Teknik Not
Effects of Interleukin 6 (rs1800795) and Other Proinflammatory Interleukins Gene Polymorphisms in Periodontal Diseases: A Brief Review
Öz
A disease evaluated in medicine can be a predictor for a disease in dentistry, and a disease in dentistry can be a precursor to a disease in medicine. An example is the relationship between cellular immune factors, which are a field of the immune system, and “peri-implant diseases” evaluated in the dentistry literature. The increase in the quality of life and life span in people necessitates the research of new treatment methodologies for oral and dental health in the oral rehabilitation process. Peri-implant diseases are one of the important issues to investigate. There are many factors such as the genetic structure of the individual, and microbiological and environmental factors that determine the success and effectiveness of implant treatment. Knowing the infrastructure of immune-related proinflammatory cytokines in the peri-implantitis disease that we have examined can contribute to the effectiveness of treatment approaches related to this disease. In this context, we aimed to present a brief review of studies evaluating the effectiveness of the IL-6 rs1800795 gene polymorphism, an important proinflammatory cytokine, and the IL-1, IL-8 and IL-17 gene polymorphisms, which are other proinflammatory cytokines evaluated in the interleukin class, on peri-implantitis and therefore periodontal diseases.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Peri-implantitis Interleukin-6 Gene polymorphism Interleukins Proinflammatory cytokines
Kaynakça
- Aleksandrowicz P, Brzezińska-Błaszczyk E, Kozłowska E, Żelechowska P, Borgonovo AE, Agier J. Analysis of IL-1β, CXCL8, and TNF-α levels in the crevicular fluid of patients with periodontitis or healthy implants. BMC Oral Heal. 2021, 21, 120.
- Aoki M, Takanashi K, Matsukubo T, Yajima Y, Okuda K, Sato T, et al. Transmission of periodontopathic bacteria from natural teeth to implants. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2012; 14(3): 406-411. Baseri M, Radmand F, Hamedi R, Yousefi M, Kafil HS. Immunological Aspects of Dental Implant Rejection. Bio. Med. Res. Int. 2020, 7279509.
- Berglundh T, Armitage G, Araujo MG, Avila-Ortiz G, Blanco J, Camargo PM, et al. Peri-implant diseases and conditions: consensus report of workgroup 4 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2018; 45: S286-S291
- Bickel M. The role of interleukin-8 in inflammation and mechanisms of regulation. J. Periodontol. 1993, 64(5 Suppl):456-60.
- Campos MI, Santos MC, Trevilatto PC, Scarel-Caminaga RM, Bezerra FJ, Line SR. Evaluation of the relationship between interleukin-1 gene cluster polymorphisms and early implant failure in non-smoking patients. Clin. Oral Implants. Res. 2005. (2):194-201.
- Cardoso JM, Ribeiro AC, Palos C, Proença L, Noronha S, Alves RC. Association between IL-1A and IL-1B gene polymorphisms with peri-implantitis in a Portuguese population-a pilot study. PeerJ. 2022.10: e13729.
- Casado PL, Pereira MC, Duarte ME, Granjeiro JM. History of chronic periodontitis is a high risk indicator for peri-implant disease. Braz. Dent. J. 2013;24(2):136-41.
- Chmielewski, M. & Pilloni, A. Current Molecular, Cellular and Genetic Aspects of Peri-Implantitis Disease: A Narrative Review. Dentistry Journal. 2023. 11(5), 134.
- Corrêa MG, Pimentel SP, Ribeiro FV, Cirano FR, Casati MZ. Host response and peri-implantitis. Braz. Oral. Res. 2019, 33 (Suppl. S1), e066.
- Costa AM, Guimarães MC, de Souza ER, Nóbrega OT, Bezerra AC. Interleukin-6 (G-174C) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (G-308A) gene polymorphisms in geriatric patients with chronic periodontitis. Gerodontology. 2010. 27(1):70-5.
- Dreyer H, Grischke J, Tiede C, Eberhard J, Schweitzer A, Toikkanen SE, et al. Epidemiology and risk factors of peri-implantitis: a systematic review. J Periodontol Res. 2018;53(5):657–681.
