Araştırma Makalesi
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MERCHANTS AND MARKETS: THE SAGA OF BENGAL TRADE IN THE OTTOMAN ECONOMIC NETWORK

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 40 Sayı: 1, 103 - 130, 30.07.2025

Abdur Rahman Fuad

https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1541380

Öz

This research investigates the trade connections between Bengal and the Ottoman Empire from the 16th to the 18th centuries. It examines how British companies, Armenian traders, and Turkish merchants utilized a range of inland and maritime routes to facilitate the flow of goods from Bengal to Ottoman territories. Initially, the British-Armenian traders, recognized for their extensive networks in Bengal, served as primary intermediaries. At the same time, Turkish merchants played a crucial role in transporting commodities such as silk, indigo, and textiles. Moreover, the study highlights the strategic significance of the Jeddah port in linking Bengal to Istanbul, thereby bolstering the Ottoman economy. Additionally, it highlights the profound economic impact on the Ottoman Empire, including the influx of luxury goods and the introduction of new trade practices, demonstrating how Bengal’s trade played a crucial role in shaping the Ottoman economic framework. This research analyzes historical records and secondary sources, providing a detailed account of the Bengal-Ottoman trade relationship within early modern global trade networks.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bengal-Ottoman Trade Armenian Traders Turkish Traders Jeddah Port Istanbul

