Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Trichoderma harzianum Rifai ve Trichoderma viride Pers. (Ascomycota: Hypocreales)'nin dolmalık biber bitkileri üstünde beslenen Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)'nin demografik parametreleri üzerine etkisi

Yıl 2025, , 175 - 185, 25.06.2025

Hilmi Kara

https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1572732

Öz

Bu çalışmada, dolmalık biber, Capsicum annuum L. (Solanales: Solanaceae) çeşidi aracılığıyla Trichoderma harzianum Rifai ve Trichoderma viride Pers. (Ascomycota: Hypocreales)'nin Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) üzerindeki dolaylı etkileri yaş ve döneme özgü iki eşeyli yaşam çizelgesi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Karşılaştırma testi olarak kartezyen çarpım kullanılmıştır. Çalışma, Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Bitki Koruma Bölümü’nde 2024 yılı Mayıs-Temmuz ayları arasında yürütülmüştür. Trichoderma spp. uygulamalarında kalıtsal üreme yeteneği (r), üreme gücü sınırı (λ) ve popülasyonu ikiye katlama süresi (DT) parametreleri kontrole kıyasla istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur. Trichoderma harzianum ile muamele edilmiş bitkilerle beslenen M. persicae bireylerinin kalıtsal üreme yeteneği (0.3321 d⁻¹), diğer muamelelere, (T. viride, 0.3462 d⁻¹ ve her iki Trichoderma spp. karışımı 0.3583 d⁻¹) kıyasla önemli ölçüde daha düşük olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonunda, her iki Trichoderma spp. de biber bitkisi aracılığıyla M. persicae'nin biyolojisi üzerinde olumsuz etkiye sahip olduğu ve T. harzianum'un T. viride'den daha etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. İlerleyen çalışmalarda faydalı mikroorganizmaların farklı bitki ve zararlı kombinasyonlarında test edilmesi, bu mekanizmanın daha iyi anlaşılmasını sağlayarak entegre zararlı yönetimine önemli katkılar sunacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dolmalık biber Myzus persicae Trichoderma harzianum Trichoderma viride iki eşeyli yaşam tablosu

