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IN-VITRO ANTIBIOFILM ACTIVITY AND GROWTH INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF Origanum onites ESSENTIAL OIL AND CARVACROL AGAINST Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 AND METHICILLIN-RESISTANT Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 43300

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 44 - 58, 25.07.2025

Demet Hançer Aydemir

https://doi.org/10.18036/estubtdc.1536495

Öz

The treatment of infections caused by Escherichia coli and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become difficult due to the increasing development of resistance to the antibiotics used. Nowadays, in the fight against these infections, the importance of natural and inexpensive plant essential oils and their bioactive molecules with known antibacterial activity has been increasing. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of Origanum onites essential oil (OEO) and carvacrol, to which bacteria cannot develop resistance, as an alternative to antibiotics. The chemical content of OEO was analyzed by GC-MS system. Antibacterial activity was analyzed by disk diffusion, macro broth dilution, and antibacterial curve assays, and also antibiofilm activity was analyzed by the quantitative crystal violet method. Carvacrol was defined as the major component in the OEO composition. The results showed that OEO and carvacrol exhibited antibacterial activity against E. coli and MRSA with the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of 100 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL, respectively. The antibacterial curve assay results showed that OEO and carvacrol exhibited bactericidal activity against E. coli and MRSA. OEO and carvacrol inhibited the biofilm formation of E. coli and MRSA in the range of 15.5%-80.7% at MIC, 1/2MIC, and 1/4MIC concentrations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Escherichia coli Origanum onites Antibiofilm activity Carvacrol Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Kaynakça

