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Does tourism have an effect on per capita carbon dioxide emissions in Türkiye?

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 70, 11 - 20, 30.04.2025

Mehmet Erdoğmuş

https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.1490283

Öz

The aim of this study is to reveal whether tourism affects per capita carbon dioxide emissions in Türkiye. The analysis period encompasses the period from 1970 to 2020, contingent on the availability of data. All data used in the study are on an annual basis. Tourism is represented by the domestic and international passenger numbers of airline companies registered in Türkiye. The explained variable is per capita carbon dioxide emissions. The control variable is per capita electrical energy production. All variables used in the study are in natural logarithmic form. In order to determine whether there is a long-run relationship between the selected variables, bounds tests were also used in addition to the cointegration test. As a result of these tests, it was decided that there was a long-run relationship between the variables (in case the explained variable is per capita carbon dioxide emissions in natural logarithmic form). According to the estimated long-run coefficient (while the per capita electric energy production is constant), a 1% increase in the number of domestic and international passengers of airline companies registered in Türkiye increases the estimated per capita carbon dioxide emissions by approximately 0.040%.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cointegration Test Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions Bounds Tests Tourism

Kaynakça

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Türkiye’de turizmin kişi başı karbondioksit emisyonları üzerinde etkisi var mı?

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 70, 11 - 20, 30.04.2025

Mehmet Erdoğmuş

https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.1490283

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’de turizmin kişi başı karbondioksit emisyonlarını etkileyip etkilemediğini ortaya koymaktır. Analiz dönemi veri mevcudiyetine bağlı olarak 1970–2020 dönemini kapsamaktadır. Çalışmada kullanılan tüm veriler yıllık bazdadır. Turizm Türkiye'de kayıtlı hava yolu şirketlerinin yerli ve uluslararası yolcu sayıları ile temsil edilmektedir. Açıklanan değişken kişi başı karbondioksit emisyonlarıdır. Kontrol değişkeni ise kişi başı elektrik enerjisi üretimidir. Çalışmada kullanılan tüm değişkenler doğal logaritmik formdadır. Seçilen değişkenler arasında uzun dönemli bir ilişkinin olup olmadığını belirleyebilmek için eşbütünleşme testinin yanında sınır testlerinden de yararlanılmıştır. Uygulanan bu testler sonucunda değişkenler arasında (açıklanan değişkenin doğal logaritmik formdaki kişi başı karbondioksit emisyonları olması durumunda) uzun dönemli bir ilişkinin olduğuna karar verilmiştir. Tahmin edilen uzun dönem katsayısına göre (kişi başı elektrik enerjisi üretimi sabitken) Türkiye'de kayıtlı hava yolu şirketlerinin yerli ve uluslararası yolcu sayısında yaşanan %1 oranındaki bir artış tahmin edilen kişi başı karbondioksit emisyonlarını yaklaşık olarak %0,040 oranında arttırmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Eşbütünleşme Testi Kişi Başı Karbondioksit Emisyonları Sınır Testleri Turizm

