Derleme
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 58 - 64, 18.04.2025
Öz
Uzun yıllar boyunca ruminantlarda yenidoğan kayıplarını azaltmak, enfeksiyonlardan korumak, büyümeyi desteklemek ve ekonomik olarak hayvansal üretimi artırmak için antimikrobiyal ajanlar yem katkı maddesi olarak kullanıldı. Ancak yem katkı maddesi olarak kullanılan bu kimyasalların hayvansal ürünlerde kalıntı bırakması, mikrobiyal direnç geliştiren patojen organizmaların insan ve hayvan sağlığını tehdit etmesi ve gıda alerjileri bu maddeleri tartışma konusu yapmıştır. Bunun sonucunda da tedavi gerektiren hastalıklar dışında antimikrobiyal ajanların eti, sütü ve yumurtası tüketilen hayvanlarda kullanılması yasaklanmıştır. Bu olumsuzluklar nedeniyle propolis gibi doğal maddelerin hayvan beslemede kullanılması araştırılmaya başlanmıştır. Propolis doğal bir arı ürünüdür. Yapısındaki bitkisel flavonoidler ve fenolik bileşikler ile antibakteriyel, antiviral, hepatoprotektif aktiviteler, antiinflamatuar, immünomodülatör, antioksidan, antiparaziter ve antiseptik özellikler gibi önemli biyolojik özellikler gösterir. Bunun yanında insan gıdası olarak kullanılan hayvansal ürünlerde zararlı kimyasal kalıntı riski oluşturmaz. Böylelikle propolisin yem katkı maddesi olarak kullanılabileceği ve hayvansal ürünlerin güvenliği ve toksisitesi hakkında güncel tüketici beklentilerini karşılayabileceği ön görülmektedir. Bu derlemenin amacı alternatif yem katkı maddesi olarak propolisin etkinliğini ve en çok ekonomik kaybın yaşandığı süt emme dönemindeki ruminantların gelişme ve sağlık durumu üzerinde yapılan çalışmaları incelemektir.
Kaynakça
- Abd-Allah M, Daghash MWH. Influence of using fla-vomycin and propolis as feed additives on buffalo milk production, and growth performance and blood metabolites of suckling calves. Egypt J Nutr and Feeds 2019; 22(1): 13-22.
- Abdulkhani A, Hosseinzadeh J, Ashori A, Esmaeeli H. Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of cellulo-se nanofibers/polylactic acid composites coated with ethanolic extract of propolis. Poly Compos 2017; 38(1): 13-9.
- Abu-Ahmed H, Abdel-Wahed RE, El-Kammar MH, El-Neweshy MS. Evaluation of the effectiveness of propolis compared with honey on second intention wound healing in the equine. Middle East J Sci Res 2013; 14(10): 1292-8.
- Abu-Seida AM. Potential benefits of propolis in large and small animal practices: a narrative review of the literature. World Vet J 2023; 13(3): 441-51.
- Al-Ani I, Zimmermann S, Reichling J, Wink M. Anti-microbial activities of European propolis collected from various geographic origins alone and in com-bination with antibiotics. Medicines 2018; 5(1): 2.
- Anjum SI, Ullah A, Khan KA, Attaullah M, Khan H, Ali H, Bashir MA, Tahir M, Ansari MJ, Ghramh HA. Composition and functional properties of propolis (bee glue): A review. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 26(7): 1695-703.
- Ayağ BS, Konyalı A. Yeni Doğan çiftlik hayvanlarında adaptasyon parametreleri. Hayvansal Üretim 2009; 50(1): 74-80.
- Bassani-Silva S, Sforcin JM, Amaral AS, Gazpar Luiz FJ, Rocha Noeme S. Propolis effect in vitro on ca-nine transmissible venereal tumor cells. Rev Port Cien Vet 2007; 102(563-564): 261-5.
- Bogdanov S. Propolis: Biological properties and me-dical applications. The propolis book. 2017; https://s66a5b07cb261a6cc.jimcontent.com/download/version/1609255034/module/11112716973/name/PropolisBook2.pdf Erişim tarihi: 01.10.2024.