  • [1] Cheong HS, Kang CI, Kwon KT, Heo ST, Wi YM, Kim ES, Lee JS, Ko KS, Chung DR, Lee NY, Song JH, Peck KR. Clinical significance of healthcare-associated infections in community-onset Escherichia coli bacteremia. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 60: 1355-1360.
  • [2] Tanyel E, Taşdelen-Fışgın N, Sarıkaya-Genç H, Tülek N. Evaluation of cases with Escherichia coli bacteremia. Klimik Journal 2008; 21: 109-111.
  • [3] Atashbeyk DG, Khameneh B, Tafaghodi M, Fazly Bazzaz, BS. Eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection by nanoliposomes loaded with gentamicin and oleic acid. Pharmaceutical Biology 2014; 52: 1423–1428.
  • [4] Allocati N, Masulli M, Alexeyev MF, Di Ilio C. Escherichia coli in Europe: An overview. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2013; 10: 6235-6254.
  • [5] Dixon RA. Natural products and plant disease resistance. Nature 2001; 411: 843–847.
  • [6] Lahlou M. Methods to study the photochemistry and bioactivity of essential oils. Phytother Res 2004; 18: 435-448.
  • [7] Al-Jabri NN, Hossain MA. Comparative chemical composition and antimicrobial activity study of essential oils from two imported lemon fruits samples against pathogenic bacteria. Beni-Suef Univ. J Basic Appl Sci 2014; 3: 247–253.
  • [8] Başer KHC. Thyme. Journal of Nature and Man 2022; 1: 15-31.
  • [9] CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests; Approved Standard-Eleventh Edition. CLSI Document M02-A11. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2012a.
  • [10] CLSI. Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically, Approved Standard, CLSI Document M07-A9, 9th ed. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2012b.
  • [11] Yilmaz MT. Minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations of boron compounds against several bacterial strains. Turk J Med Sci 2012; 42: 1423-1429.
  • [12] Gómez-Sequeda N, Cáceres M, Stashenko EE, Hidalgo W, Ortiz C. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of essential oils against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9: 730.
  • [13] Kokkini S, Karousou R, Hanlidou E, Lanaras T. Essential oil composition of Greek (Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum) and Turkish (O. onites) oregano: A tool for their distinction. J Essent Oil Res 2004; 16: 334–338.
  • [14] Coskun S, Girisgin O, Kürkcüoglu M, Malyer H, Girisgin AO, Kirimer N, Baser KH. Acaricidal efficacy of Origanum onites L. essential oil against Rhipicephalus turanicus (Ixodidae). Parasitol Res 2008; 103: 259–261.
  • [15] Spyridopoulou K, Fitsiou E, Bouloukosta E, Tiptiri-Kourpeti A, Vamvakias M, Oreopoulou A, Papavassilopoulou E, Pappa A, Chlichlia K. Extraction, chemical composition, and anticancer potential of Origanum onites L. essential oil. Molecules 2019; 24: 2612.
  • [16] Economou G, Panagopoulos G, Tarantilis P, Kalivas D, Kotoulas V, Travlos IS, Polysiou M, Karamanos A. Variability in essential oil content and composition of Origanum hirtum L., Origanum onites L., Coridothymus capitatus L. and Satureja thymbra L. populations from the Greek island Ikaria. Ind Crops Prod 2011; 33: 236–241.
  • [17] Özkan A, Erdoǧan AA. Comparative evaluation of antioxidant and anticancer activity of essential oil from Origanum onites (lamiaceae) and its two major phenolic components. Turkish J Biol 2011; 35: 735–742.
  • [18] Panizzi L, Flamini G, Cioni PL, Morelli I. Composition and antimicrobial properties of essential oils of four Mediterranean Lamiaceae. J Ethnopharmacol 1993; 39: 167–170.
  • [19] Figueiredo AC, Barroso JG, Pedro LG, Scheffer JJC. Factors affecting secondary metabolite production in plants: volatile components and essential oils. Flavour Fragr J 2008; 23: 213-226.
  • [20] Baydar H, Sağdiç O, Özkan G, Karadoğan T. Antibacterial activity and composition of essential oils from Origanum, Thymbra and Satureja species with commercial importance in Turkey. Food Control 2004; 15: 169–172.
  • [21] Uçar E, Odabas-Köse E, Özyiğit Y, Turgut K. Determination of antimicrobial activity of essential oils in some medicinal plants. Süleyman Demirel University Journal of Agriculture Faculty 2015; 10: 118-124.
  • [22] Al-Tawalbeh D, Alkhawaldeh Y, Abu Sawan H, Al-Mamoori F, Al-Samydai A, Mayyas A. Assessment of carvacrol-antibiotic combinations' antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2024; 14: 1349550.
  • [23] Asadi S, Nayeri-Fasaei B, Zahraei-Salehi T. Yahya-Rayat R, Shams N, Sharifi A. Antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties of carvacrol alone and in combination with cefixime against Escherichia coli. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23: 55.
  • [24] Askun T, Tumen G, Satil F, Ates M. Characterization of the phenolic composition and antimicrobial activities of Turkish medicinal plants. Pharmaceutical Biology 2009; 47: 563-571.
  • [25] Cui H, Zhang C, Li C, Lin L. Antibacterial mechanism of oregano essential oil. Industrial Crops and Products 2019; 139: 111498.
  • [26] Hao Y, Li J, Shi L. A carvacrol-rich essential oil extracted from oregano (Origanum vulgare “hot & spicy”) exerts potent antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12: 741861.