Kaynakça

  • Abul Fazl. 1949. Ain-i Akbari. Translated by H.S. Jarrett. Vol. 2. Calcutta: Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal. Algemeen Rijksarchief (AR). 1755. ‘Verenigde Oust Indische Compagnie (VOC)’. 2849.164.
  • Alpers 2014 Edward A. Alpers, The Indian Ocean in World History. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Aygün 2021 Necmettin Aygün, ‘Lehi̇stan - Trabzon - Erzurum Yolunda Bi̇r Ti̇carî Faali̇yet Ve Bi̇leşenleri̇: Çukadar Osman Ağa Ve Ortaklari (1746-1754)’, in Osmanlı İkti̇sat Tari̇hi̇ Çalışmaları, edited by Yılmaz Fehmi, 1: pp. 475–502. Istanbul: Güngören Belediyesi Yayınları.
  • Bayur 1987 Yusuf Hikmet. Bayur, Hindistan Tarihi,1526-1737. Vol. 2. 2 vols. Ankara: Türk Tarihi Kurumu.
  • Berkan 1938 Ömer. 1939. ‘Şark Ticaret Yolları Hakkında Notlar’. İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, no. 1, pp. 448–56.
  • Bernier 1916 François Bernier, Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 1656-1668. Humphrey Milford: Oxford University Press.
  • Bey, Ali. 1816. The Travels of Ali Bey, in Morocco, Tripoli, Cyprus, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, and Turkey, between the Years 1803 and 1807. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: M. Carey.
  • Bilge 1993 Mustafa L. Bilge, ‘Cidde’, TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, 7: pp. 523–25. Istanbul: TDV Publishing.
  • Casale 2010 Giancarlo Casale, The Ottoman Age of Exploration. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Chandra 1987 Satish Chandra, The Indian Ocean: Explorations in History, Commerce and Politics. New Delhi: SAGE Publications.
  • Chaudhuri 1978 K. N. Chandhuri, The Trading World of Asia & The English East India Company, 1660-1760. Cambridge, London, Newyork & Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
  • Chaudhuri 1985 K. N. Chandhuri, Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Chaudhury 1975 Sushil Chaudhury, Trade and Commercial Organization in Bengal (1650-1720). Calcutta: Firma KL Mukhopadhyay.
  • Chaudhury 1995a Sushil Chaudhury, From Prosperity to Decline: Eighteenth Century Bengal. New Delhi: Manohar Publications.
  • Chaudhury 1995b Sushil Chaudhury, ‘International Trade in Bengal Silk and the Comparative Role of Asians and Europeans, circa. 1700-1757’. Modern Asian Studies 29 (2): pp. 373–86.
  • Chaudhury 2007 Sushil Chaudhury, ‘Armenians in Bengal Trade and Politics in the 18th Century’. In Les Arméniens Dans Le Commerce Asiatique Au Début de l’ère Moderne, edited by Sushil Chaudhury and Kéram Kévonian, pp. 149–67. Homme: Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme.
  • Farooqi 1988 Naim R. Farooqi, ‘Moguls, Ottomans, and Pilgrims: Protecting the Routes to Mecca in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries’. The International History Review 10 (2): pp. 198–220.
  • Faroqhi 1994 Suraiya Faroqhi, ‘Crisis and Change (1590–1699)’. In An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Halil Inalcik and D. Quatert, 2:411–636. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Faroqhi 1995 Suraiya Faroqhi, Hacılar ve Sultanlar 1517-1638. Istanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları.
  • Faroqhi 2004 Suraiya Faroqhi, The Ottoman Empire and the World Around It. New York: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd.
  • Faroqhi ed. 2016. Suraiya Faroqhi, Türki̇ye Tari̇hi̇: Geç Osmanli İmparatorlugu,1603-1839. Translated by Fethi Aytuna. Vol. 3. 4 vols. Istanbul: Kitap Yayınevi.
  • Foster ed. 1921. Sir William Foster ed. Early Travels in India, 1583-1619. Humphrey Milford: Oxford University Press.
  • Foster ed. 1926. Sir William Foster ed., The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to India (1615-19). London: Oxford University Press.
  • Freitag 2020 Ulrike Freitag, A History of Jeddah: The Gate to Mecca in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Fuad and Polat 2025 Abdur Rahman Fuad and Murat Polat, ‘The Forgotten Allure in Ottoman Archives: Tracing the Bengal’s Financial Solidarity to Ottoman Wars, 1911-1913’. Osmanlı Medeniyeti Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 25, pp. 191–218. https://doi.org/10.21021/osmed.1551106.
  • Fukasawa 1987 Katsumi Fukasawa, Toilerie Et Commerce Du Levant: D’alep À Marseille. Paris: Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique.
  • ‘Gaatha’ 2013. Article. The Story of Indigo (blog). 2013. https://gaatha.com/the-story-of-indigo-2/.
  • Goffman 2002 Daniel Goffman, The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gupta 1979 Ashin Das Gupta, Indian Merchants and the Decline of Surat: C. 1700-1750. India: Steiner.
  • Howard 2017 Douglas A. Howard, A History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hussain 2005 Kazim Hussain, Armenian, Iranian and Turkish Merchants in India 1550-1800. Doctoral Thesis, Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University.