- Duarte PM, Serrão CR, Miranda T, Zanatta LCS, Bastos MF, Faveri M, et al. Could cytokine levels in the peri-implant crevicular fluid be used to distinguish between healthy implants and implants with peri-implantitis? A systematic review. J. Periodontal. Res. 2016, 51, 689–698.
- Fan WH, Liu DL, Xiao LM, Xie CJ, Sun SY, Zhang JC. Coronary heart disease and chronic periodontitis: is polymorphism of interleukin-6 gene the common risk factor in a Chinese population? Oral Dis. 2011. 17(3):270-6.
- Faot F, Nascimento GG, Bielemann AM, Campão TD, Leite FR, Quirynen M. Can peri-implant crevicular fluid assist in the diagnosis of peri-implantitis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Periodontol. 2015, 86, 631–645.
- Fishman D, Faulds G, Jeffery R, Mohamed-Ali V, Yudkin JS, Humphries S, et al. The effect of novel polymorphisms in the interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene on IL-6 transcription and plasma IL-6 levels, and an association with systemic-onset juvenile chronic arthritis. J Clin. Invest. 1998. 102(7):1369-76.
- Gabriela Teixeira F, Mendonça SA, Menezes Oliveira K, Barbosa Dos Santos D, Miranda Marques L, Mendonça Amorim M, et al. Interleukin-6 c.-174G>C Polymorphism and Periodontitis in a Brazilian Population. Mol. Biol. Int. 2014. 2014:490308.
- Ghassib I, Chen Z, Zhu J, Wang HL. Use of IL-1 β, IL-6, TNF-α, and MMP-8 biomarkers to distinguish peri-implant diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Implant. Dent. Relat. Res. 2019, 21, 190–207.
- Huang M, Wang C, Li P, Lu H, Li A, Xu S. Role of immune dysregulation in peri-implantitis. Front. Immunol. 2024,15:1466417.
- Jia W, Fei GH, Hu JG, Hu XW. A study on the effect of IL-6 gene polymorphism on the prognosis of non-small-cell lung cancer. Onco. Targets Ther. 2015. 8:2699-704.
- Kadkhodazadeh M, Baghani Z, Ebadian AR, Youssefi N, Mehdizadeh AR, Azimi N. IL-17 gene polymorphism is associated with chronic periodontitis and peri-implantitis in Iranian patients: a cross-sectional study. Immunol. Invest. 2013a;42(2):156-63.
- Kadkhodazadeh M, Ebadian AR, Amid R, Youssefi N, Mehdizadeh AR. Interleukin 17 receptor gene polymorphism in periimplantitis and chronic periodontitis. Acta. Med. Iran. 2013b;51(6):353-8.
- Kini V, Mohanty I, Telang G, Vyas N. Immunopathogenesis and distinct role of Th17 in periodontitis: A review. J. Oral Biosci. 2022. 64(2):193-201. Lee CT, Huang YW, Zhu L, Weltman R. Prevalences of peri-implantitis and peri-implant mucositis: systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Dent. 2017; 62:1–12.
- Lee S, Kim JY, Hwang J, Kim S, Lee JH, Han DH. Investigation of pathogenic genes in peri-implantitis from implant clustering failure patients: a whole-exome sequencing pilot study. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(6): e99360.
- Lin YH, Huang P, Lu X, Guan DH, Man Y, Wei N, et al. The relationship between IL-1 gene polymorphism and marginal bone loss around dental implants. J. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007. 65(11):2340-4.
- Mazurek-Mochol M, Bonsmann T, Malinowski D, Serwin K, Czerewaty M, Safranow K, et al. Interleukin-6 Receptor Gene rs1800795 Polymorphism and Expression of Interleukin-6 in Gingival Tissue in Patients with Periodontitis. Microorganisms. 2024. 12(10):1954.
- Melo RF, Lopes BM, Shibli JA, Marcantonio E Jr, Marcantonio RA, Galli GM. Interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 expression and gene polymorphisms in subjects with peri-implant disease. Clin. Implant Dent. Relat. Res. 2012;14(6):905-14.
