitabından almıştır. Makalede, edebî analizin modern dönemdeki yaklaşımlarını incelemek amacıyla “Yeni Eleştiri” ve “Yakın Okuma” metodolojilerinin birleşimi ele alınacaktır. Yeni eleştiri akımının öncülerinin en bilinen metinleri stilistik okuma yöntemiyle analiz edilip çözümlenecektir. Yeni eleştiri; metnin kendisine odaklanarak dışsal unsurları (yazarın biyografisi, tarihsel arka plan vb.) görmezden gelen bir eleştiri yaklaşımıdır. Bu yaklaşım, metnin içsel tutarlılık ve yapısal özelliklerine odaklanarak derinlemesine analiz yapmayı amaçlar. “Yakın okuma” ise metni dikkatlice inceleyerek anlamın ayrıntılarını ve inceliklerini ortaya çıkarma yöntemidir. Metnin kendisi, anlamı oluşturan temel unsurları barındırır ve bu unsurların detaylı incelenmesiyle daha kapsamlı bir yorum elde edilebilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Batı edebiyatı Edebiyat teorisi Yeni eleştiri Yakın okuma Metin merkezli analiz
Etik Beyan
Bu makale için etik beyan gerekmemektedir.
Destekleyen Kurum
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Teşekkür
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Kaynakça
- Achebe, C. (1958). Things Fall Apart. London: Heinemann.
- Akbaş, A. (2024). Yeni Eleştiri Manifestosu: Edebiyatın Yeniden Keşfi. Sivas: Yalnız Göz Yayınları. [Bu metin kısa bir fanzindir ve basılmamıştır.]
- Auerbach, E. (1953). Mimesis: The representation of reality in Western literature. Translated by Willard R. Trask. Princeton: Princeton UP.
- Barthes, R. (1970). S/Z. Paris: Editions du Seuil.
- Bell, A. (2014). Schema theory, hypertext fiction and links. Style, 48(2), 140-161.
- Bell, M. (2016). F. R. Leavis. London: Routledge. Boyles, N., & Scherer, M. (2012). Closing in on close reading. On Developing Readers: Readings from Educational Leadership, EL Essentials, 89-99.
- Brooks, C. (1947). The well-wrought urn: Studies in the structure of poetry. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
- Brummett, B. (2018). Techniques of close reading. London: Sage Publications.
- Cazden, C. B. (1989). The myth of autonomous text. In Thinking across cultures: The third international conference on thinking (ss. 109-122). Erlbaum Hillsdale, NJ.
- Culler, J. (2010). “The Closeness of Close Reading”. ADE Bulletin. 149 (1): 20-25. doi:10.1632/ade.149.20.
- Decker, J. M. (2004). George Orwell’s 1984 and political ideology. Ideology, 146-158.
- Derrida, J. (1967). Of Grammatology, Part II Introduction to the “Age of Rousseau,” section 2 “...That Dangerous Supplement...”, title The Exorbitant. Question of Method, ss. 158-59 ayrıca 163.
- Derrida, J. (1989). “This Strange Institution Called Literature”. Interview published in Acts of Literature (1991), 33-75.
- Dunstall, A. (2015). The impossible diagram of history: ‘History’in Derrida’s Of Grammatology. Derrida Today, 8(2), 193-214.
- Eliot, T. S. (1922). The Waste Land. London: The Criterion.
- English, J. F. (2010). “Everywhere and Nowhere: The Sociology of Literature After the Sociology of Literature”. New Literary History, 41(2), 5-23.
- Faulkner, W. Carradine, J. and Huston, A. (1958). A rose for Emily (ss. 170-179). Paderborn, De: Verlag F. Schöningh.
- Freud, S. (1920). Papers: Oversize, 1859-1985; Writings; “Jenseits des Lustprinzips” [g]; Holograph manuscript.
- Guillory, J. (2024). Newstok, Scott (ed.). On Close Reading. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Johnson, B. (1985). Atkins, George Michael; Johnson, Michael L. (eds.). Teaching Deconstructively. Lawrence, Kansas: Univ. Press of Kansas.
- Kawashima, R. S. (2012). Literary Analysis. In The Book of Genesis (ss. 83-104). Brill.
- Kelvin, N. (1957). The Failure of Robert Penn Warren. College English, 18(7), 355-364. https://doi.org/10.2307/371994.
- Lawlor, L. (2006). “Jacques Derrida”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu Erişim tarihi: 14.05.2024.
- Leitch, V. B. (2010). American literary criticism since the 1930s. Leitch, Vincent B., 1944- (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
- McCreless, P. (1991). “The Hermeneutic Sentence and Other Literary Models for Tonal Closure”. Indiana Theory Review. Vol. (12), 35-73
- Ronfard, R. (2016). “Computational Modeling of Narrative Texts, Films and Games”. Course 1 - Narratology. No (1), 1-40.