  • Hussain 2014 Ruquia Hussain, ‘The Turkish Merchants at Surat in Mughal Times’. Studies in History 30 (1): pp. 43–54.
  • İnalcık 1951 Halil İnalcık, ‘Türkiye’ni̇n Iktisadi Vazi̇yeti̇’. Belleten 15 (60): pp. 629–84.
  • İnalcık 1979 H. İnalcık, ‘Osmanlı Pamuk Pazarı, Hindistan ve İngiltere: Pamuk Rekabetinde Emek Maliyetinin Rolü’. ODTÜ Gelişim Dergisi, Türkiye İktisad Tarihi Üzerine Araştırmalar II, pp. 1–65.
  • Kallek 2007 Cengiz Kallek, ‘Okka’, TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, 33: pp. 338–39. Istanbul: TDV Yayınları.
  • Krippendorff 2018 Klaus Krippendorff, Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications.
  • Kumar 2013 Prakash Kumar, Indigo Plantations and Science in Colonial India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kütükoğlu 1983 Mübahat S. Kütükoğlu, Osmanlılarda Narh Müessesesi ve 1640 Tarihli Narh Defteri. Istanbul: Enderun Yayınları.
  • Kütükoğlu 2018 M. Kütükoğlu, Osmanlı’nın Sosyo-Kültürel Yapısı ve İktisâdî Yapısı. Ankara: Türk Tarihi Kurumu.
  • Kütükoğlu 2022 M. Kütükoğlu, Balta Limanı’na Giden Yol (Osmanlı - İngiliz İktisâdî Münâsebetleri, 1580- 1850). 2nd ed. Ankara: Türk Tarihi Kurumu.
  • Livingston 1968 John William Livinston, Ali Bey Al-Kabir and the Mamluk Resurgence in Ottoman Egypt, 1760-1772. Michigan: University Microfilms.
  • Lybyer 1987 A. Howe Lybyer, ‘Osmanlı Türkleri ve Doğu Ticaret Yolları’. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 3 (1): pp. 141–57.
  • Machado 2009 Pedro Machado, ‘Cloths of a New Fashion: Indian Ocean Networks of Exchange and Cloth Zones of Contact in Africa and India in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries’, in How India Clothed the World, edited by G. Riello and T. Roy, pp. 53–84. Brill.
  • Mantran 1987 Robert Mantran, ‘XVI ve XVII. Yüzyılda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve Asya Ticareti’. Translated by Zeki Arıkan. Belleten 51 (201): pp.1433–1444.
  • Masson 1911 Paul Masson, Histoire Du Commerce Français Dans Le Levant Au XVIIIe Siècle (History of French Trade in the Levant in the 18th Century). Paris: Librairie Hachette.
  • Mukherjee 2007 Rila Mukherjee, ‘The Last Commercial Frontier: French and English Presence in South Eastern Bengal and Beyond’. The Indian Historical Review 34 (1): pp. 167–86.
  • Orhunlu 1996 Cengiz Orhunlu, Habeş Eyaleti: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Güney Siyaseti. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları.
  • Orme 1805 Robert Orme, Historical Fragments of the Mogul Empire. London: F. Wingrave. http://archive.org/details/historicalfrag00orme.
  • Panzac 1992 Daniel Panzac, ‘International and Domestic Maritime Trade in the Ottoman Empire during the 18th Century’. International Journal of Middle East Studies 24 (2): pp. 189–206.
  • Pelsaert 1925 Francisco Pelsaert, Jahangir’s India: The Remonstrantie of Francisco Pelsaert. Translated by W. H. Moreland and P. Geyl. Cambridge: W. Heffer and Sons Ltd.
  • Prasad 2018 Rajendra Prasad, ‘Indigo: The Crop That Created History and Then Itself Became History’. Indian Journal of History of Science 53-3: pp. 296–301. https://doi.org/10.16943/ijhs/2018/v53i3/49461.
  • Riello and Roy 2009 Giorgio Riello and Tirthankar Roy, ‘Introduction: The World of South Asian Textiles, 1500–1850’, in How India Clothed the World, edited by Giorgio Riello and Tirthankar Roy, pp.1–28. Brill.
  • Sainsbury 1870 W. Noel Sainsbury (ed.), Calendar of State Papers: East Indies, China and Japan, 1617-1621. Colonial Series. London: Longman & Co. & Trübner & Co.
  • Samuel 2005 Purchas Samuel, Purchas His Pilgrimes. Vol. 4. Glasgow: James MacLehose nad Sons.
  • Tavernier 1925 J.B. Tavernier, Travels in India (1640–1967). Edited by W. Crooke. Translated by Ball. Vol. 1. London.
  • Üçüncü 2021 Berna Korucu-Üçüncü, "Osmanlı-Hi̇ndi̇stan Ticari İli̇şki̇leri̇ (1750-1857)", İran ve Turan Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 4 (6): pp. 16–44.
  • Uzunçarşılı 1962 İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, ‘Elfevaid-Ül Muadde Li Nizam-i Hükûmet-i Bender-i Cidde’. Belleten 26 (101): pp. 151–62.
  • Veinstein 1999 G. Veinstein, ‘Commercial Relations between India and the Ottoman Empire (Late Fifteenth to Late Eighteenth Centuries): A Few Notes and Hypothesis’. Marchants, Companies and Trade, edited by Sushil Chaudhury and Michel Morineau, translated by Cyprian P. Blamires, pp. 95–115. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Yılmaz 1992 Serap Yılmaz, ‘Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Doğu ile Ekonomik İlişkileri: XVIII. Yüzyılın İkinci Yarısında Osmanlı-Hint Ticareti İle İlgili Bir Araştırma’. Belleten 56 (215): pp.31–68.