- Boukraa L. Honey and Bee Products for Animal He-alth And Wellness. Honey in Traditional and Mo-dern Medicine, 1st Edition. CRC Press., Boca Ra-ton, 2013; Chapter 13, pp. 263-278.
- Cecere BGO, da Silva AS, Molosse VL, Alba DF, Leal KW. Addition of propolis to milk improves lac-tating lamb’s growth: effect on antimicrobial, anti-oxidant and immune responses in animals. Small Rum Res 2021; 194 (1): 106265.
- El-Nagar HA, El-Hais AM, Abd El-Aziz AH, Wafa WM, Faraag MS, Badawy MI, Atia SES. Growth performance, immunity, and general health status of newborn friesian calves fed milk supplemented with propolis, thyme, or their combination, as anti-oxidants, during the suckling period. Adv Anim Vet Sci 2023; 11(11): 1830-9.
- European Commission Council Directive. Measures to monitor certain substances and residues thereof in live animals and animal products, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/1996/23/oj Erişim tarihi: 01.09.2024.
- Górecka AK, Rzepecka-Stojko A, Górecki M, Stojko J, Sosada M. Structure and antioxidant activity of polyphenols derived from propolis. Molecules 2014; 19(1): 78-101.
- Güçlü BK, Kara K. Ruminant beslemede alternatif yem katkı maddelerinin kullanımı: 1. probiyotik, prebiyotik ve enzim. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg 2009; 6(1): 65-75.
- Hernández-Castellano LE, Morales-delaNuez A, SánchezMacías D, Moreno-Indias I, Torres A, Ca-pote J, Argüello A, Castro N. The effect of colost-rum source and timing of the first colostrum feeding on body weight and immune status of artificially reared newborn lambs. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98(1): 204-10.
- Htoo NN, Khaing AT, Abba Y, Htin NN, Abdullah JF, Kyaw T, Khan MA, Lila MA. Enhancement of growth performance in pre-weaning suckling Boer kids supplemented with creep feed containing alfal-fa. Vet World 2015; 8(6): 718-22.
- Itavo CCBF, Morais MG, Ramos CL, Itavo LCV, To-mich TR, Silva JA. Green propolis extract as additive in the diet for lambs in feedlot. The Brazilian J Anim Sci 2011; 40(9): 1991-6.
- Jung BI, Kim MS, Kim HA, Kim D, Yang J, Her S, Song YS. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester, a compo-nent of beehive propolis, is a novel selective estro-gen receptor modulator. Phytother Res 2010; 24(2): 295-300.
- Kabiloğlu A. Propolis Ekstraktının Sütçü Buzağıların Büyüme Performansı ve Sağlık Durumuna Etkisi. Doktora Tezi, Istanbul Univ Cerrahpaşa Lisansüstü Eğitim Enst, İstanbul, 2023; s. 50-7.
- Kabiloglu A, Kocabaglı N, Kekec AI. Effects of propo-lis extract on growth performance and health condi-tion of dairy calves. Trop Anim Health and Prod 2023; 55(2): 115.
- Kabiloğlu A, Kocabağlı N. Propolis ve ruminantlarda alternatif yem katkı maddesi olarak kullanımı. Dicle Üniv Vet Fak Derg 2022; 15(1): 59-64.
- Kara K, Kocaoğlu Güçlü B, Karakaş Oğuz F. Propolis ve fenolik asitlerin ruminant beslemede kullanımı. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg 2014; 11, 43-53.
- Kocot J, Kiczykowska M, Luchowska-Kocot D, Kurze-pa J, Musik I. Antioxidant potential of propolis, bee pollen, and royal jelly: possible medical application. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2018; 7074209.
- Kupczyński R, Adamski M, Falta D, Roman A. The efficiency of propolis in post-colostral dairy calves. Archiv Für Tierzucht 2012; 55(4): 315-24.
- Küçükbüğrü N, Acaröz U. Gıdalarda antibiyotik kalın-tıları ve halk sağlığına etkileri. Vet Farm Toks Dern Bult 2020; 11(3): 161-7.