Kaynakça

  • Adeleke, B. S. & O. O. Babalola, 2021. Roles of plant endosphere microbes in agriculture-a review. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 41 (4): 1411-1428.
  • Ağırtmış, M., 2021. Determination of the Effects of Trichoderma harzianum on Myzus persicae via Pepper Plants. Van Yüzüncü Yıl University (Unpublished) Master Thesis, Van, 75 pp (in Turkish with abstract in English).
  • Alınç, T., A. Cusumano, E. Peri, L. Torta & S. Colazza, 2021. Trichoderma harzianum strain T22 modulates direct defense of tomato plants in response to Nezara viridula feeding activity. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 47 (4): 455-462.
  • Bardin, M., S. Ajouz, M. Comby, M. Lopez-Ferber, B. Graillot, M. Siegwart & P. C. Nicot, 2015. Is the efficacy of biological control against plant diseases likely to be more durable than that of chemical pesticides? Frontiers in Plant Science, 6: 566 (1-14).
  • Bass, C., A. M. Puinean, C. T. Zimmer, I. Denholm, L. M. Field, S. P. Foster & M. S. Williamson, 2014. The evolution of insecticide resistance in the peach potato aphid, Myzus persicae. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 51: 41-51.
  • Bras, A., A. Roy, D. G. Heckel, P. Anderson & K. Karlsson Green, 2022. Pesticide resistance in arthropods: Ecology matters too. Ecology letters, 25 (8): 1746-1759.
  • Chartrand, G., A. D. Polimeni & P. Zhang, 2008. Mathematical Proofs: A Transition to Advanced Mathematics. MA: Pearson Education, Inc. Boston, 491 pp.
  • Chaverri, P., L. A. Castlebury, B. E. Overton & G. J. Samuels, 2003. Hypocrea/Trichoderma: species with conidiophore elongations and green conidia. Mycologia, 95 (6): 1100-1140.
  • Chi, H. & H. Liu, 1985. Two new methods for the study of insect population ecology. Bulletin of the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, 24 (2): 225-240.
  • Chi, H., 1988. Life-table analysis incorporating both sexes and variable development rates among individuals. Environmental Entomology, 17 (1): 26-34.
  • Chi, H. & H. Y. Su, 2006. Age-stage, two-sex life tables of Aphidius gifuensis (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and its host Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) with mathematical proof of the relationship between female fecundity and the net reproductive rate. Environmental Entomology, 35 (1): 10-21.
  • Chi, H., H. Kara, M. S. Ozgokce, R. Atlihan, A. Guncan & M. R. Risvanli, 2022. Innovative application of set theory, Cartesian product, and multinomial theorem in demographic research. Entomologia Generalis, 42 (6): 863-874.
  • Chi, H., 2024a. TWOSEX-MSChart: a computer program for age stage, two-sex life table analysis. National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan. (Web page: http://140.120.197.173/ Ecology/Download/TWOSEX-MSChart.rar) (Date accessed: August 2024).
  • Chi, H., 2024b. TIMING-MSChart: a computer program for the population projection based on age-stage, two-sex life table. National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan. (Web page: http://140.120.197.173/ Ecology/Download/TimingMSChart.rar) (Date accessed: August 2024).
  • Fernandez‐Conradi, P., H. Jactel, C. Robin, A. J. Tack & B. Castagneyrol, 2018. Fungi reduce preference and performance of insect herbivores on challenged plants. Ecology, 99 (2): 300-311.
  • Goodman, D., 1982. Optimal life histories, optimal notation, and the value of reproductive value. The American Naturalist, 119 (6): 803-823.
  • Grabka, R., T. W. d’Entremont, S. J. Adams, A. K. Walker, J. B. Tanney, P. A. Abbasi & S. Ali, 2022. Fungal Endophytes and Their Role in Agricultural Plant Protection against Pests and Pathogens. Plants, 11 (3): 384-413.
  • Gültekin, A., 2022. Determination of Plant Mediated Effects of Soil Amendment Using Trichoderma asperellum on Spodoptera exigua. Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, (Unpublished) Master Thesis, Van, 53 pp (in Turkish with abstract in English).
  • Hagh-Doust, N., S. M. Färkkilä, M. S. H. Moghaddam & L. Tedersoo, 2022. Symbiotic fungi as biotechnological tools: methodological challenges and relative benefits in agriculture and forestry. Fungal Biology Reviews, 42: 34-55.
  • Harman, G. E., 2006. Overview of mechanisms and uses of Trichoderma spp. Phytopathology, 96 (2): 190-194.
  • Huang, Y. B. & H. Chi, 2012. Assessing the application of the jackknife and bootstrap techniques to the estimation of the variability of the net reproductive rate and gross reproductive rate: a case study in Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 61 (1): 37-45.
  • Islam, M., V. K. Subbiah & S. Siddiquee, 2021. Efficacy of entomopathogenic Trichoderma isolates against sugarcane woolly aphid, Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehntner (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Horticulturae, 8 (1): 2-21.
  • Macías-Rodríguez, L., H. A. Contreras-Cornejo, S. G. Adame-Garnica, E. Del-Val & J. Larsen, 2020. The interactions of Trichoderma at multiple trophic levels: Inter-kingdom communication. Microbiological Research, 240: 126552 (1-15).
  • Metwally, R. A., 2020. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Trichoderma viride cooperative effect on biochemical, mineral content, and protein pattern of onion plants. Journal of Basic Microbiology, 60 (8): 712-721.
  • Mottet, C., L. Caddoux, S. Fontaine, C. Plantamp, C. Bass & B. Barrès, 2024. Myzus persicae resistance to neonicotinoids-unravelling the contribution of different mechanisms to phenotype. Pest Management Science, 80 (11): 5852-5863.
  • Noman, A., M. Aqeel, M. Qasim, I. Haider & Y. Lou, 2020. Plant-insect-microbe interaction: A love triangle between enemies in ecosystem. Science of the Total Environment, 699: 134181 (1-11).
  • Osmanoğlu, M., 2022. Determination of Plant (Cotton) Mediated Effect of Trichoderma virens on Population Parameters of Spodoptera exigua. Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, (Unpublished) Master Thesis, Van, 49 pp.
  • Pieterse, C. M., C. Zamioudis, R. L. Berendsen, D. M. Weller, S. C. Van Wees & P. A. Bakker, 2014. Induced systemic resistance by beneficial microbes. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 52 (1): 347-375.
  • Pineda, A., R. Soler, M. J. Pozo, S. Rasmann & T. C. Turlings, 2015. Above-belowground interactions involving plants, microbes and insects. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6: 318 (1-3).
  • Poveda, J., 2021. Trichoderma as biocontrol agent against pests: New uses for a mycoparasite. Biological Control, 159: 104634 (1-8).
  • Rişvanlı, M. R., 2022. Determination of Population Performance and Feeding Capacity of Spodoptera exigua on Trichoderma harzianum Applied Potato and Cotton Plant. Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, (Unpublished) PhD Thesis, Van, 131 pp (in Turkish with abstract in English).
  • Shafiei, F., S. Shahidi-Noghabi & G. Smagghe, 2024. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization on tomato defense metabolites and population parameters of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick). Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 18 (2): 339-351.
  • Sheridan, W., R. Hermosa, M. Lorito & E. Monte, 2023. Trichoderma: A multipurpose, plant-beneficial microorganism for eco-sustainable agriculture. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 21 (5): 312-326.
  • Tang, Q., K. Ma, H. Chi, Y. Hou & X.Gao, 2019. Transgenerational hormetic effects of sublethal dose of flupyradifurone on the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). PLoS One, 14 (1): e0208058 (1-16).
  • Tibshirani, R. J. & B. Efron, 1993. An introduction to the bootstrap. Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability, 57 (1): 1-436.
  • Tuan, S. J., N. J. Li, C. C. Yeh, L. C. Tang & H. Chi, 2014. Effects of green manure cover crops on Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) populations. Journal of Economic Entomology, 107 (3): 897-905.
  • Verma, P. P., R. M. Shelake, S. Das, P. Sharma & J. Y. Kim, 2019. “Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Fungi (PGPF): Potential Biological Control Agents of Diseases and Pests, 281-311”. In: Microbial Interventions in Agriculture and Environment, Volume 1: Research Trends, Priorities and Prospects (Eds. D. P. Singh, V. K. Gupta & R. Prabha). Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. Singapore, 596 pp.
  • Wielkopolan, B. & A. Obrępalska, 2016. Three-way interaction among plants, bacteria, and Coleopteran insects. Planta, 244 (2): 313-332.