MERCHANTS AND MARKETS: THE SAGA OF BENGAL TRADE IN THE OTTOMAN ECONOMIC NETWORK

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 40 Sayı: 1, 103 - 130, 30.07.2025

Abdur Rahman Fuad

https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1541380

Öz

Bu araştırma, 16. yüzyıldan 18. yüzyıla kadar Bengal ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu arasındaki ticaret bağlantılarını incelemektedir. Araştırma, İngiliz şirketlerinin, Ermeni tüccarlarının ve Türk tüccarlarının, Bengal mallarının Osmanlı topraklarına akışını sağlamak için çeşitli kara ve deniz yollarını nasıl kullandıklarını ortaya koymaktadır. Başlangıçta, Bengal’deki geniş ağlarıyla tanınan İngiliz-Ermeni tüccarları ana aracı olarak görev yapmışlardır. Aynı zamanda, Türk tüccarları, ipek, enfiye ve tekstil gibi ürünlerin taşınmasında önemli bir rol oynamışlardır. Ayrıca, çalışma, Bengal'i İstanbul’a bağlayan Cidde limanının stratejik önemini vurgulayarak, Osmanlı ekonomisini güçlendirdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Ek olarak, Bengal ticaretinin Osmanlı İmparatorluğu üzerindeki derin ekonomik etkilerine dikkat çekilmekte; lüks malların akışı ve yeni ticaret uygulamalarının tanıtılması gibi unsurlar ele alınarak, Bengal ticaretinin Osmanlı ekonomik yapısının şekillenmesinde nasıl önemli bir rol oynadığı gösterilmektedir. Bu araştırma, tarihsel kayıtlar ve ikincil kaynaklar üzerinde yapılan bir analizle, erken modern dönemdeki küresel ticaret ağlarında Bengal-Osmanlı ticaret ilişkisinin detaylı bir hesabını sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bengal-Osmanlı Ticareti Ermeni Tüccarlar Türk Tüccarlar Cidde Limanı İstanbul