- Linécio M, Garcia RC, Galhardo D, de Oliveira TE, de Mello Peixoto ECT. Alcoholic extract of propolis for worms’ control in sheep. Res Soc Dev 2022; 11(1): e1711120617.
- Maciejewicz W, Daniewski M, Dzido T, Bal K. GC-MS and HPLC analysis of phenolic acids extracted from propolis and from Populusnigra bud exudate. Chem Anal 2002; 47: 21-30.
- Manav S. Peynir Altı Suyu Tozu ve Propolis İçeren Mamalar ile Beslenen Oğlaklarda Bazı Büyüme ve Gelişme Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Adnan Menderes Üniv Fen Bil Enst, Aydın 2021, s. 25-34.
- Morsy AS, Soltan YA, El-Zaiat HM, Alencarc SM, Abdallad AL. Bee propolis extract as a phytogenic feed additive to enhance diet digestibility, rumen microbial biosynthesis, mitigating methane forma-tion and health status of late pregnant ewes. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021; 273: 114834.
- Ozdemir VF, Yanar, M. Effects of propolis extract administration on immune parameters, faecal con-sistency scores, and growth performance of Hols-tein–Friesian calves. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56: 259.
- Resmî Gazete. Yem Katkıları ve Premikslerin Üreti-mi, İthalatı, İhracatı, Satışı ve Kullanımı Hakkında Tebliğde Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Tebliğ (No: 2006/1), 2006; https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2006/01/20060121 Erişim tarihi: 01.10.2024.
- Resmî Gazete. Canlı hayvanlar ve hayvansal ürünler-de belirli maddeler ile bunların kalıntılarının izlen-mesi için alınacak önlemlere dair yönetmelik 2011; https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2011/12/20111217 Erişim tarihi: 01.10.2024 .
- Sadek W, Elhoussiny A, Al-Mwafy A, Farag T, Al-Gethami A, Grawish S, Hegazi A. Egyptian propolis 16: The effect of consumption of propolis and algi-nate-propolis nanoparticles in combination with colostrum on the performance of newborn goats. Adv Anim Vet Sci 2020; 8(12): 1256-65.
- Sarker M, Yang CJ. Propolis and illite as feed additi-vies on performance and blood profiles of pre-weaning Hanwoo calves. J Anim Vet Adv 2010; 9(19): 2526-31.
- Shedeed HA, Farrag B, Elwakeel EA, El-Hamid I, El-Rayes MA. Propolis supplementation improved productivity, oxidative status, and immune respon-se of barki ewes and lambs. Vet World 2019; 12(6): 834-43.
- Silva JD, Ítavo CCBF, Ítavo LCV, Morais MDG, Silva PD, Ferelli KLSM, Arco TDS. Dietary addition of crude form or ethanol extract of brown propolis as nutritional additive on behaviour, productive perfor-mance and carcass traits of lambs in feedlot. J Anim Feed Sci 2019; 28(1): 31-40.
- Slanzon GS, Toledo AF, Silva AP. Red propolis as an additive for preweaned dairy calves: Effect on growth performance, health, and selected blood parameters. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102(10): 8952-62.
- Sung SH, Choi GH, Lee NW, Shin BC. External use of propolis for oral, skin, and genital diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2017; 2017(1): 8025257.
- Şanlıer N, Yabancı N. The effect of premenstrual syndrome on food cravings and physical activity levels in young college girls. Gazi J Phys Edu Sport Sci 2004; 9(3): 27-36.
- Tolon B, Önenç A, Kaya A, Altan Ö. Effects of propo-lis onthe growth of calves, 1st German Congress for Bee Products and Apitherapy. 23-24 March 2002; Passau Germany, P:71.
- Toreti VC, Sato HH, Pastore GM, Park YK. Recent progress of propolis for its biological and chemical compositions and its botanical origin. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013; 2013(1): 697390.
- Yaghoubi SMJ, Ghorbani GR, Rahmani HR, Nikkhah A. Growth, weaning performance, and blood ındica-tors of humoral immunity in holstein calves fed fla-vonoids. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 2008; 92(1): 456-62.