- Salmon, P. (2020) An Event, Perhaps: A Biography of Jacques Derrida. London: Verso.
- Saussure, F. de. (1916). [trans. 1959]. Course in General Linguistics. New York: New York Philosophical Library.
- Saussure, F. de. (1916). Cours de Linguistique Générale, eds. Charles Bally & Albert Sechehaye, with the assistance of Albert Riedlinger. Lausanne - Paris: Payot.
- Schulz, K. (June 24, 2011). “What Is Distant Reading?”. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/26/books/review/the-mechanic-muse-what-is-distant-reading.html. Erişim tarihi: 17.05.2024.
- Spitzer, L. (1928). Stilstudien. (II Cilt). München: Max Hueber.
- Spitzer, L. (1955). The “Ode on a Grecian Urn,” or Content vs. Metagrammar. Comparative Literature, 7(3), 203-225.
- Tanselle, G. T. (1991). “Textual criticism and literary sociology.” Studies in Bibliography, No (44), 83-143.
- Wellek, R. & Warren, A. (1956). Theory of Literature. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
- Wellek, R. (1960). “Leo Spitzer (1887-1960)”. In: Comparative Literature. Band 12, Nr. (4), 310-334.
- Whitehead, F. (1992). “Roland Barthes’ Narratology”. Cambridge Quarterly. 21 (1), 41-64.
- Wimsatt, W. K. Jr. (1954). The Verbal Icon: Studies in the Meaning of Poetry. Kentucky: University of Kentucky Press.
- Winchell, M. R. (1996). Cleanth Brooks and the rise of modern criticism. University of Virginia Press.
- Wittgenstein, L. (1985). Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Çev. Oruç Aruoba, İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
- Woolf, V. (1935) [1929]. A Room of One’s Own. London: Hogarth Press.
- Young, T. D. (1976). Ransom’s Critical Theories: Structure and Texture. The Mississippi Quarterly, 30(1), 71-85. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26474570.
- Zizek, S. (2004). Yamuk Bakmak. Çev. Tuncay Birkan. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
Öz
Literary theory is the systematic study of the nature of literature and methods of literary analysis. Since the 19th century, literary studies have encompassed interdisciplinary themes related to intellectual history, moral philosophy, social philosophy, and the ways in which people interpret meaning. The second method of literary criticism within modern studies of Humanities is a branch of post-structuralism. This concept has become an umbrella term for scholarly approaches to reading texts, drawing from disciplines such as word theory, semiotics, cultural studies, philosophy of language, and continental philosophy. New Criticism approaches literary works not through the author’s intentions or biographical background but solely through the content and structure of the work itself. In other words, this approach centers its analysis on the text itself, focusing on its linguistic and structural elements. Leading figures of this school include W. K. Wimsatt, F. R. Leavis, John Crowe Ransom, Cleanth Brooks, and Robert Penn Warren. New Criticism is a formalist movement in literary theory that dominated American literary criticism in the mid-20th century. This movement particularly emphasizes the close reading of poetry to explore how a literary work functions as a self-contained, self-referential aesthetic object. The movement takes its name from John Crowe Ransom’s 1941 book The New Criticism. This article examines the combination of “New Criticism” and “Close Reading” and how they apply to modern approaches to literary analysis. The article will analyze and interpret prominent texts of pioneers of New Criticism. The text contains the fundamental elements that construct meaning, and a more comprehensive interpretation can be achieved by thoroughly analyzing these elements. While New Criticism is a critical approach that focuses on the text itself, disregarding external factors such as the author’s biography or historical background, and aims to conduct in-depth analyses by concentrating on the text’s internal coherence and structural features; “Close reading,” is the method: the method of meticulously examining a text to uncover the details and subtleties of its meaning.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Western literature Literary theory New criticism Close reading Text-centered analysis
Kaynakça
- Achebe, C. (1958). Things Fall Apart. London: Heinemann.
- Akbaş, A. (2024). Yeni Eleştiri Manifestosu: Edebiyatın Yeniden Keşfi. Sivas: Yalnız Göz Yayınları. [Bu metin kısa bir fanzindir ve basılmamıştır.]
- Auerbach, E. (1953). Mimesis: The representation of reality in Western literature. Translated by Willard R. Trask. Princeton: Princeton UP.
- Barthes, R. (1970). S/Z. Paris: Editions du Seuil.
- Bell, A. (2014). Schema theory, hypertext fiction and links. Style, 48(2), 140-161.
- Bell, M. (2016). F. R. Leavis. London: Routledge. Boyles, N., & Scherer, M. (2012). Closing in on close reading. On Developing Readers: Readings from Educational Leadership, EL Essentials, 89-99.
- Brooks, C. (1947). The well-wrought urn: Studies in the structure of poetry. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
- Brummett, B. (2018). Techniques of close reading. London: Sage Publications.