  • [27] Al-Ani I, Zimmermann S, Reichling J, Wink M. Pharmacological synergism of bee venom and melittin with antibiotics and plant secondary metabolites against multi-drug resistant microbial pathogens. Phytomedicine 2015; 22: 245–255.
  • [28] da Silva ARP, do Socorro Costa M, Araújo NJS, de Freitas TS, dos Santos ATL, Gonçalves SA, da Silva VB, Andrade-Pinheiro JC, Tahim CM, Lucetti ECP, Coutinho HDM. Antibacterial activity and antibiotic-modifying action of carvacrol against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Advances in Sample Preparation 2023; 7: 100072.
  • [29] Wang TH, Hsia SM, Wu CH, Ko SY, Chen MY, Shih YH, Shieh TM, Chuang LC, Wu CY. Evaluation of the antibacterial potential of liquid and vapor phase phenolic essential oil compounds against oral microorganisms. PloS One 2016; 11: e0163147.
  • [30] Selvaraj A, Valliammai A, Muthuramalingam P, Priya A, Suba M, Ramesh M, Pandian SK, Carvacrol targets SarA and CrtM of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to mitigate biofilm formation and staphyloxanthin synthesis: an in vitro and in vivo approach. ACS Omega 2020; 5: 31100–31114.
  • [31] Mujawah AAH, Abdallah EM, Alshoumar SA, Alfarraj MI, Alajel SMI, Alharbi AL, Alsalman SA, Alhumaydhi FA. GC-MS and in vitro antibacterial potential of Cinnamomum camphora essential oil against some clinical antibiotic-resistant bacterial isolates. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2022; 26: 5372-5379.
  • [32] Balouiri M, Sadiki M, Ibnsouda SK. Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review. J Pharm Anal 2016; 6: 71-79.
  • [33] Skinner K, Birchall S, Corbett D, Thommes P, Locher HH. Time-kill kinetics of cadazolid and comparator antibacterial agents against different ribotypes of Clostridium difficile. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67: 1402–1409.
  • [34] Soković M, Marin PD, Brkić D, Leo JLD, van Griensven LJLD. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils against human pathogenic bacteria. Food 2008; 1: 220–226.
  • [35] Soković M, Glamočlija J, Marin PD, Brkić D, van Griensven LJLD. Antibacterial effects of the essential oils of commonly consumed medicinal herbs using an in vitro model. Molecules 2010; 15: 7532-7546.
  • [36] Jacqueline C, Caillon J. Impact of bacterial biofilm on the treatment of prosthetic joint infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 69: i37.
  • [37] Lu L, Hu W, Tian Z, Yuan D, Yi G, Zhou Y, Cheng Q, Zhu J, Li M. Developing natural products as potential anti-biofilm agents. Chin Med 2019; 14: 1-17.
  • [38] Oral NB, Vatansever L, Aydin BD, Güven A, Gülmez M. Effect of oregano essential oil on biofilms formed by staphylococci and Escherichia coli. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 2010; 16: 23-29.
  • [39] Lee JH, Kim YG, Lee J. Carvacrol‐rich oregano oil and thymol‐rich thyme red oil inhibit biofilm formation and the virulence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. JAM 2017; 123: 1420–1428.
  • [40] Nostro A, Roccaro AS, Bisignano G, Marino A, Cannatelli MA, Pizzimenti FC, Cioni PL, Procopio F, Blanco AR. Effects of oregano, carvacrol and thymol on Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56: 519-523.
  • [41] Friedman M, Henika PR, Mandrell RE. Bactericidal activities of plant essential oils and some of their isolated constituents against Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica. JFP 2002; 65: 1545-1560.
  • [42] Trombetta D, Castelli F, Sarpietro MG, Venuti V, Cristani M, Daniele C, Saija A, Mazzanti G, Bisignano G. Mechanisms of antibacterial action of three monoterpenes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49: 2474-2478.
  • [43] Álvarez-Martínez FJ, Barrajón-Catalán E, Micol V. Tackling antibiotic resistance with compounds of natural origin: A comprehensive review. Biomedicines 2020; 8: 405.
  • [44] Çetin B, Çakmakçı S, Çakmakçı R. The investigation of antimicrobial activity of thyme and oregano essential oils. Turk J Agric For 2011; 35: 145-154.
  • [45] Magi G, Marini E, Facinelli B. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and carvacrol and synergy of carvacrol and erythromycin, against clinical, erythromycin-resistant Group A Streptococci. Front Microbiol 2015; 6: 165.
  • [46] Memar MY, Raei P, Alizadeh N, Aghdam MA, Kafil HS. Carvacrol and thymol: strong antimicrobial agents against resistant isolates. Rev Med Microbiol 2017; 28: 63-68.
  • [47] La Storia A, Ercolini D, Marinello F, Di Pasqua R, Villani F, Mauriello G. Atomic force microscopy analysis shows surface structure changes in carvacrol-treated bacterial cells. Res Microbiol 2011; 162: 164–172.
  • [48] Di Pasqua R, Hoskins N, Betts G, Mauriello G. Changes in membrane fatty acids composition of microbial cells induced by addiction of thymol, carvacrol, limonene, cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol in the growing media. J Agric Food Chem 2006; 54: 2745–2749.
  • [49] Di Pasqua R, Betts G, Hoskins N, Edwards M, Ercolini D, Mauriello G. Membrane toxicity of antimicrobial compounds from essential oils. J Agric Food Chem 2007; 55: 4863–4870.