- Yücel B, Onenc A, Kaya A, Altan O. Effects of propolis administration on growth performance and neonatal diarrhea of calvesSOJ Veterinary Sciences 2015; 1(1): 102.
- Zhang Y, Choi S H, Nogoy K M, Liang S. The development of the gastrointestinal tract microbiota and intervention in neonatal ruminants. Animal 2021; 15(8): 100316.
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 58 - 64, 18.04.2025
Öz
For many years, antimicrobial agents have been used as feed additives in ruminants to reduce neonatal losses, to develop protection against infections, to support growth and to increase economical animal production. However, the fact that these chemicals used as feed additives leave residues in animal products, pathogenic organisms that develop microbial resistance threaten human and animal health and food allergies have made these substances a subject of debate. As a result, the use of antimicrobial agents in animals whose meat, milk and eggs are consumed, except for diseases requiring treatment, has been prohibited. Due to these Adversities or challenges, the use of natural substances such as propolis in animal nutrition has begun to be investigated. Propolis is a natural bee product. It exhibits important biological properties such as antibacterial, antiviral, hepatoprotective activities, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antiparasitic and antiseptic properties with its structure’s plant flavonoids and phenolic compounds. In addition, it does not pose a risk of harmful chemical residues in animal products used as human food. Thus, it is foreseen that propolis can be used as a feed additive and meet current consumer expectations regarding the safety and toxicity of animal products. The aim of this review is to examine the effectiveness of propolis as an alternative feed additive and the studies on the development and health status of ruminants during the lactation period, when the most economic loss occurs.
Kaynakça
- Abd-Allah M, Daghash MWH. Influence of using fla-vomycin and propolis as feed additives on buffalo milk production, and growth performance and blood metabolites of suckling calves. Egypt J Nutr and Feeds 2019; 22(1): 13-22.
- Abdulkhani A, Hosseinzadeh J, Ashori A, Esmaeeli H. Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of cellulo-se nanofibers/polylactic acid composites coated with ethanolic extract of propolis. Poly Compos 2017; 38(1): 13-9.
- Abu-Ahmed H, Abdel-Wahed RE, El-Kammar MH, El-Neweshy MS. Evaluation of the effectiveness of propolis compared with honey on second intention wound healing in the equine. Middle East J Sci Res 2013; 14(10): 1292-8.
- Abu-Seida AM. Potential benefits of propolis in large and small animal practices: a narrative review of the literature. World Vet J 2023; 13(3): 441-51.
- Al-Ani I, Zimmermann S, Reichling J, Wink M. Anti-microbial activities of European propolis collected from various geographic origins alone and in com-bination with antibiotics. Medicines 2018; 5(1): 2.
- Anjum SI, Ullah A, Khan KA, Attaullah M, Khan H, Ali H, Bashir MA, Tahir M, Ansari MJ, Ghramh HA. Composition and functional properties of propolis (bee glue): A review. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 26(7): 1695-703.
- Ayağ BS, Konyalı A. Yeni Doğan çiftlik hayvanlarında adaptasyon parametreleri. Hayvansal Üretim 2009; 50(1): 74-80.
- Bassani-Silva S, Sforcin JM, Amaral AS, Gazpar Luiz FJ, Rocha Noeme S. Propolis effect in vitro on ca-nine transmissible venereal tumor cells. Rev Port Cien Vet 2007; 102(563-564): 261-5.
- Bogdanov S. Propolis: Biological properties and me-dical applications. The propolis book. 2017; https://s66a5b07cb261a6cc.jimcontent.com/download/version/1609255034/module/11112716973/name/PropolisBook2.pdf Erişim tarihi: 01.10.2024.
- Boukraa L. Honey and Bee Products for Animal He-alth And Wellness. Honey in Traditional and Mo-dern Medicine, 1st Edition. CRC Press., Boca Ra-ton, 2013; Chapter 13, pp. 263-278.
- Cecere BGO, da Silva AS, Molosse VL, Alba DF, Leal KW. Addition of propolis to milk improves lac-tating lamb’s growth: effect on antimicrobial, anti-oxidant and immune responses in animals. Small Rum Res 2021; 194 (1): 106265.