Kaynakça

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  • Azam, M., Alam, M. M., ve Hafeez, M. H. (2018). Effect of tourism on environmental pollution: Further evidence from Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. Journal of Cleaner Production, 190, 330–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.168.
  • Balsalobre-Lorente, D., Luzon, L. I., Usman, M., ve Jahanger, A. (2023). The relevance of international tourism and natural resource rents in economic growth: Fresh evidence from MINT countries in the digital era. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(34), 81495–81512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-25022-0.
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  • Kongbuamai, N., Bui, Q., Yousaf, H. M. A. U., ve Liu, Y. (2020). The impact of tourism and natural resources on the ecological footprint: A case study of ASEAN countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(16), 19251–19264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08582-x.
  • Kongbuamai, N., Zafar, M. W., Zaidi, S. A. H., ve Liu, Y. (2020). Determinants of the ecological footprint in Thailand: The influences of tourism, trade openness, and population density. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(32), 40171–40186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09977-6.
  • Lee, J. W., ve Brahmasrene, T. (2013). Investigating the influence of tourism on economic growth and carbon emissions: Evidence from panel analysis of the European Union. Tourism Management, 38, 69–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.02.016.
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  • Marais, K., ve Waitz, I. A. (2009). Air transport and the environment. P. Belobaba, A. Odoni, C. Barnhart (Eds.), The global airline industry içinde (s. 405–440). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Mateu-Sbert, J., Ricci-Cabello, I., Villalonga-Olives, E., ve Cabeza-Irigoyen, E. (2013). The impact of tourism on municipal solid waste generation: The case of Menorca Island (Spain). Waste Management, 33(12), 2589–2593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.08.007.
  • Matzana, V., Oikonomou, A., ve Polemis, M. (2022). Tourism activity as an engine of growth: Lessons learned from the European Union. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 15(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15040177.
  • McNown, R., Sam, C. Y., ve Goh, S. K. (2018). Bootstrapping the autoregressive distributed lag test for cointegration. Applied Economics, 50(13), 1509–1521. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2017.1366643.
  • Mikayilov, J. I., Mukhtarov, S., Mammadov, J., ve Azizov, M. (2019). Re-evaluating the environmental impacts of tourism: Does EKC exist?. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(19), 19389–19402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05269-w.
  • Narayan, P. K. (2005). The saving and investment nexus for China: Evidence from cointegration tests. Applied Economics, 37(17), 1979–1990. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500278103.
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  • Paramati, S. R., Shahbaz, M., ve Alam, M. S. (2017). Does tourism degrade environmental quality? A comparative study of Eastern and Western European Union. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 50, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2016.10.034.
  • Pata, U. K., Dam, M. M., ve Kaya, F. (2023). How effective are renewable energy, tourism, trade openness, and foreign direct investment on CO2 emissions? An EKC analysis for ASEAN countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(6), 14821–14837. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23160-z.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., ve Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616.
  • Pigram, J. J. (1980). Environmental implications of tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 7(4), 554–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(80)90049-3.
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  • Poddig, T., Dichtl, H., ve Petersmeier, K. (2008). Statistik, Ökonometrie, Optimierung: Methoden und ihre praktischen Anwendungen in Finanzanalyse und Portfoliomanagement. (4. Baskı). Bad Soden/Ts: Uhlenbruch Verlag.
  • Rahaman, M. A., Hossain, M. A., ve Chen, S. (2022). The impact of foreign direct investment, tourism, electricity consumption, and economic development on CO2 emissions in Bangladesh. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(25), 37344–37358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18061-6.
  • Raihan, A., ve Tuspekova, A. (2022). Dynamic impacts of economic growth, renewable energy use, urbanization, industrialization, tourism, agriculture, and forests on carbon emissions in Turkey. Carbon Research, 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44246-022-00019-z.
  • Ramsey, J. B. (1969). Tests for specification errors in classical linear least-squares regression analysis. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 31(2), 350–371. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1969.tb00796.x.
  • Royston, P. (1995). Remark as R94: A remark on algorithm as 181: The W-test for normality. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C (Applied Statistics), 44(4), 547–551. https://doi.org/10.2307/2986146.
  • Sagir, S., Karatay, S., Atici, R., Yesil, A., ve Ozcan, O. (2015). The relationship between the quasi biennial oscillation and sunspot number. Advances in Space Research, 55(1), 106–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2014.09.035.
  • Sam, C. Y., McNown, R., ve Goh, S. K. (2019). An augmented autoregressive distributed lag bounds test for cointegration. Economic Modelling, 80, 130–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2018.11.001.
  • Sarker, B., ve Khan, F. (2020). Nexus between foreign direct investment and economic growth in Bangladesh: An augmented autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach. Financial Innovation, 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-019-0164-y.
  • Shapiro, S. S., ve Wilk, M. B. (1965). An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika, 52(3/4), 591–611. https://doi.org/10.2307/2333709.
  • Sherafatian-Jahromi, R., Othman, M. S., Law, S. H., ve Ismail, N. W. (2017). Tourism and CO2 emissions nexus in Southeast Asia: New evidence from panel estimation. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 19(4), 1407–1423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-016-9811-x.
  • Solarin, S. A. (2014). Tourist arrivals and macroeconomic determinants of CO2 emissions in Malaysia. Anatolia, 25(2), 228–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2013.868364.
  • Tang, C. F., ve Abosedra, S. (2014). The impacts of tourism, energy consumption and political instability on economic growth in the MENA countries. Energy Policy, 68, 458–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.01.004.
  • Teske, S., Zervos, A., ve Schäfer, O. (2007). Energy [r]evolution: A sustainable Latin American energy outlook. Erişim Adresi: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/la_energy_dialog/32 (Erişim Tarihi: 26.09.2024).
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  • Tisdell, C. (1987). Tourism, the environment and profit. Economic Analysis and Policy, 17(1), 13–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0313-5926(87)50009-1.
  • Turner, P. (2010). Power properties of the CUSUM and CUSUMSQ tests for parameter instability. Applied Economics Letters, 17(11), 1049–1053. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840902817474.
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  • Usman, M., Kousar, R., ve Makhdum, M. S. A. (2020). The role of financial development, tourism, and energy utilization in environmental deficit: Evidence from 20 highest emitting economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(34), 42980–42995. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10197-1.
  • Vogel, J. (2015). Prognose von Zeitreihen: Eine Einführung für Wirtschaftswissenschaftler. Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler.
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  • Xia, W., Doğan, B., Shahzad, U., Adedoyin, F. F., Popoola, A., ve Bashir, M. A. (2022). An empirical investigation of tourism-led growth hypothesis in the European countries: Evidence from augmented mean group estimator. Portuguese Economic Journal, 21(3), 239–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10258-021-00193-9.
  • Zhang, L., ve Gao, J. (2016). Exploring the effects of international tourism on China's economic growth, energy consumption and environmental pollution: Evidence from a regional panel analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53, 225–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.040.
  • Zhang, M., Abbasi, K. R., Inuwa, N., Sinisi, C. I., Alvarado, R., ve Ozturk, I. (2023). Does economic policy uncertainty, energy transition and ecological innovation affect environmental degradation in the United States?. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 36(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2023.2177698.
Toplam 79 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İktisat (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mehmet Erdoğmuş 0000-0001-9700-630X

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 25 Nisan 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Mayıs 2024
Kabul Tarihi 23 Aralık 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 70

Kaynak Göster

APA Erdoğmuş, M. (2025). Türkiye’de turizmin kişi başı karbondioksit emisyonları üzerinde etkisi var mı?. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi(70), 11-20. https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.1490283
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