Kaynakça

  • Abul Fazl. 1949. Ain-i Akbari. Translated by H.S. Jarrett. Vol. 2. Calcutta: Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal. Algemeen Rijksarchief (AR). 1755. ‘Verenigde Oust Indische Compagnie (VOC)’. 2849.164.
  • Alpers 2014 Edward A. Alpers, The Indian Ocean in World History. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Aygün 2021 Necmettin Aygün, ‘Lehi̇stan - Trabzon - Erzurum Yolunda Bi̇r Ti̇carî Faali̇yet Ve Bi̇leşenleri̇: Çukadar Osman Ağa Ve Ortaklari (1746-1754)’, in Osmanlı İkti̇sat Tari̇hi̇ Çalışmaları, edited by Yılmaz Fehmi, 1: pp. 475–502. Istanbul: Güngören Belediyesi Yayınları.
  • Bayur 1987 Yusuf Hikmet. Bayur, Hindistan Tarihi,1526-1737. Vol. 2. 2 vols. Ankara: Türk Tarihi Kurumu.
  • Berkan 1938 Ömer. 1939. ‘Şark Ticaret Yolları Hakkında Notlar’. İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, no. 1, pp. 448–56.
  • Bernier 1916 François Bernier, Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 1656-1668. Humphrey Milford: Oxford University Press.
  • Bey, Ali. 1816. The Travels of Ali Bey, in Morocco, Tripoli, Cyprus, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, and Turkey, between the Years 1803 and 1807. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: M. Carey.
  • Bilge 1993 Mustafa L. Bilge, ‘Cidde’, TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, 7: pp. 523–25. Istanbul: TDV Publishing.
  • Casale 2010 Giancarlo Casale, The Ottoman Age of Exploration. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Chandra 1987 Satish Chandra, The Indian Ocean: Explorations in History, Commerce and Politics. New Delhi: SAGE Publications.
  • Chaudhuri 1978 K. N. Chandhuri, The Trading World of Asia & The English East India Company, 1660-1760. Cambridge, London, Newyork & Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
  • Chaudhuri 1985 K. N. Chandhuri, Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Chaudhury 1975 Sushil Chaudhury, Trade and Commercial Organization in Bengal (1650-1720). Calcutta: Firma KL Mukhopadhyay.
  • Chaudhury 1995a Sushil Chaudhury, From Prosperity to Decline: Eighteenth Century Bengal. New Delhi: Manohar Publications.
  • Chaudhury 1995b Sushil Chaudhury, ‘International Trade in Bengal Silk and the Comparative Role of Asians and Europeans, circa. 1700-1757’. Modern Asian Studies 29 (2): pp. 373–86.
  • Chaudhury 2007 Sushil Chaudhury, ‘Armenians in Bengal Trade and Politics in the 18th Century’. In Les Arméniens Dans Le Commerce Asiatique Au Début de l’ère Moderne, edited by Sushil Chaudhury and Kéram Kévonian, pp. 149–67. Homme: Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme.
  • Farooqi 1988 Naim R. Farooqi, ‘Moguls, Ottomans, and Pilgrims: Protecting the Routes to Mecca in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries’. The International History Review 10 (2): pp. 198–220.
  • Faroqhi 1994 Suraiya Faroqhi, ‘Crisis and Change (1590–1699)’. In An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Halil Inalcik and D. Quatert, 2:411–636. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Faroqhi 1995 Suraiya Faroqhi, Hacılar ve Sultanlar 1517-1638. Istanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları.
  • Faroqhi 2004 Suraiya Faroqhi, The Ottoman Empire and the World Around It. New York: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd.
  • Faroqhi ed. 2016. Suraiya Faroqhi, Türki̇ye Tari̇hi̇: Geç Osmanli İmparatorlugu,1603-1839. Translated by Fethi Aytuna. Vol. 3. 4 vols. Istanbul: Kitap Yayınevi.
  • Foster ed. 1921. Sir William Foster ed. Early Travels in India, 1583-1619. Humphrey Milford: Oxford University Press.
  • Foster ed. 1926. Sir William Foster ed., The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to India (1615-19). London: Oxford University Press.
  • Freitag 2020 Ulrike Freitag, A History of Jeddah: The Gate to Mecca in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Fuad and Polat 2025 Abdur Rahman Fuad and Murat Polat, ‘The Forgotten Allure in Ottoman Archives: Tracing the Bengal’s Financial Solidarity to Ottoman Wars, 1911-1913’. Osmanlı Medeniyeti Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 25, pp. 191–218. https://doi.org/10.21021/osmed.1551106.
  • Fukasawa 1987 Katsumi Fukasawa, Toilerie Et Commerce Du Levant: D’alep À Marseille. Paris: Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique.
  • ‘Gaatha’ 2013. Article. The Story of Indigo (blog). 2013. https://gaatha.com/the-story-of-indigo-2/.
  • Goffman 2002 Daniel Goffman, The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gupta 1979 Ashin Das Gupta, Indian Merchants and the Decline of Surat: C. 1700-1750. India: Steiner.
  • Howard 2017 Douglas A. Howard, A History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hussain 2005 Kazim Hussain, Armenian, Iranian and Turkish Merchants in India 1550-1800. Doctoral Thesis, Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University.