- Moraschini V, Poubel LA, Ferreira VF, Barboza Edos S. Evaluation of survival and success rates of dental implants reported in longitudinal studies with a follow-up period of at least 10 years: a systematic review. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2015;44(3):377-88.
- Moreira PR, Lima PM, Sathler KO, Imanishi SA, Costa JE, Gomes RS, et al. Interleukin-6 expression and gene polymorphism are associated with severity of periodontal disease in a sample of Brazilian individuals. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2007. 148(1):119-26.
- Müller F, Naharro M, Carlsson GE. What are the prevalence and incidence of tooth loss in the adult and elderly population in Europe? Clin. Oral Implant. Res. 2017;18(3):2–14.
- Petkovic-Curcin A, Zeljic K, Cikota-Aleksic B, Dakovic D, Tatic Z, Magic Z. Association of Cytokine Gene Polymorphism with Peri-implantitis Risk. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants. 2017;32(5):e241-e248.
- Rodríguez-Montaño R, Alarcón-Sánchez MA, Lomelí-Martínez SM, Martínez-Bugarin CH, Heboyan A, Genetic Variants of the IL-23/IL-17 Axis and Its Association With Periodontal Disease: A Systematic Review. Immunity, Inflam. and Dis. 2025, 13: e70147. Rosine N, & Miceli-Richard C. Innate Cells: The Alternative Source of IL-17 in Axial and Peripheral Spondyloarthritis? Front. Immunol. 2021.11:553742.
- Sahrmann P, Gilli F, Wiedemeier DB, Attin T, Schmidlin PR, Karygianni L. The Microbiome of Peri-Implantitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Microorganisms. 2020. 1;8(5):661.
- Sahoo SK, Jalaluddin M, Bhuyan L, Dash KC, Mishra S, Mishra P. Assessment of Cytokine and Herpesvirus Level in Peri-implantitis and Healthy Patients. J. Pharm. Bioallied. Sci. 2021, 13 (Suppl. S2), S1418–S1421.
- Santostasi N, Gerardi D, Rinaldi F, Bernardi S, Bianchi I, Pinchi V, et al. Relationship between interleukin 1 (IL-1) genetic polymorphism and periimplantitis: systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 2024 28(10):3566-3582.
- Smith A, Krishnan L, Stein LD, International HapMap Consortium The International HapMap Project. Genome Res. 2005;15(11):1592–1593.
- Talib, E.Q. & Taha, G.I. Involvement of interlukin-17A (IL-17A) gene polymorphism and interlukin-23 (IL-23) level in the development of peri-implantitis. BDJ Open. 2024, 10,12. Tanaka T, Narazaki M, Kishimoto T. IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 2014;6(10):a016295.
- Taylor JJ, Preshaw PM, Donaldson PT. Cytokine gene polymorphism and immunoregulation in periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000. 2004. 35:158-82.
- Tervonen T, Raunio T, Knuuttila M, Karttunen R. Polymorphisms in the CD14 and IL-6 genes associated with periodontal disease. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2007.34(5):377-83.
- Turkmen M, & Firatli E. The study of genetic predisposition on periodontitis and peri-implantitis. Niger J. Clin. Pract. 2022;25(11):1799-1804.
- Wang HL, Garaicoa-Pazmino C,Collins A, Ong HS, Chudri R, Giannobile WV, Protein biomarkers and microbial profiles in peri-implantitis. Clin. Oral Implant. Res. 2016, 27, 1129–1136.
- Zhu J, Guo B, Fu M, Guo W, Yuan Y, Yuan H, et al. Interleukin-6-174G/C Polymorphism Contributes to Periodontitis Susceptibility: An Updated Meta-Analysis of 21 Case-Control Studies. Dis. Markers. 2016; 2016:9612421.