IN-VITRO ANTIBIOFILM ACTIVITY AND GROWTH INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF Origanum onites ESSENTIAL OIL AND CARVACROL AGAINST Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 AND METHICILLIN-RESISTANT Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 43300

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 44 - 58, 25.07.2025

Demet Hançer Aydemir

https://doi.org/10.18036/estubtdc.1536495

Öz

Escherichia coli ve Metisiline dirençli Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) enfeksiyonlarının tedavisi, kullanılan antibiyotiklere karşı artan direnç gelişimi nedeniyle zorlaşmıştır. Günümüzde bu enfeksiyonlarla mücadelede, doğal ve ucuz bitkisel esansiyel yağların ve antibakteriyel aktivitesi bilinen biyoaktif moleküllerinin önemi artmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, bakterilerin direnç geliştiremediği Origanum onites esansiyel yağı (OEO) ve karvakrolün antibiyotiklere alternatif olarak antibakteriyel ve antibiyofilm etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. OEO'nun kimyasal içeriği GC-MS sistemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Antibakteriyel aktivite, disk difüzyon, tüp dilüsyon ve antibakteriyel eğri analizleri ile, antibiyofilm aktivitesi ise kantitatif kristal viyole yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Karvakrol, OEO bileşimindeki majör bileşen olarak tanımlanmıştır. Sonuçlar, OEO ve karvakrolün sırasıyla 100 µg/mL ve 50 µg/mL'lik minimum inhibisyon konsantrasyonu (MİK) ile E. coli ve MRSA'ya karşı antibakteriyel aktivite gösterdiğini gösterdi. Antibakteriyel eğri testi sonuçları, OEO ve karvakrolün E. coli ve MRSA'ya karşı bakterisidal aktivite gösterdiğini gösterdi. OEO ve karvakrolün E. coli ve MRSA'nın biyofilm oluşumunu MİK, 1/2MİK ve 1/4MİK konsantrasyonlarında %15,5-%80,7 aralığında inhibe ettiği görüldü.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Escherichia coli Origanum onites Antibiofilm activity Carvacrol Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Kaynakça