- Cazden, C. B. (1989). The myth of autonomous text. In Thinking across cultures: The third international conference on thinking (ss. 109-122). Erlbaum Hillsdale, NJ.
- Culler, J. (2010). “The Closeness of Close Reading”. ADE Bulletin. 149 (1): 20-25. doi:10.1632/ade.149.20.
- Decker, J. M. (2004). George Orwell’s 1984 and political ideology. Ideology, 146-158.
- Derrida, J. (1967). Of Grammatology, Part II Introduction to the “Age of Rousseau,” section 2 “...That Dangerous Supplement...”, title The Exorbitant. Question of Method, ss. 158-59 ayrıca 163.
- Derrida, J. (1989). “This Strange Institution Called Literature”. Interview published in Acts of Literature (1991), 33-75.
- Dunstall, A. (2015). The impossible diagram of history: ‘History’in Derrida’s Of Grammatology. Derrida Today, 8(2), 193-214.
- Eliot, T. S. (1922). The Waste Land. London: The Criterion.
- English, J. F. (2010). “Everywhere and Nowhere: The Sociology of Literature After the Sociology of Literature”. New Literary History, 41(2), 5-23.
- Faulkner, W. Carradine, J. and Huston, A. (1958). A rose for Emily (ss. 170-179). Paderborn, De: Verlag F. Schöningh.
- Freud, S. (1920). Papers: Oversize, 1859-1985; Writings; “Jenseits des Lustprinzips” [g]; Holograph manuscript.
- Guillory, J. (2024). Newstok, Scott (ed.). On Close Reading. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Johnson, B. (1985). Atkins, George Michael; Johnson, Michael L. (eds.). Teaching Deconstructively. Lawrence, Kansas: Univ. Press of Kansas.
- Kawashima, R. S. (2012). Literary Analysis. In The Book of Genesis (ss. 83-104). Brill.
- Kelvin, N. (1957). The Failure of Robert Penn Warren. College English, 18(7), 355-364. https://doi.org/10.2307/371994.
- Lawlor, L. (2006). “Jacques Derrida”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu Erişim tarihi: 14.05.2024.
- Leitch, V. B. (2010). American literary criticism since the 1930s. Leitch, Vincent B., 1944- (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
- McCreless, P. (1991). “The Hermeneutic Sentence and Other Literary Models for Tonal Closure”. Indiana Theory Review. Vol. (12), 35-73
- Ronfard, R. (2016). “Computational Modeling of Narrative Texts, Films and Games”. Course 1 - Narratology. No (1), 1-40.
- Salmon, P. (2020) An Event, Perhaps: A Biography of Jacques Derrida. London: Verso.
- Saussure, F. de. (1916). [trans. 1959]. Course in General Linguistics. New York: New York Philosophical Library.
- Saussure, F. de. (1916). Cours de Linguistique Générale, eds. Charles Bally & Albert Sechehaye, with the assistance of Albert Riedlinger. Lausanne - Paris: Payot.
- Schulz, K. (June 24, 2011). “What Is Distant Reading?”. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/26/books/review/the-mechanic-muse-what-is-distant-reading.html. Erişim tarihi: 17.05.2024.
- Spitzer, L. (1928). Stilstudien. (II Cilt). München: Max Hueber.
- Spitzer, L. (1955). The “Ode on a Grecian Urn,” or Content vs. Metagrammar. Comparative Literature, 7(3), 203-225.
- Tanselle, G. T. (1991). “Textual criticism and literary sociology.” Studies in Bibliography, No (44), 83-143.
- Wellek, R. & Warren, A. (1956). Theory of Literature. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
- Wellek, R. (1960). “Leo Spitzer (1887-1960)”. In: Comparative Literature. Band 12, Nr. (4), 310-334.
- Whitehead, F. (1992). “Roland Barthes’ Narratology”. Cambridge Quarterly. 21 (1), 41-64.
- Wimsatt, W. K. Jr. (1954). The Verbal Icon: Studies in the Meaning of Poetry. Kentucky: University of Kentucky Press.
- Winchell, M. R. (1996). Cleanth Brooks and the rise of modern criticism. University of Virginia Press.
- Wittgenstein, L. (1985). Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Çev. Oruç Aruoba, İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
- Woolf, V. (1935) [1929]. A Room of One’s Own. London: Hogarth Press.
- Young, T. D. (1976). Ransom’s Critical Theories: Structure and Texture. The Mississippi Quarterly, 30(1), 71-85. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26474570.
- Zizek, S. (2004). Yamuk Bakmak. Çev. Tuncay Birkan. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Edebi Teori, Modern ve Postmodern Edebiyat |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 21 Nisan 2025 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 19 Aralık 2024 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 14 Nisan 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1 |
Kaynak Göster
Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.
Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University Journal of the Faculty of Letters is lisensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivative 4.0 International License.