  • Hussain 2014 Ruquia Hussain, ‘The Turkish Merchants at Surat in Mughal Times’. Studies in History 30 (1): pp. 43–54.
  • İnalcık 1951 Halil İnalcık, ‘Türkiye’ni̇n Iktisadi Vazi̇yeti̇’. Belleten 15 (60): pp. 629–84.
  • İnalcık 1979 H. İnalcık, ‘Osmanlı Pamuk Pazarı, Hindistan ve İngiltere: Pamuk Rekabetinde Emek Maliyetinin Rolü’. ODTÜ Gelişim Dergisi, Türkiye İktisad Tarihi Üzerine Araştırmalar II, pp. 1–65.
  • Kallek 2007 Cengiz Kallek, ‘Okka’, TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, 33: pp. 338–39. Istanbul: TDV Yayınları.
  • Krippendorff 2018 Klaus Krippendorff, Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications.
  • Kumar 2013 Prakash Kumar, Indigo Plantations and Science in Colonial India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kütükoğlu 1983 Mübahat S. Kütükoğlu, Osmanlılarda Narh Müessesesi ve 1640 Tarihli Narh Defteri. Istanbul: Enderun Yayınları.
  • Kütükoğlu 2018 M. Kütükoğlu, Osmanlı’nın Sosyo-Kültürel Yapısı ve İktisâdî Yapısı. Ankara: Türk Tarihi Kurumu.
  • Kütükoğlu 2022 M. Kütükoğlu, Balta Limanı’na Giden Yol (Osmanlı - İngiliz İktisâdî Münâsebetleri, 1580- 1850). 2nd ed. Ankara: Türk Tarihi Kurumu.
  • Livingston 1968 John William Livinston, Ali Bey Al-Kabir and the Mamluk Resurgence in Ottoman Egypt, 1760-1772. Michigan: University Microfilms.
  • Lybyer 1987 A. Howe Lybyer, ‘Osmanlı Türkleri ve Doğu Ticaret Yolları’. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 3 (1): pp. 141–57.
  • Machado 2009 Pedro Machado, ‘Cloths of a New Fashion: Indian Ocean Networks of Exchange and Cloth Zones of Contact in Africa and India in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries’, in How India Clothed the World, edited by G. Riello and T. Roy, pp. 53–84. Brill.
  • Mantran 1987 Robert Mantran, ‘XVI ve XVII. Yüzyılda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve Asya Ticareti’. Translated by Zeki Arıkan. Belleten 51 (201): pp.1433–1444.
  • Masson 1911 Paul Masson, Histoire Du Commerce Français Dans Le Levant Au XVIIIe Siècle (History of French Trade in the Levant in the 18th Century). Paris: Librairie Hachette.
  • Mukherjee 2007 Rila Mukherjee, ‘The Last Commercial Frontier: French and English Presence in South Eastern Bengal and Beyond’. The Indian Historical Review 34 (1): pp. 167–86.
  • Orhunlu 1996 Cengiz Orhunlu, Habeş Eyaleti: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Güney Siyaseti. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları.
  • Orme 1805 Robert Orme, Historical Fragments of the Mogul Empire. London: F. Wingrave. http://archive.org/details/historicalfrag00orme.
  • Panzac 1992 Daniel Panzac, ‘International and Domestic Maritime Trade in the Ottoman Empire during the 18th Century’. International Journal of Middle East Studies 24 (2): pp. 189–206.
  • Pelsaert 1925 Francisco Pelsaert, Jahangir’s India: The Remonstrantie of Francisco Pelsaert. Translated by W. H. Moreland and P. Geyl. Cambridge: W. Heffer and Sons Ltd.
  • Prasad 2018 Rajendra Prasad, ‘Indigo: The Crop That Created History and Then Itself Became History’. Indian Journal of History of Science 53-3: pp. 296–301. https://doi.org/10.16943/ijhs/2018/v53i3/49461.
  • Riello and Roy 2009 Giorgio Riello and Tirthankar Roy, ‘Introduction: The World of South Asian Textiles, 1500–1850’, in How India Clothed the World, edited by Giorgio Riello and Tirthankar Roy, pp.1–28. Brill.
  • Sainsbury 1870 W. Noel Sainsbury (ed.), Calendar of State Papers: East Indies, China and Japan, 1617-1621. Colonial Series. London: Longman & Co. & Trübner & Co.
  • Samuel 2005 Purchas Samuel, Purchas His Pilgrimes. Vol. 4. Glasgow: James MacLehose nad Sons.
  • Tavernier 1925 J.B. Tavernier, Travels in India (1640–1967). Edited by W. Crooke. Translated by Ball. Vol. 1. London.
  • Üçüncü 2021 Berna Korucu-Üçüncü, "Osmanlı-Hi̇ndi̇stan Ticari İli̇şki̇leri̇ (1750-1857)", İran ve Turan Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 4 (6): pp. 16–44.
  • Uzunçarşılı 1962 İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, ‘Elfevaid-Ül Muadde Li Nizam-i Hükûmet-i Bender-i Cidde’. Belleten 26 (101): pp. 151–62.
  • Veinstein 1999 G. Veinstein, ‘Commercial Relations between India and the Ottoman Empire (Late Fifteenth to Late Eighteenth Centuries): A Few Notes and Hypothesis’. Marchants, Companies and Trade, edited by Sushil Chaudhury and Michel Morineau, translated by Cyprian P. Blamires, pp. 95–115. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Yılmaz 1992 Serap Yılmaz, ‘Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Doğu ile Ekonomik İlişkileri: XVIII. Yüzyılın İkinci Yarısında Osmanlı-Hint Ticareti İle İlgili Bir Araştırma’. Belleten 56 (215): pp.31–68.
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Çağdaş Asya Tarihi
Bölüm MAKALELER
Yazarlar