Peri-İmplantitis de İnterlökin 6 (rs1800795) ve Diğer Proinflamatuar Sitokin olan İnterlökinlerin Gen Polimorfizmlerinin Etkileri: Kısa bir İnceleme
Öz
Tıp alanında değerlendirilen bir hastalık diş hekimliği alanındaki bir hastalık için prediktör olabileceği gibi diş hekimliği alanındaki bir hastalık tıp alanındaki bir hastalığın öncüsü olabilir. Bunun bir örneği bağışıklık sisteminin bir alanı olan hücresel bağışıklık faktörlerinin diş hekimliği literatürü içerisinde değerlendirilen “implant çevresi hastalıkları” ile ilişkisidir. İnsanlarda yaşam kalitesinin ve yaşam sürecinin artması ile oral rehabilitasyon sürecinde ağız ve diş sağlığına yönelik yeni tedavi metodolojilerini araştırmasını zorunlu hale getirmektedir. İmplant çevresi hastalıkları araştırılması önemli olan konulardan birisidir. İmplant tedavisinin başarısını ve etkinliğini belirleyen bireyin genetik yapısı, mikrobiyolojik ve çevresel faktörler gibi birçok etmen bulunmaktadır. İncelemesini yapmış olduğumuz peri-implantitis hastalığında bağışıklıkla ilişkili proinflamatuar sitokinlerin alt yapısını bilmek bu hastalıkla ilgili tedavi yaklaşımlarının etkinliğine katkı sağlayabilir. Bizde bu bağlamda önemli bir proinflamatuar sitokin olan IL-6 rs1800795 gen polimorfizminin ve interlökin sınıfında değerlendirilen diğer proinflamatuar sitokinlerden olan IL-1, IL-8 ve IL-17 gen polimorfizmlerinin peri-implantitis ve dolayısıyla periodontal hastalıklar üzerine etkinliğini değerlendiren çalışmalardan kısa bir derleme çalışmasını sizlere sunmayı hedefledik.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Peri-implantitis İnterlökin-6 İnterlökinler Proinflamatuar sitokinler Genetik polimorfizm
Kaynakça
- Aleksandrowicz P, Brzezińska-Błaszczyk E, Kozłowska E, Żelechowska P, Borgonovo AE, Agier J. Analysis of IL-1β, CXCL8, and TNF-α levels in the crevicular fluid of patients with periodontitis or healthy implants. BMC Oral Heal. 2021, 21, 120.
- Aoki M, Takanashi K, Matsukubo T, Yajima Y, Okuda K, Sato T, et al. Transmission of periodontopathic bacteria from natural teeth to implants. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2012; 14(3): 406-411. Baseri M, Radmand F, Hamedi R, Yousefi M, Kafil HS. Immunological Aspects of Dental Implant Rejection. Bio. Med. Res. Int. 2020, 7279509.
- Berglundh T, Armitage G, Araujo MG, Avila-Ortiz G, Blanco J, Camargo PM, et al. Peri-implant diseases and conditions: consensus report of workgroup 4 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2018; 45: S286-S291
- Bickel M. The role of interleukin-8 in inflammation and mechanisms of regulation. J. Periodontol. 1993, 64(5 Suppl):456-60.
- Campos MI, Santos MC, Trevilatto PC, Scarel-Caminaga RM, Bezerra FJ, Line SR. Evaluation of the relationship between interleukin-1 gene cluster polymorphisms and early implant failure in non-smoking patients. Clin. Oral Implants. Res. 2005. (2):194-201.
- Cardoso JM, Ribeiro AC, Palos C, Proença L, Noronha S, Alves RC. Association between IL-1A and IL-1B gene polymorphisms with peri-implantitis in a Portuguese population-a pilot study. PeerJ. 2022.10: e13729.
- Casado PL, Pereira MC, Duarte ME, Granjeiro JM. History of chronic periodontitis is a high risk indicator for peri-implant disease. Braz. Dent. J. 2013;24(2):136-41.
- Chmielewski, M. & Pilloni, A. Current Molecular, Cellular and Genetic Aspects of Peri-Implantitis Disease: A Narrative Review. Dentistry Journal. 2023. 11(5), 134.
- Corrêa MG, Pimentel SP, Ribeiro FV, Cirano FR, Casati MZ. Host response and peri-implantitis. Braz. Oral. Res. 2019, 33 (Suppl. S1), e066.
- Costa AM, Guimarães MC, de Souza ER, Nóbrega OT, Bezerra AC. Interleukin-6 (G-174C) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (G-308A) gene polymorphisms in geriatric patients with chronic periodontitis. Gerodontology. 2010. 27(1):70-5.