Effect of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai and Trichoderma viride Pers. (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) on demographic parameters of Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) feeding on bell pepper plant

Yıl 2025, , 175 - 185, 25.06.2025

Hilmi Kara

https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1572732

Öz

In this study, the indirect effects of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai and Trichoderma viride Pers. (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) on Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) via the bell pepper, Capsicum annuum L. (Solanales: Solanaceae) variety were determined using age and stage-specific two-sex life table. Cartesian product was used in the comparison tests. The study was conducted at Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection between May and July 2024. The differences in the intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), and doubling time (DT) Trichoderma spp. treatments were statistically significant compared to the control. The intrinsic rate of increase for M. persicae on T. harzianum-treated plants (0.3321 d⁻¹) was significantly lower than on T. viride (0.3462 d⁻¹) and the mixture treatment (0.3583 d⁻¹). In conclusion, it was determined that both Trichoderma spp. negatively affected the fitness of M. persicae through the pepper plant, with T. harzianum being more effective than T. viride. Testing beneficial microorganisms in different plant-pest combinations in future studies will enhance the understanding of this mechanism and provide significant contributions to integrated pest management.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bell pepper Myzus persicae Trichoderma harzianum Trichoderma viride two-sex life table

Etik Beyan

Çalışmalarımızda etik kurul onayı istenmemektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Adeleke, B. S. & O. O. Babalola, 2021. Roles of plant endosphere microbes in agriculture-a review. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 41 (4): 1411-1428.
  • Ağırtmış, M., 2021. Determination of the Effects of Trichoderma harzianum on Myzus persicae via Pepper Plants. Van Yüzüncü Yıl University (Unpublished) Master Thesis, Van, 75 pp (in Turkish with abstract in English).
  • Alınç, T., A. Cusumano, E. Peri, L. Torta & S. Colazza, 2021. Trichoderma harzianum strain T22 modulates direct defense of tomato plants in response to Nezara viridula feeding activity. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 47 (4): 455-462.
  • Bardin, M., S. Ajouz, M. Comby, M. Lopez-Ferber, B. Graillot, M. Siegwart & P. C. Nicot, 2015. Is the efficacy of biological control against plant diseases likely to be more durable than that of chemical pesticides? Frontiers in Plant Science, 6: 566 (1-14).
  • Bass, C., A. M. Puinean, C. T. Zimmer, I. Denholm, L. M. Field, S. P. Foster & M. S. Williamson, 2014. The evolution of insecticide resistance in the peach potato aphid, Myzus persicae. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 51: 41-51.
  • Bras, A., A. Roy, D. G. Heckel, P. Anderson & K. Karlsson Green, 2022. Pesticide resistance in arthropods: Ecology matters too. Ecology letters, 25 (8): 1746-1759.
  • Chartrand, G., A. D. Polimeni & P. Zhang, 2008. Mathematical Proofs: A Transition to Advanced Mathematics. MA: Pearson Education, Inc. Boston, 491 pp.
  • Chaverri, P., L. A. Castlebury, B. E. Overton & G. J. Samuels, 2003. Hypocrea/Trichoderma: species with conidiophore elongations and green conidia. Mycologia, 95 (6): 1100-1140.
  • Chi, H. & H. Liu, 1985. Two new methods for the study of insect population ecology. Bulletin of the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, 24 (2): 225-240.
  • Chi, H., 1988. Life-table analysis incorporating both sexes and variable development rates among individuals. Environmental Entomology, 17 (1): 26-34.
  • Chi, H. & H. Y. Su, 2006. Age-stage, two-sex life tables of Aphidius gifuensis (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and its host Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) with mathematical proof of the relationship between female fecundity and the net reproductive rate. Environmental Entomology, 35 (1): 10-21.
  • Chi, H., H. Kara, M. S. Ozgokce, R. Atlihan, A. Guncan & M. R. Risvanli, 2022. Innovative application of set theory, Cartesian product, and multinomial theorem in demographic research. Entomologia Generalis, 42 (6): 863-874.
  • Chi, H., 2024a. TWOSEX-MSChart: a computer program for age stage, two-sex life table analysis. National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan. (Web page: http://140.120.197.173/ Ecology/Download/TWOSEX-MSChart.rar) (Date accessed: August 2024).
  • Chi, H., 2024b. TIMING-MSChart: a computer program for the population projection based on age-stage, two-sex life table. National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan. (Web page: http://140.120.197.173/ Ecology/Download/TimingMSChart.rar) (Date accessed: August 2024).
  • Fernandez‐Conradi, P., H. Jactel, C. Robin, A. J. Tack & B. Castagneyrol, 2018. Fungi reduce preference and performance of insect herbivores on challenged plants. Ecology, 99 (2): 300-311.