Abdur Rahman Fuad 0000-0002-1571-6402

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Temmuz 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2024
Kabul Tarihi 15 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 40 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Fuad, A. R. (2025). MERCHANTS AND MARKETS: THE SAGA OF BENGAL TRADE IN THE OTTOMAN ECONOMIC NETWORK. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, 40(1), 103-130. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1541380
AMA Fuad AR. MERCHANTS AND MARKETS: THE SAGA OF BENGAL TRADE IN THE OTTOMAN ECONOMIC NETWORK. TID. Temmuz 2025;40(1):103-130. doi:10.18513/egetid.1541380
Chicago Fuad, Abdur Rahman. “MERCHANTS AND MARKETS: THE SAGA OF BENGAL TRADE IN THE OTTOMAN ECONOMIC NETWORK”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 40, sy. 1 (Temmuz 2025): 103-30. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1541380.
EndNote Fuad AR (01 Temmuz 2025) MERCHANTS AND MARKETS: THE SAGA OF BENGAL TRADE IN THE OTTOMAN ECONOMIC NETWORK. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 40 1 103–130.
IEEE A. R. Fuad, “MERCHANTS AND MARKETS: THE SAGA OF BENGAL TRADE IN THE OTTOMAN ECONOMIC NETWORK”, TID, c. 40, sy. 1, ss. 103–130, 2025, doi: 10.18513/egetid.1541380.
ISNAD Fuad, Abdur Rahman. “MERCHANTS AND MARKETS: THE SAGA OF BENGAL TRADE IN THE OTTOMAN ECONOMIC NETWORK”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 40/1 (Temmuz 2025), 103-130. https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1541380.
JAMA Fuad AR. MERCHANTS AND MARKETS: THE SAGA OF BENGAL TRADE IN THE OTTOMAN ECONOMIC NETWORK. TID. 2025;40:103–130.
MLA Fuad, Abdur Rahman. “MERCHANTS AND MARKETS: THE SAGA OF BENGAL TRADE IN THE OTTOMAN ECONOMIC NETWORK”. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, c. 40, sy. 1, 2025, ss. 103-30, doi:10.18513/egetid.1541380.
Vancouver Fuad AR. MERCHANTS AND MARKETS: THE SAGA OF BENGAL TRADE IN THE OTTOMAN ECONOMIC NETWORK. TID. 2025;40(1):103-30.
 Kapak Resmi İndir