  • [1] Cheong HS, Kang CI, Kwon KT, Heo ST, Wi YM, Kim ES, Lee JS, Ko KS, Chung DR, Lee NY, Song JH, Peck KR. Clinical significance of healthcare-associated infections in community-onset Escherichia coli bacteremia. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 60: 1355-1360.
  • [2] Tanyel E, Taşdelen-Fışgın N, Sarıkaya-Genç H, Tülek N. Evaluation of cases with Escherichia coli bacteremia. Klimik Journal 2008; 21: 109-111.
  • [3] Atashbeyk DG, Khameneh B, Tafaghodi M, Fazly Bazzaz, BS. Eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection by nanoliposomes loaded with gentamicin and oleic acid. Pharmaceutical Biology 2014; 52: 1423–1428.
  • [4] Allocati N, Masulli M, Alexeyev MF, Di Ilio C. Escherichia coli in Europe: An overview. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2013; 10: 6235-6254.
  • [5] Dixon RA. Natural products and plant disease resistance. Nature 2001; 411: 843–847.
  • [6] Lahlou M. Methods to study the photochemistry and bioactivity of essential oils. Phytother Res 2004; 18: 435-448.
  • [7] Al-Jabri NN, Hossain MA. Comparative chemical composition and antimicrobial activity study of essential oils from two imported lemon fruits samples against pathogenic bacteria. Beni-Suef Univ. J Basic Appl Sci 2014; 3: 247–253.
  • [8] Başer KHC. Thyme. Journal of Nature and Man 2022; 1: 15-31.
  • [9] CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests; Approved Standard-Eleventh Edition. CLSI Document M02-A11. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2012a.
  • [10] CLSI. Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically, Approved Standard, CLSI Document M07-A9, 9th ed. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2012b.
  • [11] Yilmaz MT. Minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations of boron compounds against several bacterial strains. Turk J Med Sci 2012; 42: 1423-1429.
  • [12] Gómez-Sequeda N, Cáceres M, Stashenko EE, Hidalgo W, Ortiz C. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of essential oils against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9: 730.
  • [13] Kokkini S, Karousou R, Hanlidou E, Lanaras T. Essential oil composition of Greek (Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum) and Turkish (O. onites) oregano: A tool for their distinction. J Essent Oil Res 2004; 16: 334–338.
  • [14] Coskun S, Girisgin O, Kürkcüoglu M, Malyer H, Girisgin AO, Kirimer N, Baser KH. Acaricidal efficacy of Origanum onites L. essential oil against Rhipicephalus turanicus (Ixodidae). Parasitol Res 2008; 103: 259–261.
  • [15] Spyridopoulou K, Fitsiou E, Bouloukosta E, Tiptiri-Kourpeti A, Vamvakias M, Oreopoulou A, Papavassilopoulou E, Pappa A, Chlichlia K. Extraction, chemical composition, and anticancer potential of Origanum onites L. essential oil. Molecules 2019; 24: 2612.
  • [16] Economou G, Panagopoulos G, Tarantilis P, Kalivas D, Kotoulas V, Travlos IS, Polysiou M, Karamanos A. Variability in essential oil content and composition of Origanum hirtum L., Origanum onites L., Coridothymus capitatus L. and Satureja thymbra L. populations from the Greek island Ikaria. Ind Crops Prod 2011; 33: 236–241.
  • [17] Özkan A, Erdoǧan AA. Comparative evaluation of antioxidant and anticancer activity of essential oil from Origanum onites (lamiaceae) and its two major phenolic components. Turkish J Biol 2011; 35: 735–742.
  • [18] Panizzi L, Flamini G, Cioni PL, Morelli I. Composition and antimicrobial properties of essential oils of four Mediterranean Lamiaceae. J Ethnopharmacol 1993; 39: 167–170.
  • [19] Figueiredo AC, Barroso JG, Pedro LG, Scheffer JJC. Factors affecting secondary metabolite production in plants: volatile components and essential oils. Flavour Fragr J 2008; 23: 213-226.
  • [20] Baydar H, Sağdiç O, Özkan G, Karadoğan T. Antibacterial activity and composition of essential oils from Origanum, Thymbra and Satureja species with commercial importance in Turkey. Food Control 2004; 15: 169–172.
  • [21] Uçar E, Odabas-Köse E, Özyiğit Y, Turgut K. Determination of antimicrobial activity of essential oils in some medicinal plants. Süleyman Demirel University Journal of Agriculture Faculty 2015; 10: 118-124.
  • [22] Al-Tawalbeh D, Alkhawaldeh Y, Abu Sawan H, Al-Mamoori F, Al-Samydai A, Mayyas A. Assessment of carvacrol-antibiotic combinations' antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2024; 14: 1349550.
  • [23] Asadi S, Nayeri-Fasaei B, Zahraei-Salehi T. Yahya-Rayat R, Shams N, Sharifi A. Antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties of carvacrol alone and in combination with cefixime against Escherichia coli. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23: 55.
  • [24] Askun T, Tumen G, Satil F, Ates M. Characterization of the phenolic composition and antimicrobial activities of Turkish medicinal plants. Pharmaceutical Biology 2009; 47: 563-571.
  • [25] Cui H, Zhang C, Li C, Lin L. Antibacterial mechanism of oregano essential oil. Industrial Crops and Products 2019; 139: 111498.
  • [26] Hao Y, Li J, Shi L. A carvacrol-rich essential oil extracted from oregano (Origanum vulgare “hot & spicy”) exerts potent antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12: 741861.