- Dreyer H, Grischke J, Tiede C, Eberhard J, Schweitzer A, Toikkanen SE, et al. Epidemiology and risk factors of peri-implantitis: a systematic review. J Periodontol Res. 2018;53(5):657–681.
- Duarte PM, Serrão CR, Miranda T, Zanatta LCS, Bastos MF, Faveri M, et al. Could cytokine levels in the peri-implant crevicular fluid be used to distinguish between healthy implants and implants with peri-implantitis? A systematic review. J. Periodontal. Res. 2016, 51, 689–698.
- Fan WH, Liu DL, Xiao LM, Xie CJ, Sun SY, Zhang JC. Coronary heart disease and chronic periodontitis: is polymorphism of interleukin-6 gene the common risk factor in a Chinese population? Oral Dis. 2011. 17(3):270-6.
- Faot F, Nascimento GG, Bielemann AM, Campão TD, Leite FR, Quirynen M. Can peri-implant crevicular fluid assist in the diagnosis of peri-implantitis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Periodontol. 2015, 86, 631–645.
- Fishman D, Faulds G, Jeffery R, Mohamed-Ali V, Yudkin JS, Humphries S, et al. The effect of novel polymorphisms in the interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene on IL-6 transcription and plasma IL-6 levels, and an association with systemic-onset juvenile chronic arthritis. J Clin. Invest. 1998. 102(7):1369-76.
- Gabriela Teixeira F, Mendonça SA, Menezes Oliveira K, Barbosa Dos Santos D, Miranda Marques L, Mendonça Amorim M, et al. Interleukin-6 c.-174G>C Polymorphism and Periodontitis in a Brazilian Population. Mol. Biol. Int. 2014. 2014:490308.
- Ghassib I, Chen Z, Zhu J, Wang HL. Use of IL-1 β, IL-6, TNF-α, and MMP-8 biomarkers to distinguish peri-implant diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Implant. Dent. Relat. Res. 2019, 21, 190–207.
- Huang M, Wang C, Li P, Lu H, Li A, Xu S. Role of immune dysregulation in peri-implantitis. Front. Immunol. 2024,15:1466417.
- Jia W, Fei GH, Hu JG, Hu XW. A study on the effect of IL-6 gene polymorphism on the prognosis of non-small-cell lung cancer. Onco. Targets Ther. 2015. 8:2699-704.
- Kadkhodazadeh M, Baghani Z, Ebadian AR, Youssefi N, Mehdizadeh AR, Azimi N. IL-17 gene polymorphism is associated with chronic periodontitis and peri-implantitis in Iranian patients: a cross-sectional study. Immunol. Invest. 2013a;42(2):156-63.
- Kadkhodazadeh M, Ebadian AR, Amid R, Youssefi N, Mehdizadeh AR. Interleukin 17 receptor gene polymorphism in periimplantitis and chronic periodontitis. Acta. Med. Iran. 2013b;51(6):353-8.
- Kini V, Mohanty I, Telang G, Vyas N. Immunopathogenesis and distinct role of Th17 in periodontitis: A review. J. Oral Biosci. 2022. 64(2):193-201. Lee CT, Huang YW, Zhu L, Weltman R. Prevalences of peri-implantitis and peri-implant mucositis: systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Dent. 2017; 62:1–12.
- Lee S, Kim JY, Hwang J, Kim S, Lee JH, Han DH. Investigation of pathogenic genes in peri-implantitis from implant clustering failure patients: a whole-exome sequencing pilot study. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(6): e99360.
- Lin YH, Huang P, Lu X, Guan DH, Man Y, Wei N, et al. The relationship between IL-1 gene polymorphism and marginal bone loss around dental implants. J. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007. 65(11):2340-4.
- Mazurek-Mochol M, Bonsmann T, Malinowski D, Serwin K, Czerewaty M, Safranow K, et al. Interleukin-6 Receptor Gene rs1800795 Polymorphism and Expression of Interleukin-6 in Gingival Tissue in Patients with Periodontitis. Microorganisms. 2024. 12(10):1954.