- El-Nagar HA, El-Hais AM, Abd El-Aziz AH, Wafa WM, Faraag MS, Badawy MI, Atia SES. Growth performance, immunity, and general health status of newborn friesian calves fed milk supplemented with propolis, thyme, or their combination, as anti-oxidants, during the suckling period. Adv Anim Vet Sci 2023; 11(11): 1830-9.
- European Commission Council Directive. Measures to monitor certain substances and residues thereof in live animals and animal products, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/1996/23/oj Erişim tarihi: 01.09.2024.
- Górecka AK, Rzepecka-Stojko A, Górecki M, Stojko J, Sosada M. Structure and antioxidant activity of polyphenols derived from propolis. Molecules 2014; 19(1): 78-101.
- Güçlü BK, Kara K. Ruminant beslemede alternatif yem katkı maddelerinin kullanımı: 1. probiyotik, prebiyotik ve enzim. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg 2009; 6(1): 65-75.
- Hernández-Castellano LE, Morales-delaNuez A, SánchezMacías D, Moreno-Indias I, Torres A, Ca-pote J, Argüello A, Castro N. The effect of colost-rum source and timing of the first colostrum feeding on body weight and immune status of artificially reared newborn lambs. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98(1): 204-10.
- Htoo NN, Khaing AT, Abba Y, Htin NN, Abdullah JF, Kyaw T, Khan MA, Lila MA. Enhancement of growth performance in pre-weaning suckling Boer kids supplemented with creep feed containing alfal-fa. Vet World 2015; 8(6): 718-22.
- Itavo CCBF, Morais MG, Ramos CL, Itavo LCV, To-mich TR, Silva JA. Green propolis extract as additive in the diet for lambs in feedlot. The Brazilian J Anim Sci 2011; 40(9): 1991-6.
- Jung BI, Kim MS, Kim HA, Kim D, Yang J, Her S, Song YS. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester, a compo-nent of beehive propolis, is a novel selective estro-gen receptor modulator. Phytother Res 2010; 24(2): 295-300.
- Kabiloğlu A. Propolis Ekstraktının Sütçü Buzağıların Büyüme Performansı ve Sağlık Durumuna Etkisi. Doktora Tezi, Istanbul Univ Cerrahpaşa Lisansüstü Eğitim Enst, İstanbul, 2023; s. 50-7.
- Kabiloglu A, Kocabaglı N, Kekec AI. Effects of propo-lis extract on growth performance and health condi-tion of dairy calves. Trop Anim Health and Prod 2023; 55(2): 115.
- Kabiloğlu A, Kocabağlı N. Propolis ve ruminantlarda alternatif yem katkı maddesi olarak kullanımı. Dicle Üniv Vet Fak Derg 2022; 15(1): 59-64.
- Kara K, Kocaoğlu Güçlü B, Karakaş Oğuz F. Propolis ve fenolik asitlerin ruminant beslemede kullanımı. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg 2014; 11, 43-53.
- Kocot J, Kiczykowska M, Luchowska-Kocot D, Kurze-pa J, Musik I. Antioxidant potential of propolis, bee pollen, and royal jelly: possible medical application. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2018; 7074209.
- Kupczyński R, Adamski M, Falta D, Roman A. The efficiency of propolis in post-colostral dairy calves. Archiv Für Tierzucht 2012; 55(4): 315-24.
- Küçükbüğrü N, Acaröz U. Gıdalarda antibiyotik kalın-tıları ve halk sağlığına etkileri. Vet Farm Toks Dern Bult 2020; 11(3): 161-7.
- Linécio M, Garcia RC, Galhardo D, de Oliveira TE, de Mello Peixoto ECT. Alcoholic extract of propolis for worms’ control in sheep. Res Soc Dev 2022; 11(1): e1711120617.
- Maciejewicz W, Daniewski M, Dzido T, Bal K. GC-MS and HPLC analysis of phenolic acids extracted from propolis and from Populusnigra bud exudate. Chem Anal 2002; 47: 21-30.