  • [27] Al-Ani I, Zimmermann S, Reichling J, Wink M. Pharmacological synergism of bee venom and melittin with antibiotics and plant secondary metabolites against multi-drug resistant microbial pathogens. Phytomedicine 2015; 22: 245–255.
  • [28] da Silva ARP, do Socorro Costa M, Araújo NJS, de Freitas TS, dos Santos ATL, Gonçalves SA, da Silva VB, Andrade-Pinheiro JC, Tahim CM, Lucetti ECP, Coutinho HDM. Antibacterial activity and antibiotic-modifying action of carvacrol against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Advances in Sample Preparation 2023; 7: 100072.
  • [29] Wang TH, Hsia SM, Wu CH, Ko SY, Chen MY, Shih YH, Shieh TM, Chuang LC, Wu CY. Evaluation of the antibacterial potential of liquid and vapor phase phenolic essential oil compounds against oral microorganisms. PloS One 2016; 11: e0163147.
  • [30] Selvaraj A, Valliammai A, Muthuramalingam P, Priya A, Suba M, Ramesh M, Pandian SK, Carvacrol targets SarA and CrtM of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to mitigate biofilm formation and staphyloxanthin synthesis: an in vitro and in vivo approach. ACS Omega 2020; 5: 31100–31114.
  • [31] Mujawah AAH, Abdallah EM, Alshoumar SA, Alfarraj MI, Alajel SMI, Alharbi AL, Alsalman SA, Alhumaydhi FA. GC-MS and in vitro antibacterial potential of Cinnamomum camphora essential oil against some clinical antibiotic-resistant bacterial isolates. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2022; 26: 5372-5379.
  • [32] Balouiri M, Sadiki M, Ibnsouda SK. Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review. J Pharm Anal 2016; 6: 71-79.
  • [33] Skinner K, Birchall S, Corbett D, Thommes P, Locher HH. Time-kill kinetics of cadazolid and comparator antibacterial agents against different ribotypes of Clostridium difficile. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67: 1402–1409.
  • [34] Soković M, Marin PD, Brkić D, Leo JLD, van Griensven LJLD. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils against human pathogenic bacteria. Food 2008; 1: 220–226.
  • [35] Soković M, Glamočlija J, Marin PD, Brkić D, van Griensven LJLD. Antibacterial effects of the essential oils of commonly consumed medicinal herbs using an in vitro model. Molecules 2010; 15: 7532-7546.
  • [36] Jacqueline C, Caillon J. Impact of bacterial biofilm on the treatment of prosthetic joint infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 69: i37.
  • [37] Lu L, Hu W, Tian Z, Yuan D, Yi G, Zhou Y, Cheng Q, Zhu J, Li M. Developing natural products as potential anti-biofilm agents. Chin Med 2019; 14: 1-17.
  • [38] Oral NB, Vatansever L, Aydin BD, Güven A, Gülmez M. Effect of oregano essential oil on biofilms formed by staphylococci and Escherichia coli. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 2010; 16: 23-29.
  • [39] Lee JH, Kim YG, Lee J. Carvacrol‐rich oregano oil and thymol‐rich thyme red oil inhibit biofilm formation and the virulence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. JAM 2017; 123: 1420–1428.
  • [40] Nostro A, Roccaro AS, Bisignano G, Marino A, Cannatelli MA, Pizzimenti FC, Cioni PL, Procopio F, Blanco AR. Effects of oregano, carvacrol and thymol on Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56: 519-523.
  • [41] Friedman M, Henika PR, Mandrell RE. Bactericidal activities of plant essential oils and some of their isolated constituents against Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica. JFP 2002; 65: 1545-1560.
  • [42] Trombetta D, Castelli F, Sarpietro MG, Venuti V, Cristani M, Daniele C, Saija A, Mazzanti G, Bisignano G. Mechanisms of antibacterial action of three monoterpenes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49: 2474-2478.
  • [43] Álvarez-Martínez FJ, Barrajón-Catalán E, Micol V. Tackling antibiotic resistance with compounds of natural origin: A comprehensive review. Biomedicines 2020; 8: 405.
  • [44] Çetin B, Çakmakçı S, Çakmakçı R. The investigation of antimicrobial activity of thyme and oregano essential oils. Turk J Agric For 2011; 35: 145-154.
  • [45] Magi G, Marini E, Facinelli B. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and carvacrol and synergy of carvacrol and erythromycin, against clinical, erythromycin-resistant Group A Streptococci. Front Microbiol 2015; 6: 165.
  • [46] Memar MY, Raei P, Alizadeh N, Aghdam MA, Kafil HS. Carvacrol and thymol: strong antimicrobial agents against resistant isolates. Rev Med Microbiol 2017; 28: 63-68.
  • [47] La Storia A, Ercolini D, Marinello F, Di Pasqua R, Villani F, Mauriello G. Atomic force microscopy analysis shows surface structure changes in carvacrol-treated bacterial cells. Res Microbiol 2011; 162: 164–172.
  • [48] Di Pasqua R, Hoskins N, Betts G, Mauriello G. Changes in membrane fatty acids composition of microbial cells induced by addiction of thymol, carvacrol, limonene, cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol in the growing media. J Agric Food Chem 2006; 54: 2745–2749.
  • [49] Di Pasqua R, Betts G, Hoskins N, Edwards M, Ercolini D, Mauriello G. Membrane toxicity of antimicrobial compounds from essential oils. J Agric Food Chem 2007; 55: 4863–4870.
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Bakteriyoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Demet Hançer Aydemir 0000-0003-0174-8769