- Melo RF, Lopes BM, Shibli JA, Marcantonio E Jr, Marcantonio RA, Galli GM. Interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 expression and gene polymorphisms in subjects with peri-implant disease. Clin. Implant Dent. Relat. Res. 2012;14(6):905-14.
- Moraschini V, Poubel LA, Ferreira VF, Barboza Edos S. Evaluation of survival and success rates of dental implants reported in longitudinal studies with a follow-up period of at least 10 years: a systematic review. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2015;44(3):377-88.
- Moreira PR, Lima PM, Sathler KO, Imanishi SA, Costa JE, Gomes RS, et al. Interleukin-6 expression and gene polymorphism are associated with severity of periodontal disease in a sample of Brazilian individuals. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2007. 148(1):119-26.
- Müller F, Naharro M, Carlsson GE. What are the prevalence and incidence of tooth loss in the adult and elderly population in Europe? Clin. Oral Implant. Res. 2017;18(3):2–14.
- Petkovic-Curcin A, Zeljic K, Cikota-Aleksic B, Dakovic D, Tatic Z, Magic Z. Association of Cytokine Gene Polymorphism with Peri-implantitis Risk. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants. 2017;32(5):e241-e248.
- Rodríguez-Montaño R, Alarcón-Sánchez MA, Lomelí-Martínez SM, Martínez-Bugarin CH, Heboyan A, Genetic Variants of the IL-23/IL-17 Axis and Its Association With Periodontal Disease: A Systematic Review. Immunity, Inflam. and Dis. 2025, 13: e70147. Rosine N, & Miceli-Richard C. Innate Cells: The Alternative Source of IL-17 in Axial and Peripheral Spondyloarthritis? Front. Immunol. 2021.11:553742.
- Sahrmann P, Gilli F, Wiedemeier DB, Attin T, Schmidlin PR, Karygianni L. The Microbiome of Peri-Implantitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Microorganisms. 2020. 1;8(5):661.
- Sahoo SK, Jalaluddin M, Bhuyan L, Dash KC, Mishra S, Mishra P. Assessment of Cytokine and Herpesvirus Level in Peri-implantitis and Healthy Patients. J. Pharm. Bioallied. Sci. 2021, 13 (Suppl. S2), S1418–S1421.
- Santostasi N, Gerardi D, Rinaldi F, Bernardi S, Bianchi I, Pinchi V, et al. Relationship between interleukin 1 (IL-1) genetic polymorphism and periimplantitis: systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 2024 28(10):3566-3582.
- Smith A, Krishnan L, Stein LD, International HapMap Consortium The International HapMap Project. Genome Res. 2005;15(11):1592–1593.
- Talib, E.Q. & Taha, G.I. Involvement of interlukin-17A (IL-17A) gene polymorphism and interlukin-23 (IL-23) level in the development of peri-implantitis. BDJ Open. 2024, 10,12. Tanaka T, Narazaki M, Kishimoto T. IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 2014;6(10):a016295.
- Taylor JJ, Preshaw PM, Donaldson PT. Cytokine gene polymorphism and immunoregulation in periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000. 2004. 35:158-82.
- Tervonen T, Raunio T, Knuuttila M, Karttunen R. Polymorphisms in the CD14 and IL-6 genes associated with periodontal disease. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2007.34(5):377-83.
- Turkmen M, & Firatli E. The study of genetic predisposition on periodontitis and peri-implantitis. Niger J. Clin. Pract. 2022;25(11):1799-1804.
- Wang HL, Garaicoa-Pazmino C,Collins A, Ong HS, Chudri R, Giannobile WV, Protein biomarkers and microbial profiles in peri-implantitis. Clin. Oral Implant. Res. 2016, 27, 1129–1136.
- Zhu J, Guo B, Fu M, Guo W, Yuan Y, Yuan H, et al. Interleukin-6-174G/C Polymorphism Contributes to Periodontitis Susceptibility: An Updated Meta-Analysis of 21 Case-Control Studies. Dis. Markers. 2016; 2016:9612421.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Diş Hekimliği (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Derlemeler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Nisan 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 5 Nisan 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 18 Nisan 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1 |