- Manav S. Peynir Altı Suyu Tozu ve Propolis İçeren Mamalar ile Beslenen Oğlaklarda Bazı Büyüme ve Gelişme Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Adnan Menderes Üniv Fen Bil Enst, Aydın 2021, s. 25-34.
- Morsy AS, Soltan YA, El-Zaiat HM, Alencarc SM, Abdallad AL. Bee propolis extract as a phytogenic feed additive to enhance diet digestibility, rumen microbial biosynthesis, mitigating methane forma-tion and health status of late pregnant ewes. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021; 273: 114834.
- Ozdemir VF, Yanar, M. Effects of propolis extract administration on immune parameters, faecal con-sistency scores, and growth performance of Hols-tein–Friesian calves. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56: 259.
- Resmî Gazete. Yem Katkıları ve Premikslerin Üreti-mi, İthalatı, İhracatı, Satışı ve Kullanımı Hakkında Tebliğde Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Tebliğ (No: 2006/1), 2006; https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2006/01/20060121 Erişim tarihi: 01.10.2024.
- Resmî Gazete. Canlı hayvanlar ve hayvansal ürünler-de belirli maddeler ile bunların kalıntılarının izlen-mesi için alınacak önlemlere dair yönetmelik 2011; https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2011/12/20111217 Erişim tarihi: 01.10.2024 .
- Sadek W, Elhoussiny A, Al-Mwafy A, Farag T, Al-Gethami A, Grawish S, Hegazi A. Egyptian propolis 16: The effect of consumption of propolis and algi-nate-propolis nanoparticles in combination with colostrum on the performance of newborn goats. Adv Anim Vet Sci 2020; 8(12): 1256-65.
- Sarker M, Yang CJ. Propolis and illite as feed additi-vies on performance and blood profiles of pre-weaning Hanwoo calves. J Anim Vet Adv 2010; 9(19): 2526-31.
- Shedeed HA, Farrag B, Elwakeel EA, El-Hamid I, El-Rayes MA. Propolis supplementation improved productivity, oxidative status, and immune respon-se of barki ewes and lambs. Vet World 2019; 12(6): 834-43.
- Silva JD, Ítavo CCBF, Ítavo LCV, Morais MDG, Silva PD, Ferelli KLSM, Arco TDS. Dietary addition of crude form or ethanol extract of brown propolis as nutritional additive on behaviour, productive perfor-mance and carcass traits of lambs in feedlot. J Anim Feed Sci 2019; 28(1): 31-40.
- Slanzon GS, Toledo AF, Silva AP. Red propolis as an additive for preweaned dairy calves: Effect on growth performance, health, and selected blood parameters. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102(10): 8952-62.
- Sung SH, Choi GH, Lee NW, Shin BC. External use of propolis for oral, skin, and genital diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2017; 2017(1): 8025257.
- Şanlıer N, Yabancı N. The effect of premenstrual syndrome on food cravings and physical activity levels in young college girls. Gazi J Phys Edu Sport Sci 2004; 9(3): 27-36.
- Tolon B, Önenç A, Kaya A, Altan Ö. Effects of propo-lis onthe growth of calves, 1st German Congress for Bee Products and Apitherapy. 23-24 March 2002; Passau Germany, P:71.
- Toreti VC, Sato HH, Pastore GM, Park YK. Recent progress of propolis for its biological and chemical compositions and its botanical origin. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013; 2013(1): 697390.
- Yaghoubi SMJ, Ghorbani GR, Rahmani HR, Nikkhah A. Growth, weaning performance, and blood ındica-tors of humoral immunity in holstein calves fed fla-vonoids. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 2008; 92(1): 456-62.
- Yücel B, Onenc A, Kaya A, Altan O. Effects of propolis administration on growth performance and neonatal diarrhea of calvesSOJ Veterinary Sciences 2015; 1(1): 102.
- Zhang Y, Choi S H, Nogoy K M, Liang S. The development of the gastrointestinal tract microbiota and intervention in neonatal ruminants. Animal 2021; 15(8): 100316.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Veteriner Bilimleri (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Derlemeler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 18 Nisan 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 22 Ekim 2024 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 30 Aralık 2024 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1 |