  • Goodman, D., 1982. Optimal life histories, optimal notation, and the value of reproductive value. The American Naturalist, 119 (6): 803-823.
  • Grabka, R., T. W. d’Entremont, S. J. Adams, A. K. Walker, J. B. Tanney, P. A. Abbasi & S. Ali, 2022. Fungal Endophytes and Their Role in Agricultural Plant Protection against Pests and Pathogens. Plants, 11 (3): 384-413.
  • Gültekin, A., 2022. Determination of Plant Mediated Effects of Soil Amendment Using Trichoderma asperellum on Spodoptera exigua. Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, (Unpublished) Master Thesis, Van, 53 pp (in Turkish with abstract in English).
  • Hagh-Doust, N., S. M. Färkkilä, M. S. H. Moghaddam & L. Tedersoo, 2022. Symbiotic fungi as biotechnological tools: methodological challenges and relative benefits in agriculture and forestry. Fungal Biology Reviews, 42: 34-55.
  • Harman, G. E., 2006. Overview of mechanisms and uses of Trichoderma spp. Phytopathology, 96 (2): 190-194.
  • Huang, Y. B. & H. Chi, 2012. Assessing the application of the jackknife and bootstrap techniques to the estimation of the variability of the net reproductive rate and gross reproductive rate: a case study in Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 61 (1): 37-45.
  • Islam, M., V. K. Subbiah & S. Siddiquee, 2021. Efficacy of entomopathogenic Trichoderma isolates against sugarcane woolly aphid, Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehntner (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Horticulturae, 8 (1): 2-21.
  • Macías-Rodríguez, L., H. A. Contreras-Cornejo, S. G. Adame-Garnica, E. Del-Val & J. Larsen, 2020. The interactions of Trichoderma at multiple trophic levels: Inter-kingdom communication. Microbiological Research, 240: 126552 (1-15).
  • Metwally, R. A., 2020. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Trichoderma viride cooperative effect on biochemical, mineral content, and protein pattern of onion plants. Journal of Basic Microbiology, 60 (8): 712-721.
  • Mottet, C., L. Caddoux, S. Fontaine, C. Plantamp, C. Bass & B. Barrès, 2024. Myzus persicae resistance to neonicotinoids-unravelling the contribution of different mechanisms to phenotype. Pest Management Science, 80 (11): 5852-5863.
  • Noman, A., M. Aqeel, M. Qasim, I. Haider & Y. Lou, 2020. Plant-insect-microbe interaction: A love triangle between enemies in ecosystem. Science of the Total Environment, 699: 134181 (1-11).
  • Osmanoğlu, M., 2022. Determination of Plant (Cotton) Mediated Effect of Trichoderma virens on Population Parameters of Spodoptera exigua. Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, (Unpublished) Master Thesis, Van, 49 pp.
  • Pieterse, C. M., C. Zamioudis, R. L. Berendsen, D. M. Weller, S. C. Van Wees & P. A. Bakker, 2014. Induced systemic resistance by beneficial microbes. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 52 (1): 347-375.
  • Pineda, A., R. Soler, M. J. Pozo, S. Rasmann & T. C. Turlings, 2015. Above-belowground interactions involving plants, microbes and insects. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6: 318 (1-3).
  • Poveda, J., 2021. Trichoderma as biocontrol agent against pests: New uses for a mycoparasite. Biological Control, 159: 104634 (1-8).
  • Rişvanlı, M. R., 2022. Determination of Population Performance and Feeding Capacity of Spodoptera exigua on Trichoderma harzianum Applied Potato and Cotton Plant. Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, (Unpublished) PhD Thesis, Van, 131 pp (in Turkish with abstract in English).
  • Shafiei, F., S. Shahidi-Noghabi & G. Smagghe, 2024. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization on tomato defense metabolites and population parameters of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick). Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 18 (2): 339-351.
  • Sheridan, W., R. Hermosa, M. Lorito & E. Monte, 2023. Trichoderma: A multipurpose, plant-beneficial microorganism for eco-sustainable agriculture. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 21 (5): 312-326.
  • Tang, Q., K. Ma, H. Chi, Y. Hou & X.Gao, 2019. Transgenerational hormetic effects of sublethal dose of flupyradifurone on the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). PLoS One, 14 (1): e0208058 (1-16).
  • Tibshirani, R. J. & B. Efron, 1993. An introduction to the bootstrap. Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability, 57 (1): 1-436.
  • Tuan, S. J., N. J. Li, C. C. Yeh, L. C. Tang & H. Chi, 2014. Effects of green manure cover crops on Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) populations. Journal of Economic Entomology, 107 (3): 897-905.
  • Verma, P. P., R. M. Shelake, S. Das, P. Sharma & J. Y. Kim, 2019. “Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Fungi (PGPF): Potential Biological Control Agents of Diseases and Pests, 281-311”. In: Microbial Interventions in Agriculture and Environment, Volume 1: Research Trends, Priorities and Prospects (Eds. D. P. Singh, V. K. Gupta & R. Prabha). Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. Singapore, 596 pp.
  • Wielkopolan, B. & A. Obrępalska, 2016. Three-way interaction among plants, bacteria, and Coleopteran insects. Planta, 244 (2): 313-332.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Tarımda Entomoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hilmi Kara 0000-0003-0580-0464