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Temmuz 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Ağustos 2024
Kabul Tarihi 26 Şubat 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Hançer Aydemir, D. (2025). IN-VITRO ANTIBIOFILM ACTIVITY AND GROWTH INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF Origanum onites ESSENTIAL OIL AND CARVACROL AGAINST Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 AND METHICILLIN-RESISTANT Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 43300. Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi - C Yaşam Bilimleri Ve Biyoteknoloji, 14(2), 44-58. https://doi.org/10.18036/estubtdc.1536495
AMA Hançer Aydemir D. IN-VITRO ANTIBIOFILM ACTIVITY AND GROWTH INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF Origanum onites ESSENTIAL OIL AND CARVACROL AGAINST Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 AND METHICILLIN-RESISTANT Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 43300. Estuscience - Life. Temmuz 2025;14(2):44-58. doi:10.18036/estubtdc.1536495
Chicago Hançer Aydemir, Demet. “IN-VITRO ANTIBIOFILM ACTIVITY AND GROWTH INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF Origanum Onites ESSENTIAL OIL AND CARVACROL AGAINST Escherichia Coli ATCC 25922 AND METHICILLIN-RESISTANT Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) ATCC 43300”. Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi - C Yaşam Bilimleri Ve Biyoteknoloji 14, sy. 2 (Temmuz 2025): 44-58. https://doi.org/10.18036/estubtdc.1536495.
EndNote Hançer Aydemir D (01 Temmuz 2025) IN-VITRO ANTIBIOFILM ACTIVITY AND GROWTH INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF Origanum onites ESSENTIAL OIL AND CARVACROL AGAINST Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 AND METHICILLIN-RESISTANT Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 43300. Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi - C Yaşam Bilimleri Ve Biyoteknoloji 14 2 44–58.
IEEE D. Hançer Aydemir, “IN-VITRO ANTIBIOFILM ACTIVITY AND GROWTH INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF Origanum onites ESSENTIAL OIL AND CARVACROL AGAINST Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 AND METHICILLIN-RESISTANT Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 43300”, Estuscience - Life, c. 14, sy. 2, ss. 44–58, 2025, doi: 10.18036/estubtdc.1536495.
ISNAD Hançer Aydemir, Demet. “IN-VITRO ANTIBIOFILM ACTIVITY AND GROWTH INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF Origanum Onites ESSENTIAL OIL AND CARVACROL AGAINST Escherichia Coli ATCC 25922 AND METHICILLIN-RESISTANT Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) ATCC 43300”. Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi - C Yaşam Bilimleri Ve Biyoteknoloji 14/2 (Temmuz 2025), 44-58. https://doi.org/10.18036/estubtdc.1536495.
JAMA Hançer Aydemir D. IN-VITRO ANTIBIOFILM ACTIVITY AND GROWTH INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF Origanum onites ESSENTIAL OIL AND CARVACROL AGAINST Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 AND METHICILLIN-RESISTANT Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 43300. Estuscience - Life. 2025;14:44–58.
MLA Hançer Aydemir, Demet. “IN-VITRO ANTIBIOFILM ACTIVITY AND GROWTH INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF Origanum Onites ESSENTIAL OIL AND CARVACROL AGAINST Escherichia Coli ATCC 25922 AND METHICILLIN-RESISTANT Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) ATCC 43300”. Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi - C Yaşam Bilimleri Ve Biyoteknoloji, c. 14, sy. 2, 2025, ss. 44-58, doi:10.18036/estubtdc.1536495.
Vancouver Hançer Aydemir D. IN-VITRO ANTIBIOFILM ACTIVITY AND GROWTH INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF Origanum onites ESSENTIAL OIL AND CARVACROL AGAINST Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 AND METHICILLIN-RESISTANT Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 43300. Estuscience - Life. 2025;14(2):44-58.