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Ekim 2024
Kabul Tarihi 20 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025

Kaynak Göster

APA Kara, H. (2025). Effect of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai and Trichoderma viride Pers. (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) on demographic parameters of Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) feeding on bell pepper plant. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 49(2), 175-185. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1572732
AMA Kara H. Effect of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai and Trichoderma viride Pers. (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) on demographic parameters of Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) feeding on bell pepper plant. TED. Haziran 2025;49(2):175-185. doi:10.16970/entoted.1572732
Chicago Kara, Hilmi. “Effect of Trichoderma Harzianum Rifai and Trichoderma Viride Pers. (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) on Demographic Parameters of Myzus Persicae (Sulzer, 1776) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Feeding on Bell Pepper Plant”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 49, sy. 2 (Haziran 2025): 175-85. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1572732.
EndNote Kara H (01 Haziran 2025) Effect of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai and Trichoderma viride Pers. (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) on demographic parameters of Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) feeding on bell pepper plant. Turkish Journal of Entomology 49 2 175–185.
IEEE H. Kara, “Effect of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai and Trichoderma viride Pers. (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) on demographic parameters of Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) feeding on bell pepper plant”, TED, c. 49, sy. 2, ss. 175–185, 2025, doi: 10.16970/entoted.1572732.
ISNAD Kara, Hilmi. “Effect of Trichoderma Harzianum Rifai and Trichoderma Viride Pers. (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) on Demographic Parameters of Myzus Persicae (Sulzer, 1776) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Feeding on Bell Pepper Plant”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 49/2 (Haziran 2025), 175-185. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1572732.
JAMA Kara H. Effect of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai and Trichoderma viride Pers. (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) on demographic parameters of Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) feeding on bell pepper plant. TED. 2025;49:175–185.
MLA Kara, Hilmi. “Effect of Trichoderma Harzianum Rifai and Trichoderma Viride Pers. (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) on Demographic Parameters of Myzus Persicae (Sulzer, 1776) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Feeding on Bell Pepper Plant”. Turkish Journal of Entomology, c. 49, sy. 2, 2025, ss. 175-8, doi:10.16970/entoted.1572732.
Vancouver Kara H. Effect of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai and Trichoderma viride Pers. (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) on demographic parameters of Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) feeding on bell pepper plant. TED. 2025;49(2):175-8.